University of Chicago

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The University of Chicago (UChicago, Chicago, U of C, or UChi)

Chicago, Illinois. The university has its main campus in Chicago's Hyde Park neighborhood.[11][12]

The university is composed of

University of Chicago scholars have played a major role in the development of many academic disciplines, including economics, law, literary criticism, mathematics, physics, religion, sociology, and political science, establishing the Chicago schools in various fields.[15][16][17][18][19] Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory produced the world's first human-made, self-sustaining nuclear reaction in Chicago Pile-1 beneath the viewing stands of the university's Stagg Field.[20] Advances in chemistry led to the "radiocarbon revolution" in the carbon-14 dating of ancient life and objects.[21] The university research efforts include administration of Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory and Argonne National Laboratory, as well as the Marine Biological Laboratory. The university is also home to the University of Chicago Press, the largest university press in the United States.[22]

The university's students, faculty, and staff has included

8 Olympic medalists
.

History

Albert A. Michelson, Professor of Physics and first American Nobel laureate, delivers the second Convocation Address in front of Goodspeed and Gates-Blake Halls, with President William Rainey Harper, professors, and trustees in attendance, July 1, 1894.[31]

Early years

The University of Chicago was incorporated as a

Adolphus Clay Bartlett and Leon Mandel, who funded the construction of the gymnasium and assembly hall, and George C. Walker of the Walker Museum, a relative of Cobb who encouraged his inaugural donation for facilities.[35]

The Hyde Park campus continued the legacy of the original university of the same name, which had closed in the 1880s after its campus was foreclosed on.[36] What became known as the Old University of Chicago had been founded by a small group of Baptist educators in 1856 through a land endowment from Senator Stephen A. Douglas. After a fire, it closed in 1886.[37] Alumni from the Old University of Chicago are recognized as alumni of the present University of Chicago.[38] The university's depiction on its coat of arms of a phoenix rising from the ashes is a reference to the fire, foreclosure, and demolition of the Old University of Chicago campus.[39] As an homage to this pre-1890 legacy, a single stone from the rubble of the original Douglas Hall on 34th Place was brought to the current Hyde Park location and set into the wall of the Classics Building. These connections have led the dean of the college and University of Chicago and professor of history John Boyer to conclude that the University of Chicago has, "a plausible genealogy as a pre–Civil War institution".[40]

Semiticist) and a member of the Baptist clergy who believed that a great university should maintain the study of faith as a central focus.[42] To fulfill this commitment, he brought the Baptist seminary that had begun as an independent school "alongside" the Old University of Chicago and separated from the old school decades earlier to Morgan Park. This became the Divinity School in 1891, the first professional school at the University of Chicago.[32]
: 20–22 

Harper recruited acclaimed Yale baseball and football player

Springfield to coach the school's football program.[43] Stagg was given a position on the faculty, the first such athletic position in the United States.[citation needed] While coaching at the university, Stagg invented the numbered football jersey and the huddle.[44] Stagg is the namesake of the university's Stagg Field.[citation needed
]

The

archeological work in what was then called the Near East.[49]

In the 1890s, the university, fearful that its vast resources would injure smaller schools by drawing away good students, affiliated with several regional colleges and universities:

Shimer College in Mount Carroll, Illinois. Under the terms of the affiliation, the schools were required to have courses of study comparable to those at the university, to notify the university early of any contemplated faculty appointments or dismissals, to make no faculty appointment without the university's approval, and to send copies of examinations for suggestions. The University of Chicago agreed to confer a degree on any graduating senior from an affiliated school who made a grade of A for all four years, and on any other graduate who took twelve weeks additional study at the University of Chicago. A student or faculty member of an affiliated school was entitled to free tuition at the University of Chicago, and Chicago students were eligible to attend an affiliated school on the same terms and receive credit for their work. The University of Chicago also agreed to provide affiliated schools with books and scientific apparatus and supplies at cost; special instructors and lecturers without cost except for travel expenses; and a copy of every book and journal published by the University of Chicago Press at no cost. The agreement provided that either party could terminate the affiliation on proper notice. Several University of Chicago professors disliked the program, as it involved uncompensated additional labor on their part, and they believed it cheapened the academic reputation of the university. The program passed into history by 1910.[50]

1920s–1980s

Leó Szilárd
in the second.

