Universalist Church of America
Abbreviation | UCA |
---|---|
Formation | 1793 |
Dissolved | May 1961 (consolidation with American Unitarian Association to form the Unitarian Universalist Association) |
Type | Christian religious denomination |
Location |
|
Formerly called | Universalist General Convention |
The Universalist Church of America (UCA) was originally a
The defining theology of
History
Spiritual ancestry
Members of the Universalist Church of America claimed universalist beliefs among some
The first verifiable and undisputed believer in universal salvation is Gerrard Winstanley, author of The Mysterie of God Concerning the Whole Creation, Mankinde (London, 1648).
Early America
American Universalism developed from the influence of various
One of the most important early Universalist evangelists was Dr.
In the South, Rev. Giles Chapman[12] was a former Quaker and Continental Army Chaplain who married into a Dunker family. The first Universalist church in South Carolina (and possibly in America) was the Freedonia Meeting Hall, situated in Newberry County.[13][full citation needed]
Benjamin Rush, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and a convert to Winchester's teaching of universal salvation, but not a member of a Universalist church, was a vigorous foe of slavery, advocated the abolition of the death penalty, advocated for better education for women, supported free public schools, was a pioneer in the study and treatment of mental illness, and insisted that the insane had a right to be treated with respect. He published a pamphlet on the iniquity of the slave trade. As part of his abolitionism, he helped organize the Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and the Relief of Free Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage, the first antislavery society in America; he also served as its president. Rush believed, as did Winchester and most Universalists, in a state of punishment after death for the wicked.
The first General Society was held in 1778. Annual conventions started in 1785 with the New England Convention. In 1804, this convention changed its name to "The General Convention of Universalists in the New England States and Others." At its peak in the 1830s, the Universalist Church is reported to have been the 9th largest denomination in the United States.[citation needed]
Consolidation
The Church consolidated with the American Unitarian Association to form the Unitarian Universalist Association.[when?] Some state Universalist Conventions did not accept the consolidation. These churches and others form minor pockets of Christian theological Universalists which remain, but most are affiliated with other denominations.[14][15]
Church organization
Universalist congregations tended towards independence and were not easily prone to centralization. They generally met in state conventions, which usually had more authority than was vested in national conventions. To train ministers (among other things), the Church founded in 1831 the
The Philadelphia Convention was an independent National Convention from 1790 to about 1810.
Notwithstanding its tendency toward independence, Universalist congregations supported the construction of The Universalist National Memorial Church in Washington, D.C., to serve as the official church of Universalism. In 1921, the Universalist General Convention approved funds for the building of the church and services began in 1925. The present church, located at 1810 Sixteenth Street NW, Washington DC, was established in 1930 and its current congregation continues to follow Universalist principles.
Social and political stances
The Universalist Church of America involved itself in several social causes, generally with a politically liberal bent.
Abolitionism
As noted above, Benjamin Rush was a major political activist for anti-slavery causes in early America. The issue resurfaced in the 1850s with the
Separation of church and state
Like many American religions, Universalism has generally been amenable to church-state separation. In New England, Baptists, Universalists, and Quakers provided some of the loudest voices calling for disestablishment of the government sponsored churches of the standing order.
One example comes from the 1770s. By Massachusetts state law, citizens were taxed to support the Congregational Church of the community where they lived. Sixty-one people in Gloucester left the church to form the Independent Church of Christ, which stood for Universalism. They then refused to pay their taxes. The church they built was seized and sold to pay; however, the Church sued, and in 1786, they won their case.
Spiritualism
Although the Universalist Church as a denomination never fully embraced Spiritualism, many Universalists were sympathetic to this nineteenth-century movement. Spiritualism was preached with some regularity from Universalist pulpits in the middle decades of the 19th century and some ministers left the denomination when their Spiritualist leanings became too pronounced for their peers and congregations.
Ordination of women
On June 25, 1863, Olympia Brown became one of the first women in the United States to receive ordination in a national denomination, Antoinette Brown having been the first when she was ordained by the Congregational Churches in 1853.[16] By 1920, there were 88 Universalist women ministers, the largest group in the United States.
