University of Chicago
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The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi)
The university is composed of
University of Chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of many academic disciplines, including economics, law, literary criticism, mathematics, physics, religion, sociology, and political science, establishing the Chicago schools in various fields.[15][16][17][18][19] Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory produced the world's first human-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction in Chicago Pile-1 beneath the viewing stands of the university's Stagg Field.[20] Advances in chemistry led to the "radiocarbon revolution" in the carbon-14 dating of ancient life and objects.[21] The university research efforts include administration of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory, as well as the Marine Biological Laboratory. The university is also home to the University of Chicago Press, the largest university press in the United States.[22]
The university's students, faculty, and staff has included
History
Early years
The University of Chicago was incorporated as a
The Hyde Park campus continued the legacy of the original university of the same name, which had closed in the 1880s after its campus was foreclosed on.[36] What became known as the Old University of Chicago had been founded by a small group of Baptist educators in 1856 through a land endowment from Senator Stephen A. Douglas. After a fire, it closed in 1886.[37] Alumni from the Old University of Chicago are recognized as alumni of the present University of Chicago.[38] The university's depiction on its coat of arms of a phoenix rising from the ashes is a reference to the fire, foreclosure, and demolition of the Old University of Chicago campus.[39] As an homage to this pre-1890 legacy, a single stone from the rubble of the original Douglas Hall on 34th Place was brought to the current Hyde Park location and set into the wall of the Classics Building. These connections have led the dean of the college and University of Chicago and professor of history John Boyer to conclude that the University of Chicago has, "a plausible genealogy as a pre–Civil War institution".[40]
Harper recruited acclaimed Yale baseball and football player
The
In the 1890s, the university, fearful that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students, affiliated with several regional colleges and universities:
1920s–1980s
In 1929, the university's fifth president, 30-year-old legal philosophy scholar Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office. The university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. Hutchins reformed the undergraduate college's liberal-arts curriculum known as the Common Core,[51] organized the university's graduate work into four divisions,[52] and eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics.[52] During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals (now called the University of Chicago Medical Center) finished construction and enrolled their first medical students.[53] Also, the philosophy oriented Committee on Social Thought, an institution distinctive of the university, was created.[54]
Money that had been raised during the 1920s and financial backing from the Rockefeller Foundation helped the school to survive through the Great Depression.[52] Nonetheless, in 1933, Hutchins proposed an unsuccessful plan to merge the University of Chicago and Northwestern University into a single university.[55] During World War II, the university's Metallurgical Laboratory made ground-breaking contributions to the Manhattan Project.[56] The university was the site of the first isolation of plutonium and of the creation of the first artificial, self-sustained nuclear reaction by Enrico Fermi in 1942.[56][57]
It has been noted that the university did not provide standard oversight regarding Bruno Bettelheim and his tenure as director of the Orthogenic School for Disturbed Children from 1944 to 1973.[58][59][60]
In the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood. In response, the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban renewal project for Hyde Park, which profoundly affected both the neighborhood's architecture and street plan.[61] During this period the university, like Shimer College and 10 others, adopted an early entrant program that allowed very young students to attend college; also, students enrolled at Shimer were enabled to transfer automatically to the University of Chicago after their second year, having taken comparable or identical examinations and courses.[citation needed]
The university experienced its share of student unrest during the 1960s, beginning in 1962 when then-freshman Bernie Sanders helped lead a 15-day sit-in at the college's administration building in a protest over the university's segregationist off-campus rental policies. After continued turmoil, a university committee in 1967 issued what became known as the Kalven Report. The report, a two-page statement of the university's policy in "social and political action," declared that "To perform its mission in the society, a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions, passions, and pressures."[62] The report has since been used to justify decisions such as the university's refusal to divest from South Africa in the 1980s and Darfur in the late 2000s.[63]
In 1969, more than 400 students, angry about the dismissal of a popular professor,
In 1978, history scholar Hanna Holborn Gray, then the provost and acting president of Yale University, became President of the University of Chicago, a position she held for 15 years. She was the first woman in the United States to hold the presidency of a major university.[66]
1990s–2010s
In 1999, then-President
From the mid-2000s, the university began a number of multimillion-dollar expansion projects. In 2008, the University of Chicago announced plans to establish the
In 2019, the university created its first school in three decades, the
Campus
Main campus
The main campus of the University of Chicago consists of 217 acres (87.8 ha) in the Chicago neighborhoods of
The first buildings of the campus, which make up what is now known as the Main Quadrangles, were part of a master plan conceived by two University of Chicago trustees and plotted by Chicago architect
After the 1940s, the campus's Gothic style began to give way to modern styles.
