Universal power

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor in the Middle Ages. For the idea of subtle fields of energy surrounding any living thing, see Energy (esotericism).
Pius II and the emperor Frederick III
.
Otto I
.
Clement III and emperor Henry IV
.

In the Middle Ages, the term universal power referred to the Holy Roman Emperor and the Pope. Both were struggling for the so-called dominium mundi, or world dominion, in terms of political and spiritual supremacy.

The universal powers continued into the early 19th century until the Napoleonic Wars. The reshaping of Europe meant the effective end of the Empire. Although the Papacy had its territorial limits confined to the Vatican, it retained its soft power in the contemporary world.

Origins

Main article: Dominium mundi

Given the

theory of the two swords, Plenitutdo postestatis, Dictatus papae, condemnations of simony, and nicolaism). In these, the Pope tried to establish the supremacy of religious authority over civil authority. Meanwhile, the Emperor tried to enforce the legitimacy of his position, which claimed to come from the old Roman Empire (Translatio imperii). In order to do this, he established his military capability to impose his territorial power and extend his power over religious life. This was done in a manner similar to that of his equivalent in the East. Both efforts fell far short of their goals.[1]

Evolution

The division of the Carolingian Empire between the heirs of

Ghibellines, supporting the Emperor, dominated German and Italian
political life from the 12th to the 15th century.

Eventually, the authority of the Emperor was converted into something purely theoretical, lacking a strong economic or military base. He was incapable of not only standing up to the

religious orders. With the Avignon Papacy and the Western Schism, the French Monarchy subjugated the Papacy to its control. This further weakened the Pope's power and undermined the intimidating power of excommunication, which had been greatly feared.[3]

The production of theoretical arguments on the theme of universal power, on the other hand, continued and included contributions such as those of

Roman Law, with the jus commune of the School of Bologna on one side and conciliarism of the Council of Florence
on the other.

End

Paul III, oil by Sebastiano Ricci
.

Both universal powers entered the

royalties
effectively limited the pontifical power.

The 19th century was the end of both universal powers as territorial entities: the Sacro Imperio was formally abolished by

Second German Empire in 1871.[7]

Simultaneously, the relations of the Pope with the

fascist Benito Mussolini.[8]

Since then, the efforts of the Pope in the international scene and in the internal business of Catholic countries have transcended the territorial dimensions of the Vatican City, demonstrating that the religious dimension is very decisive. It has also shown that what has come to be called soft power, though subtle, can be effective because of its moral, ideological, and cultural weight.

Coronation of Napoleon and Josefina before the Pope, reduced to an observer role, oil by Jacques-Louis David.

Perseverance of the term

The name of "

global economy.[9] Although the first empires to form (the Portuguese Empire and Spanish Empire in the 16th century) in their day did not refer to themselves as empires, (the Spanish self defined, in providentialist terms, as the Catholic Monarchy), the name typically has been applied by historiography (which applies "empire" to any political form of the past with multinational dimensions: Turk Empire, Mongol Empire, Inca Empire
).

Consequently, this is done to the

Czar is derived from Caesar
).

The term is also applied to the overseas territorial possessions of the European states:

Analogously, the name "empire" is also used to refer to non-European entities, such as the

Persia, and the Sultan of Morocco.[10] In most cases, this is a "diplomatic courtesy." Since the Cold War
, it has also been common to refer to the two rival superpowers as the American Empire and the Soviet Empire.

See also

References

  1. ISBN 84-7461-654-9
    . Especially Julio Valdeón: La época de las ideas universales. El pontificado y el imperio. Las criuzadas. Capetos y Angevinos, pp. 131–157.
  2. ^ Francisco Tomás y Valiente et al. (1996) [Autonomía y soberanía. Una consideración histórica], Madrid: Marcial Pons; cited in Revista de estudios histórico-jurídicos nº 21, Valparaíso 1999
    ISSN 0716-5455 [1]
  3. ^ Julio Valdeón, op. cit., El siglo XIII. El fin de las construcciones universales. El auge de las monarquías nacionales, vol. 12 pp. 161–184.
  4. ^ Bibliographic review Archived 2011-07-10 at the Wayback Machine of this.
  5. Adrian of Utrecht (future Pope Adrian VI) and the Castilians doctor Mota and monk Antonio de Guevara. The modern nature of Charles's empire has also been significantly studied since the 20th century.(Carlos V y la lengua española Archived 2008-05-10 at the Wayback Machine by Manuel Alvar extracted from: Nebrija y estudios sobre la Edad de Oro. Madrid: C.S.I.C., 1997, pp. 169–188; which collects and briefly comments on the bibliography of the debate). Other references: File of the article by Joseph Pérez. File of the classic work Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine by Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1937), response from an “hispanisist” perspective to the German Karl Brandi’s book, Carlos V. Vida y fortuna de una personalidad y de un Imperio mundial (Notes over the documentary and bibliographic resources about Charles V by Claudia Möller, in cervantesvirtual). A very brief reference on the subject Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine in Kalipedia. Finally, in "Renaissance of Empire" Thomas James Dadelet has studied the Imperialism of Charles V in the framework of the general Renaissance of antiquity
    .
  6. ^ The evolution of the interstatal system from the Peace of Westphalia until the French Revolution, view from an analytic perspective), that cites as a source Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State. Commerce and Conquest in the Modern World, New York, Basic Books, 1986.
  7. ISBN 84-335-2978-1
    .
  8. ISBN 84-335-2983-8
    .
  9. ISBN 84-206-9024-4
    . desarrollado por
    ISBN 84-323-0342-9
    .
  10. ISBN 84-335-9298-X
    . pp. 56–57
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