In 1929, the university's fifth president, 30-year-old legal philosophy scholar Robert Maynard Hutchins, took office. The university underwent many changes during his 24-year tenure. Hutchins reformed the undergraduate college's liberal-arts curriculum known as the Common Core,[51] organized the university's graduate work into four divisions,[52] and eliminated varsity football from the university in an attempt to emphasize academics over athletics.[52] During his term, the University of Chicago Hospitals (now called the University of Chicago Medical Center) finished construction and enrolled their first medical students.[53] Also, the philosophy oriented Committee on Social Thought, an institution distinctive of the university, was created.[54]

Money that had been raised during the 1920s and financial backing from the Rockefeller Foundation helped the school to survive through the Great Depression.[52] Nonetheless, in 1933, Hutchins proposed an unsuccessful plan to merge the University of Chicago and Northwestern University into a single university.[55] During World War II, the university's Metallurgical Laboratory made ground-breaking contributions to the Manhattan Project.[56] The university was the site of the first isolation of plutonium and of the creation of the first artificial, self-sustained nuclear reaction by Enrico Fermi in 1942.[56][57]

It has been noted that the university did not provide standard oversight regarding Bruno Bettelheim and his tenure as director of the Orthogenic School for Disturbed Children from 1944 to 1973.[58][59][60]

In the early 1950s, student applications declined as a result of increasing crime and poverty in the Hyde Park neighborhood. In response, the university became a major sponsor of a controversial urban renewal project for Hyde Park, which profoundly affected both the neighborhood's architecture and street plan.[61] During this period the university, like Shimer College and 10 others, adopted an early entrant program that allowed very young students to attend college; also, students enrolled at Shimer were enabled to transfer automatically to the University of Chicago after their second year, having taken comparable or identical examinations and courses.[citation needed]

Front page of Chicago Maroon breaking the news of the university's segregationist off-campus rental policies.

The university experienced its share of student unrest during the 1960s, beginning in 1962 when then-freshman Bernie Sanders helped lead a 15-day sit-in at the college's administration building in a protest over the university's segregationist off-campus rental policies. After continued turmoil, a university committee in 1967 issued what became known as the Kalven Report. The report, a two-page statement of the university's policy in "social and political action," declared that "To perform its mission in the society, a university must sustain an extraordinary environment of freedom of inquiry and maintain an independence from political fashions, passions, and pressures."[62] The report has since been used to justify decisions such as the university's refusal to divest from South Africa in the 1980s and Darfur in the late 2000s.[63]

In 1969, more than 400 students, angry about the dismissal of a popular professor,

Marlene Dixon, occupied the Administration Building for two weeks. After the sit-in ended, when Dixon turned down a one-year reappointment, 42 students were expelled and 81 were suspended,[64] the most severe response to student occupations of any American university during the student movement.[65]

In 1978, history scholar Hanna Holborn Gray, then the provost and acting president of Yale University, became President of the University of Chicago, a position she held for 15 years. She was the first woman in the United States to hold the presidency of a major university.[66]

1990s–2010s

View from the Midway Plaisance

In 1999, then-President

core curriculum, reducing the number of required courses from 21 to 15. When The New York Times, The Economist, and other major news outlets picked up this story, the university became the focal point of a national debate on education. The changes were ultimately implemented, but the controversy played a role in Sonnenschein's decision to resign in 2000.[67]

From the mid-2000s, the university began a number of multimillion-dollar expansion projects. In 2008, the University of Chicago announced plans to establish the

Milton Friedman Institute, which attracted both support and controversy from faculty members and students.[68][69][70][71][72] The institute would cost around $200 million and occupy the buildings of the Chicago Theological Seminary. During the same year, investor David G. Booth donated $300 million to the university's Booth School of Business, which is the largest gift in the university's history and the largest gift ever to any business school.[73] In 2009, planning or construction on several new buildings, half of which cost $100 million or more, was underway.[74] Since 2011, major construction projects have included the Jules and Gwen Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, a ten-story medical research center, and further additions to the medical campus of the University of Chicago Medical Center.[75] In 2014 the university launched the public phase of a $4.5 billion fundraising campaign.[76] In September 2015, the university received $100 million from The Pearson Family Foundation to establish The Pearson Institute for the Study and Resolution of Global Conflicts and The Pearson Global Forum at the Harris School of Public Policy.[77]

In 2019, the university created its first school in three decades, the

Campus

Main campus

Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa and the Becker Friedman Institute for Research in Economics can be seen in the center (North) and the Booth School of Business and Laboratory Schools can be seen on the right (East), as the panoramic is bounded on both sides by the Midway Plaisance
(South).