The site of
-
Snell-Hitchcock, an undergraduate dormitory constructed in the early 20th century, is part of the Main Quadrangles.
-
Rockefeller Chapel, constructed in 1928, was designed by Bertram Goodhue in the neo-Gothic style.
-
The Henry Hinds Laboratory for Geophysical Sciences was built in 1969.[95]
-
TheCesar Pelli, houses the volleyball, wrestling, swimming, and basketball teams.[96]
Safety
In November 2021 a university graduate was robbed and fatally shot on a sidewalk in a residential area in Hyde Park near campus;[97][98] a total of three University of Chicago students were killed by gunfire incidents in 2021.[98][97] These incidents prompted student protests and an open letter to university leadership signed by more than 300 faculty members.[99][100]
Satellite campuses
The university also maintains facilities apart from its main campus. The university's
Administration and finance
The university is governed by a board of trustees. The board of trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of the university and manages fundraising efforts, and is composed of 55 members including the university president.
The university's endowment was the 12th largest among American educational institutions and state university systems in 2013[110] and as of 2020[update] was valued at $10 billion.[111] Since 2016, the university's board of trustees has resisted pressure from students and faculty to divest its investments from fossil fuel companies.[112] Part of former university President Zimmer's financial plan for the university was an increase in accumulation of debt to finance large building projects.[113] This drew both support and criticism from many in the university community.[citation needed] In 2023 the University agreed to pay $13.5 million to settle a lawsuit that it and other universities conspired to limit financial aid to students.[114]
Academics
The academic bodies of the University of Chicago consist of the
The university runs on a
Reputation and rankings
Forbes[120] | 20 | |
---|---|---|
U.S. News & World Report[121] | 12 | |
Washington Monthly[122] | 41 | |
WSJ / College Pulse[123] | 14 | |
Global | ||
ARWU[124] | 10 (2022) | |
QS[125] | 11 (2024) | |
THE[126] | 13 (2023) | |
U.S. News & World Report[127] | 22 |
After its foundation in the late 19th century, the University of Chicago quickly became established as one of the wealthiest and, according to Henry S. Webber, one of the most prestigious universities in America.
ARWU has consistently placed the University of Chicago among the top 10 universities in the world,[132] and the 2021 QS World University Rankings placed the university in 9th place worldwide.[133] THE World University Rankings has ranked it among the global top 10 for eleven consecutive years (from 2012 to 2022).[134]
The university's
The university has an extensive record of producing successful business leaders and billionaires.[30][140][141][142]
Undergraduate college
The College of the University of Chicago grants Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 51 academic majors[143] and 33 minors.[144] The college's academics are divided into five divisions: the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division, and the New Collegiate Division.[145] The first four are sections within their corresponding graduate divisions, while the New Collegiate Division administers interdisciplinary majors and studies which do not fit in one of the other four divisions.[146]
Undergraduate students are required to take a distribution of courses to satisfy the university's general education requirements, commonly known as the Core Curriculum.[147] In 2012–2013, the Core classes at Chicago were limited to 17 courses, and are generally led by a full-time professor (as opposed to a teaching assistant).[148] As of the 2013–2014 school year, 15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under the Core.[149] Undergraduate courses at the University of Chicago are known for their demanding standards, heavy workload and academic difficulty; according to Uni in the USA, "Among the academic cream of American universities – Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, and the University of Chicago – it is UChicago that can most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous, intense learning experience."[150]
Graduate schools and committees
The university graduate schools and committees are divided into four divisions: Biological Sciences, Humanities, Physical Sciences, and Social Sciences, and eight professional schools.[151] In the autumn quarter of 2022, the university enrolled 10,546 graduate students on degree-seeking courses: 569 in the Biological Sciences Division, 612 in the Humanities Division, 2,103 in the Physical Sciences Division, 972 in the Social Sciences Division, and 6,290 in the professional schools (including the Graham School).[152]
The university is home to several committees for interdisciplinary scholarship, including the John U. Nef Committee on Social Thought.[153]
Professional schools
The university contains eight professional schools: the
The Law School is accredited by the American Bar Association, the Divinity School is accredited by the Commission on Accrediting of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada, and Pritzker is accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education.[116]
Associated academic institutions
The university runs a number of academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools. It operates the
Library system
The University of Chicago Library system encompasses six libraries that contain a total of 11 million volumes, the 9th most among library systems in the United States.[162] The university's main library is the Regenstein Library, which contains one of the largest collections of print volumes in the United States. The Joe and Rika Mansueto Library, built in 2011, houses a large study space and an automated book storage and retrieval system. The John Crerar Library contains more than 1.4 million volumes in the biological, medical and physical sciences and collections in general science and the philosophy and history of science, medicine, and technology.[163] The university also operates a number of special libraries, including the D'Angelo Law Library, the Social Service Administration Library, and the Eckhart Library for mathematics and computer science.[164][165] Harper Memorial Library is now a reading and study room.
