University of Calcutta

Coordinates: 22°34′30″N 88°21′46″E / 22.57500°N 88.36278°E / 22.57500; 88.36278
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University of Calcutta
কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়
Seal of the University of Calcutta
Other name
Calcutta University
MottoAdvancement of Learning
TypePublic
Established24 January 1857; 167 years ago (1857-01-24)
Founder
List
    • Alexander Duff
    • Sir Charles Wood
    • Maharaja Maheshwar Singh Bahadur
    • Dr. Fredrick John
Vice-Chancellor
Prof. Santa Datta (De)
Academic staff
1,255 (2023)[2]
Students17,881 (2023)[2]
Undergraduates2,190 (2023)[2]
Postgraduates12,012 (2023)[2]
3,679 (2023)[2]
Location
Kolkata
,
West Bengal
,
India

22°34′30″N 88°21′46″E / 22.57500°N 88.36278°E / 22.57500; 88.36278
CampusLarge city
AcronymCU
NewspaperCalcutta Review
Websitewww.caluniv.ac.in Edit this at Wikidata

The University of Calcutta (informally known as Calcutta University; abbreviated as CU) is a

multidisciplinary university of Indian Subcontinent and South East Asian Region. Today, the university's jurisdiction is limited to a few districts of West Bengal, but at the time of its establishment it had a catchment area ranging from Kabul to Myanmar. Within India, it is recognized as a "Five-Star University" and accredited an "A" grade by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council
(NAAC).

The university has a total of fourteen campuses spread over the city of Kolkata and its suburbs. As of 2020, 151 colleges and 21 institutes and centres are affiliated with CU. The university was fourth in the Indian University Ranking 2021 list, released by the

Ministry of Education
.

Its alumni and faculty include several

Fellows of the Royal Society and six Nobel laureates as of 2019. The Nobel laureates associated with this university are Ronald Ross, Rabindranath Tagore, C. V. Raman, Amartya Sen, and Abhijit Banerjee
.

The university has the highest number of students who have cleared the National Eligibility Test. The University of Calcutta is a member of the United Nations Academic Impact.

History

Main article: History of the University of Calcutta

Pre-independence

Fredrick John, the education secretary to the British Government in India, first tendered a proposal to them in

Bombay.[3][4]

The University of Calcutta in the late nineteenth century, by Francis Frith

The Calcutta University Act came into force on 24 January 1857, and a 41-member Senate was formed as the policy-making body of the university. The land for the establishment of the university was given by Maharaja Maheshwar Singh Bahadur, who was a

Calcutta Medical College, was affiliated with the university in 1857.[8] The first college for women in India, Bethune College, is also affiliated with the university.[9]

From 1836 to 1890,

Bengal Engineering College. During that period, the Council Room of the Calcutta Medical College and private residence of the vice-chancellor used to house the Senate meetings. The faculty councils generally met at the residences of the presidents of the faculties concerned, in the Civil Engineering College or in the Writers' Building. Because of the lack of space, university examinations were conducted in the Kolkata Town Hall and in tents in the Maidan urban park.[16]

In 1866, a grant of ₹81,600 (equivalent to ₹37 million or US$470,000 in 2023) for the site and ₹170,561 (equivalent to ₹78 million or US$980,000 in 2023) was sanctioned to construct the new building on College Street. It opened in 1873 and was called Senate House. It had meeting halls for the Senate, a chamber for the vice-chancellor, the office of the registrar, examination rooms and lecture halls. In 1904, postgraduate teaching and research began at the university, which led to an increase in the number of students and candidates. After almost sixty years, a second building, known as the Darbhanga Building, was erected in 1912 with a donation of ₹2.5 lakh (equivalent to ₹7.7 crore or US$970,000 in 2023) from Maharaja Maheshwar Singh Bahadur.[16]

The Darbhanga Building housed the

University College of Science at Upper Circular Road (now known as Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road).[16]

Senate Hall of University of Calcutta, early 1910s

Post-independence

Before the partition of India, twenty-seven colleges from East Bengal (now Bangladesh) were affiliated with the university. The Government of West Bengal passed the Calcutta University Act of 1951, which substituted the earlier act of 1904 and ensured a democratic structure for the university. The West Bengal Secondary Education Act was passed in the same year linking the university with the school leaving examination. Gradually the requirements of the university grew, and the Senate House was becoming incapable of handling them. After the centenary of Calcutta University, the building was demolished to make space for a more utilitarian building. In 1957, the university's centenary year, it received a grant of ₹1 crore (equivalent to ₹100 crore or US$13 million in 2023) from the University Grants Commission, which aided with the construction of the Centenary Building on the College Street campus and the Law College Building on Hazra Road campus. The Economics Department got its own building in 1958 near Barrackpore Trunk Road. In 1965, the Goenka Hospital Diagnostic Research Centre for the University College of Medicine was opened as the university health service. Until 1960, Senate House was one of the city's most prominent landmarks.[16][17]