The main campus of the University of Chicago consists of 217 acres (87.8 ha) in the Chicago neighborhoods of

Travel+Leisure listed the university as one of the most beautiful college campuses in the United States.[80]

Aerial shots from the University of Chicago campus
View of university building from the Harper Quadrangle

The first buildings of the campus, which make up what is now known as the Main Quadrangles, were part of a master plan conceived by two University of Chicago trustees and plotted by Chicago architect

Hutchinson Hall, replicates Christ Church Hall.[83]) In celebration of the 2018 Illinois Bicentennial, the University of Chicago Quadrangles[84] were selected as one of the Illinois 200 Great Places by the American Institute of Architects Illinois component (AIA Illinois).[85]

Magdalen Tower
(right).

After the 1940s, the campus's Gothic style began to give way to modern styles.

South Campus Residence Hall and dining commons (2009), a new children's hospital,[88] and other construction, expansions, and restorations.[89] In 2011, the university completed the glass dome-shaped Joe and Rika Mansueto Library, which provides a grand reading room for the university library and prevents the need for an off-campus book depository.[citation needed
]

The site of

Hitchcock Hall, an undergraduate dormitory, is on the National Register of Historic Places.[94]

  • Campus of the University of Chicago
  • Snell-Hitchcock, an undergraduate dormitory constructed in the early 20th century, is part of the Main Quadrangles.
    Snell-Hitchcock
    , an undergraduate dormitory constructed in the early 20th century, is part of the Main Quadrangles.
  • Rockefeller Chapel, constructed in 1928, was designed by Bertram Goodhue in the neo-Gothic style.
    Rockefeller Chapel, constructed in 1928, was designed by Bertram Goodhue in the neo-Gothic style.
  • The Henry Hinds Laboratory for Geophysical Sciences was built in 1969.[95]
    The Henry Hinds Laboratory for Geophysical Sciences was built in 1969.[95]
  • The Gerald Ratner Athletics Center, opened in 2003 and designed by Cesar Pelli, houses the volleyball, wrestling, swimming, and basketball teams.[96]
    The
    Cesar Pelli, houses the volleyball, wrestling, swimming, and basketball teams.[96]

Safety

In November 2021 a university graduate was robbed and fatally shot on a sidewalk in a residential area in Hyde Park near campus;[97][98] a total of three University of Chicago students were killed by gunfire incidents in 2021.[98][97] These incidents prompted student protests and an open letter to university leadership signed by more than 300 faculty members.[99][100]

Satellite campuses

The university also maintains facilities apart from its main campus. The university's

Haidian District. The most recent additions are a center in New Delhi, India, which opened in 2014,[102] and a center in Hong Kong which opened in 2018.[103]

Administration and finance

Hutchinson Commons

The university is governed by a board of trustees. The board of trustees oversees the long-term development and plans of the university and manages fundraising efforts, and is composed of 55 members including the university president.

chief investment officer, and vice president for campus life and student services), the directors of Argonne National Laboratory and Fermilab, the secretary of the university, and the student ombudsperson.[105] As of May 2022, the current chairman of the board of trustees is David Rubenstein.[106] The current provost is Katherine Baicker since March 2023.[107][108] The current president of the University of Chicago is chemist Paul Alivisatos, who assumed the role on September 1, 2021. Robert Zimmer, the previous president, transitioned into the new role of chancellor of the university.[109]

The university's endowment was the 12th largest among American educational institutions and state university systems in 2013[110] and as of 2020 was valued at $10 billion.[111] Since 2016, the university's board of trustees has resisted pressure from students and faculty to divest its investments from fossil fuel companies.[112] Part of former university President Zimmer's financial plan for the university was an increase in accumulation of debt to finance large building projects.[113] This drew both support and criticism from many in the university community.[citation needed] In 2023 the University agreed to pay $13.5 million to settle a lawsuit that it and other universities conspired to limit financial aid to students.[114]

Academics

The University of Chicago Main Quadrangles, looking north

The academic bodies of the University of Chicago consist of the

The Higher Learning Commission.[116]

The university runs on a

quarter system in which the academic year is divided into four terms: Summer (June–August), Autumn (September–December), Winter (January–March), and Spring (April–June).[117] Full-time undergraduate students take three to four courses every quarter[118] for approximately eleven weeks before their quarterly academic breaks. The school year typically begins in late September and ends in late May.[117]

Reputation and rankings

Forbes[120]
20
U.S. News & World Report[121]12
Washington Monthly[122]41
WSJ / College Pulse[123]14
Global
ARWU[124]10 (2022)
QS[125]11 (2024)
THE[126]13 (2023)
U.S. News & World Report[127]22

After its foundation in the late 19th century, the University of Chicago quickly became established as one of the wealthiest and, according to Henry S. Webber, one of the most prestigious universities in America.