Research
According to the National Science Foundation, University of Chicago spent $423.9 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 60th in the nation.[166] It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity"[167] and is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and was a member of the Committee on Institutional Cooperation from 1946 through June 29, 2016, when the group's name was changed to the Big Ten Academic Alliance. The University of Chicago is not a member of the rebranded consortium, but will continue to be a collaborator.[168][169]
The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus.
The University of Chicago has been the site of some important experiments and academic movements. In economics, the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the
The University of Chicago (Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics) operated the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin from 1897 until 2018,[179] where the largest operating refracting telescope in the world and other telescopes are located.[citation needed]
Arts
The UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the college, as well as professional organizations including the
Student body and admissions
Admissions
Undergraduate admissions statistics | |
---|---|
Admit rate | 5.8% ( −1.5) |
Yield rate | 83.5% ( +19.8) |
Test scores middle 50% | |
SAT Total | 1510–1560 ( +35 median) |
ACT Composite | 33–35 ( +0.5 median) |
In Fall 2021, the university enrolled 7,559 undergraduate students, 10,893 graduate students, and 449 non-degree students.
Admissions to the University of Chicago has become highly selective over the past two decades, reflecting changes in the application process, school popularity, and marketing strategy.[185][186][187] Between 1996 and 2022, the acceptance rate of the college fell from 71% to 4.9%.[188] For the Class of 2026, the acceptance rate was 5.4%.[189]
The middle 50% band of
In 2018, the University of Chicago attracted national headlines by becoming the first major research university to no longer require SAT/ACT scores from college applicants.[193]
Athletics
The University of Chicago hosts 19 varsity sports teams: 10 men's teams and 9 women's teams,[194] all called the Maroons, with 502 students participating in the 2012–2013 school year.[194]
The Maroons compete in the
Student life
Race and ethnicity[197] | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|
White | 36% | 36 | |
Asian | 20% | 20 | |
Foreign national | 15% | 15 | |
Hispanic | 15% | 15 | |
Other[a] | 9% | 9 | |
Black | 5% | 5 | |
Economic diversity | |||
Low-income[b] | 12% | 12 | |
Affluent[c] | 88% | 88 |
Student organizations
Students at the University of Chicago operate more than 400 clubs and organizations known as Recognized Student Organizations (RSOs).
The University of Chicago is home to eight student-run a cappella groups, several of which compete regularly at the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA). The school's two most prominent co-ed a cappella groups are Voices in Your Head, which competed at the ICCA finals in 2012, 2015, 2017, 2018, and 2022, as well as the Ransom Notes, which competed at the ICCA finals in 2021. Other successful a cappella groups on campus include the all-female group Unaccompanied Women, which is also the school's oldest established group, as well as the all-male group Run For Cover, which performs in prolific events across the Midwest every year.