Universalists
- Hosea Ballou, theologian and evangelist
- P. T. Barnum, entertainer
- Clara Barton, founder of the American Red Cross; studied at the Clinton Liberal Institute
- George de Benneville, influential early evangelist
- Olympia Brown, the first woman in the United States to be ordained by a major denomination
- Luella J. B. Case (1807–1857), author
- Harrie B. Chase, US Federal Judge for the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
- Henry N. Couden, Chaplain of the U.S. House of Representatives for 25 years
- Tufts College
- Abner Kneeland, theologian and the last man in the United States jailed for blasphemy
- Harold Latham, American editor known for discovering Margaret Mitchell's Gone with the Wind
- Tufts College
- Henrietta G. Moore, Universalist minister, educator, temperance activist, suffragist
- John Murray, evangelist
- Judith Sargent Murray, essayist and poet, advocated woman's rights
- Thomas Potter, farmer, church builder
- James Relly, Welsh preacher, hymn writer
- Caleb Rich, evangelist
- Benjamin Rush, statesman, Founding Father, and abolitionist.
- Crane School of Theology
- Ted Sorensen, President John F. Kennedy's special counsel and adviser, speechwriter
- Tufts College
See also
- List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches
- Christian Universalism
- Clinton Liberal Institute
- Primitive Baptist Universalist
- Universalism
- Universalist Herald
References
- ^ Harvard Divinity School: Timeline of Significant Events in the Merger of the Unitarian and Universalist Churches During the 1900s
- ^ Harris, Mark. ""Paul Dean", Notable American Univeralists". Archived from the original on 2011-09-07. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
- ^ The A to Z of Unitarian Universalism, p. 397, Mark W. Harris, 2009: "RESTORATIONIST CONTROVERSY. An important confrontation within the Universalist ranks in the 1820s. During the early decades of the Universalist movement theological differences were largely ignored so that the movement could gain."
- ^ Harris, Mark. ""Hosea Ballou", Notable American Univeralists". Archived from the original on 2011-09-08. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
- ^ Ballou 2nd, Hosea (1842). Baker, Z (ed.). The Ancient History Of Universalism: From The Time Of The Apostles, To Its Condemnation In The Fifth General Council, A. D. 553. Gospel Messenger Office.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ISBN 0-559-56315-9.
isbn Universalism, The Prevailing Doctrine of the Christian Church During Its First Five Hundred Years.
- ^ Richard Bauckham "Universalism a historical survey," Themelios 4.2 (September 1978): 47-54.
- ^ "The Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, 1953, vol. 12, p. 96; retrieved 30/04/09". Ccel.org. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
- FDE Schleiermacher
- ^ "Adams Streeter". 5.uua.org. Archived from the original on 2011-10-01. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
- ^ Georg Klein-Nicolai, under pseudonym of Georg Paul Siegvolck Das von Jesu Christo, dem Richter der Lebendigen und der Todten, aller Creatur zu predigen befohlene ewige Evangelium: von der durch ihn erfundenen ewigen Erlösung
- ^ born June 21, 1748 in Newberry Dist., South Carolina, USA; died April 15, 1819
- ^ Universalist Magazine, volume 9 p. 48 ed. Hosea Ballou 1828
- ^ Christian Universalist Churches Archived September 10, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Archived copy". www.universalistchristians.org. Archived from the original on 6 October 2002. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "UCC firsts". Ucc.org. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
Further reading
- Bressler, Ann Lee (2001). The Universalist Movement in America, 1770–1880. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Buescher, John B. 2003. The Other Side of Salvation: Spiritualism and the Nineteenth-Century Religious Experience. Boston: Skinner House Books. ISBN 1-55896-448-7.
- J.W. Hanson (1899) Universalism, The Prevailing Doctrine of the Christian Church During Its First Five Hundred Years. San Diego: St. Alban Press, 2002 Second Edition. ISBN 0-935461-82-5.
- Miller, Russell E. 1979, 1985 ‘’The Larger Hope: vol.1 The First Century of the Universalist Church in America, 1770-1870. vol.2 The second century of the Universalist Church in America, 1870-1970 (in 2 volumes)’’ Boston: Unitarian Universalist Association. ISBN 9780933840003
External links
- Murray Grove Retreat & Conference Center - Thomas Potter farm
- The Sargent House Museum - Judith Sargent Murray house
- Universalists from the Catholic Encyclopedia
- Universalist Heritage Foundation Archived 2019-01-26 at the Wayback Machine
- Christian Universalist Association
- Christian Universalist Church of America