Encyclopedia Britannica as "one of the United States' most outstanding universities".[131]

ARWU has consistently placed the University of Chicago among the top 10 universities in the world,[132] and the 2021 QS World University Rankings placed the university in 9th place worldwide.[133] THE World University Rankings has ranked it among the global top 10 for eleven consecutive years (from 2012 to 2022).[134]

The university's

business schools rank among the top three professional schools in the United States.[135] The business school is currently ranked first in the US by US News & World Report[136] and first in the world by The Economist,[137] while the law school is ranked third by US News & World Report[138] and first by Above the Law.[139]

The university has an extensive record of producing successful business leaders and billionaires.[30][140][141][142]

Undergraduate college

Harper Memorial Library was dedicated in 1912 and its architecture takes inspiration from various colleges in England.

The College of the University of Chicago grants Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science degrees in 51 academic majors[143] and 33 minors.[144] The college's academics are divided into five divisions: the Biological Sciences Collegiate Division, the Physical Sciences Collegiate Division, the Social Sciences Collegiate Division, the Humanities Collegiate Division, and the New Collegiate Division.[145] The first four are sections within their corresponding graduate divisions, while the New Collegiate Division administers interdisciplinary majors and studies which do not fit in one of the other four divisions.[146]

Undergraduate students are required to take a distribution of courses to satisfy the university's general education requirements, commonly known as the Core Curriculum.[147] In 2012–2013, the Core classes at Chicago were limited to 17 courses, and are generally led by a full-time professor (as opposed to a teaching assistant).[148] As of the 2013–2014 school year, 15 courses and demonstrated proficiency in a foreign language are required under the Core.[149] Undergraduate courses at the University of Chicago are known for their demanding standards, heavy workload and academic difficulty; according to Uni in the USA, "Among the academic cream of American universities – Harvard, Yale, Princeton, MIT, and the University of Chicago – it is UChicago that can most convincingly claim to provide the most rigorous, intense learning experience."[150]

Eckhart Hall houses the university's math department.

Graduate schools and committees

The university graduate schools and committees are divided into four divisions: Biological Sciences, Humanities, Physical Sciences, and Social Sciences, and eight professional schools.[151] In the autumn quarter of 2022, the university enrolled 10,546 graduate students on degree-seeking courses: 569 in the Biological Sciences Division, 612 in the Humanities Division, 2,103 in the Physical Sciences Division, 972 in the Social Sciences Division, and 6,290 in the professional schools (including the Graham School).[152]

The university is home to several committees for interdisciplinary scholarship, including the John U. Nef Committee on Social Thought.[153]

Professional schools

The university contains eight professional schools: the

University of Chicago School of Social Service Administration, the Graham School of Continuing Liberal and Professional Studies (which offers non-degree courses and certificates as well as degree programs) and the Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering.[154][78]

The Law School is accredited by the American Bar Association, the Divinity School is accredited by the Commission on Accrediting of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada, and Pritzker is accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education.[116]

Associated academic institutions

The University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, a private day school run by the university

The university runs a number of academic institutions and programs apart from its undergraduate and postgraduate schools. It operates the

South Side of Chicago administered by the university's Urban Education Institute.[156] In addition, the Hyde Park Day School, a school for students with learning disabilities,[157] and the Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School, a residential treatment program for those with behavioral and emotional problems,[158] maintains a location on the University of Chicago campus. Since 1983, the University of Chicago has maintained the University of Chicago School Mathematics Project, a mathematics program used in urban primary and secondary schools.[159] The university runs a program called the Council on Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences, which administers interdisciplinary workshops to provide a forum for graduate students, faculty, and visiting scholars to present scholarly work in progress.[160]
The university also operates the University of Chicago Press, the largest university press in the United States.[161]

Library system

University of Chicago, Harper Library

The University of Chicago Library system encompasses six libraries that contain a total of 11 million volumes, the 9th most among library systems in the United States.[162] The university's main library is the Regenstein Library, which contains one of the largest collections of print volumes in the United States. The Joe and Rika Mansueto Library, built in 2011, houses a large study space and an automated book storage and retrieval system. The John Crerar Library contains more than 1.4 million volumes in the biological, medical and physical sciences and collections in general science and the philosophy and history of science, medicine, and technology.[163] The university also operates a number of special libraries, including the D'Angelo Law Library, the Social Service Administration Library, and the Eckhart Library for mathematics and computer science.[164][165] Harper Memorial Library is now a reading and study room.