The University of Calcutta building in College Street

In 1968, the Centenary Building opened on the former location of the Senate House. Currently, it houses the Central Library, the Asutosh Museum of Indian Art, the centenary auditorium and a number of university offices. By the mid-1970s, it had become one of the largest universities in the world. It had 13 colleges under its direct control and more than 150 affiliated colleges, along with 16 postgraduate faculties.[18] In the year 2001, the University of Calcutta was awarded the 'Five-Star' status in the first cycle of the university's accreditation by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC). In 2009 and 2017, the NAAC awarded its highest grade of 'A' to the University of Calcutta in the second and third cycle of the university's accreditation.[19][20] In 2019, the university's central library and 40 departmental libraries were opened to the public. They have over one million books and more than 200,000 journals, proceedings and manuscripts.[21][16]

Seal

The seal has changed multiple times over the years. The first seal dates back to 1857. It was changed when the

British Crown. Seal three, four and five were introduced in 1930s, The fourth seal faced criticism locally. The current university seal is the modified version of the sixth seal. The motto Advancement of Learning has remained the same through the seal's transitions.[22]

Evolution of seals

Campuses

Ashutosh Building at the College Street campus
Rajabazar Campus, Kolkata
Sahid Khudiram Siksha Prangan or Alipore campus.
Hazra Campus, Kolkata
Technology Campus, Salt Lake

The university has a total of 14 campuses spread over the city of Kolkata and its suburbs. They are referred to as Sikhsa Prangan, which means education premises. Major campuses include the Central Campus (Ashutosh Shiksha Prangan) on College Street,

Rajabazar, Taraknath Palit Shiksha Prangan in Ballygunge and Sahid Khudiram Siksha Prangan in Alipore. Other campuses include the Hazra Road Campus, the University Press and Book Depot, the B. T. Road Campus, the Viharilal College of Home Science Campus, the University Health Service, the Haringhata Campus, the Dhakuria Lakes (University Rowing Club) and the University Ground and Tent at Maidan.[23][24][25]

Asutosh Siksha Prangan

Asutosh Siksha Prangan (commonly called the College Street Campus) is the university's main campus where the administrative work is done. Located on College Street, it is spread over an area of 2.7 acres (1.1 ha). It houses the Arts and Language department, administrative offices, museum, the central library, an auditorium etc.[26][27] Exhibits like folk art of Bengal are present in the Asutosh Museum of Indian Art.[28] Senate House was the first university building situated on this campus; it opened in 1872. In 1960, it was demolished to make way for a larger building, the Centenary Building, which opened in 1968. The Darbhanga Building and the Asutosh Building are the two other buildings opened in 1921 and 1926, respectively.[16]

Rashbehari Siksha Prangan

Main article: University College of Science, Technology and Agriculture

Rashbehari Siksha Prangan (also known as University College of Science and Technology or more commonly Rajabazar Science College), is located on Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road in Rajabazar. Established in 1914,[29] it houses several scientific and technological departments, including pure and applied chemistry, pure and applied physics, applied optics and photonics, radio physics, applied mathematics, psychology, physiology, biophysics, molecular biology, and others.[23][30]

Taraknath Palit Siksha Prangan

Main article: University College of Science, Technology and Agriculture

Taraknath Palit Siksha Prangan (also known as University College of Science or commonly Ballygunge Science College) on Ballygunge Circular Road in the southern part of the city, houses the departments of agriculture, anthropology, biochemistry, microbiology, botany, geography, genetics, statistics, zoology, neuroscience, marine science, biotechnology, and most notably geology, among others.[23] It also houses S. N. Pradhan Centre For Neurosciences and the Institute of Agricultural Science.[31]

Sahid Khudiram Siksha Prangan

Sahid Khudiram Siksha Prangan, commonly known as Alipore Campus, located at Alipore, is the humanities campus of the university. The departments of history, ancient Indian history and culture, Islamic history and culture, South and Southeast Asian studies, archaeology, political science, business management and museology are situated on this campus.[32]

Technology Campus

The Technology Campus, also known as the Tech Camps, is the newest on the university. It brings together the three engineering and technical departments: the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, the A.K.C. School of Information Technology and the Department of Applied Optics and Photonics, in Sector 3, JD Block,

Salt Lake.[29][33][34]