Student government
All recognized student organizations, from the
Fraternities and sororities
There are 13
As of 2017[update], approximately 20 to 25 percent of students are members of fraternities or sororities.[205] This is an increase from the numbers published in the year 2007 by the student activities office stating that one in ten undergraduates participated in Greek life.[203]
Student housing
On-campus undergraduate students at the University of Chicago participate in a
Traditionally only first years were required to live in housing, but starting with the Class of 2023, students are required to live in housing for the first 2 years of enrollment.[207] About 60% of undergraduate students live on campus.[207]
For graduate students, the university owns and operates 28 apartment buildings near campus.[208]
Traditions
Every May since 1987, the University of Chicago has held the
People
As of October 2020[update], there have been
In addition, many Chicago alumni and scholars have won the Fulbright awards[214] and 53 have matriculated as Rhodes Scholars.[27]
Alumni
In 2019, the University of Chicago claimed 188,000 alumni.[2] While the university's first president, William Rainey Harper stressed the importance of perennial theory over practicality in his institution's curriculum, this has not stopped the alumni of Chicago from being among the wealthiest in the world.[140][141][142]
In business, notable alumni include
Notable alumni in the field of law, government and politics include
Notable alumni who are leaders in higher education, have emerged from almost all parts of the university: college president and chancellor
In journalism, notable alumni include
In literature, author of the New York Times bestseller
In the arts and entertainment,
In science, alumni include astronomers
In economics, notable Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences winners Milton Friedman (a major advisor to Republican U.S. president Ronald Reagan, Conservative British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and Chilean military dictator Augusto Pinochet), George Stigler (Nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory) Herbert A. Simon (responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making) Paul Samuelson (the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences) and Eugene Fama (known for his work on portfolio theory, asset pricing and stock market behavior) are all graduates. American economist, social theorist, political philosopher, and author Thomas Sowell is also an alumnus. Brazil's minister of the economy Paulo Guedes received his Ph.D. from UChicago in 1978.[215]
Other prominent alumni include anthropologists David Graeber and Donald Johanson, who is best known for discovering the fossil of a female hominid australopithecine known as "Lucy" in the Afar Triangle region, psychologist John B. Watson, American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, communication theorist Harold Innis, political theorist Anne Norton, chess grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky, and conservative international relations scholar and White House coordinator of security planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington.[215]
Three students from the university have been prosecuted in notable court cases: the infamous thrill killers
Faculty
Notable faculty in economics include
Notable faculty in physics have included the speed of light calculator
In law, former U.S. president
Philosophers who were members of the faculty include
Past faculty have also included astronomer
Current faculty include the philosophers
Notes
- ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
- Pell grantintended for low-income students.
- ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.
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Further reading
- Boyer, John (2015). The University of Chicago: A History. University of Chicago Press.
- Burstein, Stanley M. (2019). "Werner Jaeger Comes to Chicago". International Journal of the Classical Tradition. 26 (3): 319–332. S2CID 255504312.
- Dunn, William N. (2019). Pragmatism and the origins of the policy sciences: rediscovering Lasswell and the Chicago school. Cambridge University Press.
- Eldred, Juliet Sprung (2019). "'A Highly Complex Set of Interventions': The University of Chicago as Urban Planner, 1890-2017". Chicago Studies. .
- Irwin, Douglas A. (2018). "The midway and beyond: recent work on economics at Chicago". History of Political Economy. 50 (4): 735–775. S2CID 158553976.
- Jaworski, Gary D. (2022). "On loyalty and betrayal in postwar social science, mainly in Chicago" (PDF). Journal of Classical Sociology. 22 (3): 320–349. S2CID 238677255.
- Stigler, Stephen M. (2013). "University of Chicago Department of Statistics". In Agresti, A.; Meng, X. L. (eds.). Strength in Numbers: The Rising of Academic Statistics Departments in the U.S.
- Storr, Richard J. (1966). Harper's University: The Beginnings. (a major scholarly history)
- Veith, Ilza; McLean, Franklin C. (1952). The University of Chicago Clinics and Clinical Departments, 1927–1952: A Brief Outline of the Origins, the Formative Years, and the Present State of Medicine at the University of Chicago.
- Vermeulen, Cornelius W. (1977). For the Greatest Good to the Largest Number: A History of the Medical Center, the University of Chicago, 1927–1977.
- Webber, Henry S. (2005). "The University of Chicago and Its Neighbors: A Case Study in Community Development". In Perry, David C.; Wiewel, Wim (eds.). The University as Urban Developer: Case Studies and Analysis.
- White, Woodie T. (1977). The Study of Education at the University of Chicago 1892–1958 (PhD dissertation). University of Chicago.
- Wind, James P. (1987). The Bible and the University: The Messianic Vision of William Rainey Harper.