Research

Aerial view of Fermilab, a science research laboratory co-managed by the University of Chicago

According to the National Science Foundation, University of Chicago spent $423.9 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 60th in the nation.[166] It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity"[167] and is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and was a member of the Committee on Institutional Cooperation from 1946 through June 29, 2016, when the group's name was changed to the Big Ten Academic Alliance. The University of Chicago is not a member of the rebranded consortium, but will continue to be a collaborator.[168][169]

The university operates more than 140 research centers and institutes on campus.

National Opinion Research Center maintains an office at the Hyde Park campus and is affiliated with multiple academic centers and institutes.[173][174]

University of Chicago building during fall

The University of Chicago has been the site of some important experiments and academic movements. In economics, the university has played an important role in shaping ideas about the

REM sleep was discovered at the university in 1953 by Nathaniel Kleitman and Eugene Aserinsky.[178]

The University of Chicago (Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics) operated the Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin from 1897 until 2018,[179] where the largest operating refracting telescope in the world and other telescopes are located.[citation needed]

Arts

Becker Friedman Institute
.

The UChicago Arts program joins academic departments and programs in the Division of the Humanities and the college, as well as professional organizations including the

improvisational comedy as the Compass Players student comedy troupe evolved into The Second City improvisation theater troupe in 1959. The Reva and David Logan Center for the Arts opened in October 2012, five years after a $35 million gift from alumnus David Logan and his wife Reva. The center includes spaces for exhibitions, performances, classes, and media production. The Logan Center was designed by Tod Williams and Billie Tsien
.

Student body and admissions

Admissions

Undergraduate admissions statistics
2021 entering
class[181]Change vs.
2016[182]

Admit rate5.8%
(Neutral decrease −1.5)
Yield rate83.5%
(Increase +19.8)
Test scores middle 50%
SAT Total1510–1560
(Increase +35 median)
ACT Composite33–35
(Increase +0.5 median)

In Fall 2021, the university enrolled 7,559 undergraduate students, 10,893 graduate students, and 449 non-degree students.

need-blind for domestic applicants.[184]

Admissions to the University of Chicago has become highly selective over the past two decades, reflecting changes in the application process, school popularity, and marketing strategy.[185][186][187] Between 1996 and 2022, the acceptance rate of the college fell from 71% to 4.9%.[188] For the Class of 2026, the acceptance rate was 5.4%.[189]

The middle 50% band of

LSAT score for students entering the Law School class of 2021 was 172 (99th percentile).[192]

In 2018, the University of Chicago attracted national headlines by becoming the first major research university to no longer require SAT/ACT scores from college applicants.[193]

Athletics

Official Athletics logo.

The University of Chicago hosts 19 varsity sports teams: 10 men's teams and 9 women's teams,[194] all called the Maroons, with 502 students participating in the 2012–2013 school year.[194]

The Maroons compete in the

ultimate frisbee team UChicago Fission.[196]

Student life

The university's Reynolds Club, the student center
Student body composition as of May 2, 2022
Race and ethnicity[197] Total
White 36% 36
 
Asian 20% 20
 
Foreign national 15% 15
 
Hispanic 15% 15
 
Other[a] 9% 9
 
Black 5% 5
 
Economic diversity
Low-income[b] 12% 12
 
Affluent[c] 88% 88
 

Student organizations

Students at the University of Chicago operate more than 400 clubs and organizations known as Recognized Student Organizations (RSOs).

anime convention[201]

The University of Chicago is home to eight student-run a cappella groups, several of which compete regularly at the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA). The school's two most prominent co-ed a cappella groups are Voices in Your Head, which competed at the ICCA finals in 2012, 2015, 2017, 2018, and 2022, as well as the Ransom Notes, which competed at the ICCA finals in 2021. Other successful a cappella groups on campus include the all-female group Unaccompanied Women, which is also the school's oldest established group, as well as the all-male group Run For Cover, which performs in prolific events across the Midwest every year.

Student government

All recognized student organizations, from the

The University of Chicago Student Government. Student Government consists of graduate and undergraduate students elected to represent members from their respective academic units. It is led by an executive committee, chaired by a president with the assistance of two vice presidents, one for administration and the other for student life, elected together as a slate by the student body each spring. Its annual budget is greater than $2 million.[202]

Fraternities and sororities

There are 13

Interfraternity Council on campus. The Multicultural Greek Council (MGC) consists of 3 fraternities and 4 sororities: Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity (Theta chapter), Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority (Beta chapter), Delta Sigma Theta sorority (Lambda chapter), Phi Iota Alpha fraternity (University of Chicago Colony), Lambda Phi Epsilon fraternity (Psi chapter), Lambda Pi Chi sorority (Chi chapter), and alpha Kappa Delta Phi
sorority (University of Chicago, associate chapter).