Map
Map of the University of Calcutta campuses

Organisation and administration

Commemorative Postal Stamp, 1957

Governance

The university is governed by a board of administrative officers, which includes the vice-chancellor, pro-vice-chancellor for academic affairs, pro-vice-chancellor for business affairs and finance, the registrar, the university librarian, the inspector of colleges, the system manager and 35 others. They monitor the operation of the university and its affiliated colleges and the university's funding.[35] In 2017, Sonali Chakravarti Banerjee became the 51st vice-chancellor of the university.[36] The university is funded by the University Grants Commission, the Government of West Bengal, other agencies for various research works and by the university's own initiatives like fees, sales proceeds, publications and service charges generated from endowment funds.[37][38]

Jurisdiction

Main articles: List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta and List of centres affiliated to the University of Calcutta

At one time, the university had a huge catchment area in

Burma provinces. In the act, the Governor-General-in-Council was given the power to the limit territorial jurisdiction of the five universities; Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, the Punjab and Allahabad.[39]

Following the Government of British India notification on 20 August 1904, Ceylon went under the University of Madras; provinces, states and agencies of Central India, such as the

partition of India in 1947. In 1948, all the schools and colleges in Assam left the university after the establishment of Gauhati University.[5][40]

As of 2020, 151 colleges and 22 institutes and centres, in West Bengal are affiliated with the university.[41][42][43] Some of the affiliated colleges include:[44]

Faculties, departments and centres

The university has 60 departments organized into seven faculties: arts, commerce, social welfare and business management, education, journalism and library science, engineering and technology, fine arts, music and home science, law and science; and an agriculture institute with six departments.[43]

To provide agricultural education and research, the Institute of Agricultural Science was established under the University of Calcutta. It was founded by

Imperial Council of Agricultural Research (now known as the Indian Council of Agricultural Research) in 1926.[45] Although it was shut down in 1941 due to World War II. Then, in 1954, a postgraduate department in agriculture was started in Ballygunge Science College by the university, with agricultural botany as the only subject; two years later, a Veterinary Science Institute was included and the department was upgraded into a faculty called agriculture and veterinary science. In 2002 university decided to reopen undergraduate agriculture courses in the agricultural experiment farm campus at Baruipur, a city south of Calcutta. In the same year, the department was restructured as a separate Institute of Agricultural Science.[46]

The Faculty of Arts consists of 23 departments; commerce consists of three departments; education, journalism and library science consist of three departments; engineering and technology consist of eight departments; science has 22 departments and home science offers courses on subjects such as food and nutrition, human development, and home science.

Hazra Law College. The faculty has many luminaries associated with it, including Rajendra Prasad, Rashbehari Ghose, and Chittaranjan Das.[47][43]


Centres at University of Calcutta
  • A. K. Choudhury School of Information Technology
  • Women's Studies Research Centre
  • Gandhian Studies Centre
  • Centre for Urban Economic Studies
  • S. K. Mitra Centre for Space Environment
  • Peace Studies Research Centre
  • Centre for Testing and Training for Providing Technical Back up to the Beneficiaries for Agricultural and Horticultural Development
  • USIC
  • Centre for Horticultural Studies
  • CPEPA-UGC center for “Electrophysiology & Neuro-Imaging Studies including Mathematical Modeling”
  • Centre for Millimeter Wave Semiconductor Devices & Systems
  • Centre for Pakistan and West Asian Studies
  • Centre for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
  • Centre for Social Sciences and Humanities
  • Centre for South and Southeast Asian Studies
  • Centre for Studies in Book Publishing
  • Nehru Studies Centre
  • Centre for the Study of Social Exclusion and Inclusive Policy
  • Institute of Foreign Policy Studies
  • Centre for Pollination Studies
  • University of Calcutta – Calcutta Stock Exchange Centre of Excellence in Financial Markets (CUCSE-CEFM)

Academics

Admission

For

entrance exam or written test given by the university or any national level exam related to the subject, held by the UGC. A merit list is prepared on the basis of the exam results.[51][52][53]

Research

Satyendranath Bose, Debendra Mohan Bose, NR Sen, Jnanendra Nath Mukherjee
, N C Nag

Undergraduates may enroll for a three- or four-year program in engineering. Students choose a major when they enter the university, and cannot change it unless they opt later for the university's professional or self-financed postgraduate programs. Science and business disciplines are in high demand, largely in anticipation of better employment prospects. Most programs are organized on an annual basis, though some programs are semester dependent. Most departments offer master's programs of a year or a few years' duration. Research is conducted in specialized institutes as well as individual departments, many of which have doctoral programs.[43]

The University of Calcutta has the largest research center, which started from the 100th Science Congress of India in January 2013. This is the Center for Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CRNN) on the Technology Campus of CU at Salt Lake, West Bengal.[54] The university has 18 research centres, 710 teachers, 3000 non-teaching staff and 11,000 postgraduate students.[55]

