Universal (act)

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A Universal on Taxation of gristmills by Ivan Mazepa

Universal (

parliamentary crisis
.

Poland and Lithuania

Universals were issued by the

Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the Commonwealth, a universal could be a letter from the king read publicly to address significant events or a legal act by the king related to economic, military or religious matters. Universals were also routinely used to call the szlachta to assemble for a Sejm, or to report for pospolite ruszenie (or common levy). Universals could also be issued by high officials of the Commonwealth, like hetmans commanding military forces or voievodes overseeing a voivodeship. One of the most significant universals was the Uniwersał Połaniecki issued by Tadeusz Kościuszko in 1794, which proclaimed the end of serfdom
.

Ukraine

In

act
issued by the authorities. The main purpose of the Universal was to inform the people of the important decisions taken by the authorities. Thus, Universal is sometimes used interchangeably with Declaration.

Cossack times

The seal of Hetman Havrylo Krutnevych attached to 1603 Universal.

Between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries, the Universals were issued by the

Polkovnyks
.

Ukraine People's Republic

In 1917-1918 four Universals were issued by

Central Council of Ukraine, the leading body of the short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic
. These documents marked the main stages of the development of the nascent Ukrainian state, from the proclamation of its autonomy to the declaration of full independence.

Act number Adaptation Details
1 23 [O.S. 1917] June Declared the announcement of Ukraine national autonomy as part of Russian Republic
2 16 [O.S. 1917] July Compromise with the Russian Provisional Government announcing that the final form of Ukraine autonomy will decide the Russian Constituent Assembly
3 20 [O.S. 1917] November Announced Ukrainian People's Republic: Ukraine does not completely break away from Russia
4 22 [O.S. 1918] January Declared independence of Ukraine

Modern revival

During the

2006 Parliamentary crisis in Ukraine, the term was revived on the initiative of Viktor Yushchenko, a President of Ukraine. After difficult and, at times, tense negotiations between the President and several political forces representing the Parliamentary factions, all sides eventually agreed to a powersharing compromise that led to an expanded governmental coalition and agreed to sign a compromise document titled a Universal of National Unity
.

See also

  • Act Zluky
    , a universal issued by the Directorate of UPR

References