University Central Library viewed from College Square

Libraries

The central library at the Asutosh Siksha Prangan was started around the 1870s.[21] Apart from 39 departmental libraries, it has a central library, two campus libraries, and two libraries at the advanced centers spread across the seven campuses. Students of affiliated colleges can also access the central library. The university library has over one million books and more than 200,000 bound journals, proceedings, manuscripts, patents and other valuable collections.[28][56]

Publishing

See also:
The Calcutta Review

The university has its own publishing house called University Press and Publications along with a book depot, which was established in the 20th century. It publishes textbooks, treatises, journals and confidential papers for all the examinations conducted by the university. It also publishes the journal

The Calcutta Review, which is one of the oldest Asian university journals. The Calcutta Review was established by Sir John Kaye in May 1844. It has been issued biannually since 1913.[57][58][59]

Rankings

Outlook India (Universities) (2020)[68]
6

Internationally, the University of Calcutta was ranked 801–1000 in the QS World University Rankings of 2023[61] and 181 in Asia.[62] It was ranked 1001–1200 in the world by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings of 2023,[63] 401–500 in Asia in 2022[64] and in the same band among emerging economies.[65] It was ranked 901–1000 in the Academic Ranking of World Universities of 2022.[60]

In India, the University of Calcutta was ranked 11th overall by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2021[66] and 4th among universities.[67]

Accreditation and recognition

In 2001, the University of Calcutta was awarded "Five-Star" status in the first cycle of the university's accreditation by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC).[69] In 2009 and 2017, NAAC awarded its highest grade of 'A' to the University of Calcutta in the second and third cycle of the university's accreditation.[19] The UGC recognized the University of Calcutta as a "University with Potential for Excellence", on 8 December 2005.[70][71] It was also awarded the status of "Centre with Potential for Excellence in Particular Area" in Electro-Physiological and Neuro-imaging studies including mathematical modeling.[72][73]

The Manuscript Library at the university has also been designated as a "Manuscript Conservation Centre" under the

better source needed] The university is a member of the United Nations Academic Impact initiative.[77]

Student life

The university has a ground and tent in Maidan, where various sports are played.

Saraswati puja, among others.[82][83]

Most of the affiliated undergraduate colleges located in the city have their own student hostels. The university has 17 hostels, of which eight (two for undergraduates and six for post graduates) are for women. A total of 13 hostels are for paying guest students located across the city.[84]

University song

In 1938, the then Vice-Chancellor Syama Prasad Mookerjee asked Rabindranath Tagore to compose a "

university song" for the university. Rabindranath composed two songs instead of one— "Cholo Jai, Cholo Jai" and "Subho Karmapathe Dharo Nirvayo Gaan" (in English, "Let's go, let's go" and "Take up fearless song on the path of good deeds" respectively). The former song was adopted and sung by parading students on the university's foundation day on 24 January 1937. In the post centenary golden jubilee year of the university, the latter was adopted as the new university song.[85][86]

Notable alumni and faculties

Main articles: List of University of Calcutta people and List of vice-chancellors of the University of Calcutta

The university has produced many scientists, engineers, world leaders, Nobel laureates and teachers. As the oldest university of Bengal and India, it attracts students from diverse walks of life. Nobel laureates who either studied or worked there include

Aditya Birla. Notable scientists, medical doctors and mathematicians associated with the university include Jagadish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Ray, Meghnad Saha, Anil Kumar Gain, Satyendra Nath Bose, Subir Kumar Ghosh, Ashoke Sen, Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay, C. R. Rao, Asima Chatterjee, and Ujjwal Maulik.[89][90][91]

Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan (who taught there), and Pranab Mukherjee, who both studied and taught at affiliated colleges of the university. The former vice president of India, Mohammad Hamid Ansari studied there, as did a former deputy prime minister of India, Jagjivan Ram.[89]

Many governors of Indian states studied at the university including the first Indian governors of

A.K. Fazlul Huq of undivided Bengal.[89]

Among its former students are eight

Ajit Nath Ray, Sabyasachi Mukharji and Altamas Kabir. Others have also served as judges in the Supreme Court, and as chief justices and judges in state high courts.[89]

Heads of state from other countries associated with the university include four

Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala, as well as his successor Tulsi Giri.[89]

One of the prominent indigenous leaders from the Tripuri Community, Birendra Kishore Roaza, also graduated from the University[92]

See also

References

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Bibliography

  • Banerjee, Pramatha Nath (1957). Hundred Years of the University of Calcutta. Kolkata, India: University Press and Publications.
  • Bose, P. K. (1973). Calcutta University: Some Problems and Their Remedies. Kolkata, India: University Press and Publications.
  • Chakraborty, Rachana (1998). Higher Education in Bengal, 1919-1947: A Study of Its Administration and Management. India: Minerva Associates.
    ISBN 9788185195766
    .

External links

Media related to University of Calcutta at Wikimedia Commons Works related to Portal:University of Calcutta at Wikisource