As of 2017[update], approximately 20 to 25 percent of students are members of fraternities or sororities.[205] This is an increase from the numbers published in the year 2007 by the student activities office stating that one in ten undergraduates participated in Greek life.[203]

Student housing

Max Palevsky Residential Commons, is a dormitory completed in 2001 designed by postmodernist Mexican architect Ricardo Legorreta
.

On-campus undergraduate students at the University of Chicago participate in a

residence hall buildings and to a smaller community within their residence hall called a "house". There are 39 houses, with an average of 70 students in each house.[206] The houses are named after former professors and other historical figures in the University community, such as Eugene Fama
.

Traditionally only first years were required to live in housing, but starting with the Class of 2023, students are required to live in housing for the first 2 years of enrollment.[207] About 60% of undergraduate students live on campus.[207]

For graduate students, the university owns and operates 28 apartment buildings near campus.[208]

Traditions

Qwazy Quad Rally, Scav Hunt 2005

Every May since 1987, the University of Chicago has held the

Latke-Hamantash Debate, which involves humorous discussions about the relative merits and meanings of latkes and hamantashen.[citation needed
]

People

As of October 2020, there have been

33 Nobel laureates in Economics.[213]

In addition, many Chicago alumni and scholars have won the Fulbright awards[214] and 53 have matriculated as Rhodes Scholars.[27]

Alumni

Physicist Enrico Fermi

In 2019, the University of Chicago claimed 188,000 alumni.[2] While the university's first president, William Rainey Harper stressed the importance of perennial theory over practicality in his institution's curriculum, this has not stopped the alumni of Chicago from being among the wealthiest in the world.[140][141][142]

In business, notable alumni include

NBA commissioner Adam Silver.[215]

Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King in 1947
Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens
U.S. Senator Carol Moseley Braun

Notable alumni in the field of law, government and politics include

2020 Bernie Sanders; former World Bank president Paul Wolfowitz; Chinese jurist Mei Ju-ao and Amien Rais, professor and former chairman of the People's Consultative Assembly of the Republic of Indonesia.[215]

Notable alumni who are leaders in higher education, have emerged from almost all parts of the university: college president and chancellor

In journalism, notable alumni include

Washington Post publisher Katharine Graham, reporter and commentator Virginia Graham, investigative journalist and political writer Seymour Hersh, The Progressive columnist Milton Mayer, four-time Pulitzer Prize winning journalist Rick Atkinson, baseball statistician Sarah Langs, statistical analyst and FiveThirtyEight founder and creator Nate Silver, and ABC News correspondent Rebecca Jarvis.[215]

In literature, author of the New York Times bestseller

The Rhetorical Presidency Jeffrey K. Tulis; cultural commentator, author, and president of St. Stephen's College (now Bard College) Bernard Iddings Bell; and novelist and satirist Kurt Vonnegut are notable alumni.[215]

In the arts and entertainment,

Halo video game series Alex Seropian, Serial host Sarah Koenig, actor Ed Asner, actress Anna Chlumsky, Pulitzer Prize for Criticism winning film critic and the subject of the 2014 documentary film Life Itself Roger Ebert, director, writer, and comedian Mike Nichols, film director and screenwriter Philip Kaufman, and photographer and writer Carl Van Vechten, photographer and writer, are graduates.[215]

Astronomer Carl Sagan in 1980

In science, alumni include astronomers

Paul Joseph Cohen, geochemist Clair Cameron Patterson, who developed the uranium–lead dating method into lead–lead dating, geologist and geophysicist M. King Hubbert, known for the Hubbert curve and Hubbert peak theory, the main components of peak oil, and "Queen of Carbon" Mildred Dresselhaus. Ray Solomonoff, one of the founders of the field of machine learning as well as Kolmogorov complexity, got a BS and MS in physics in 1951, studying under Rudolf Carnap.[215]

Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences winner Milton Friedman in 2004

In economics, notable Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences winners Milton Friedman (a major advisor to Republican U.S. president Ronald Reagan, Conservative British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and Chilean military dictator Augusto Pinochet), George Stigler (Nobel laureate and proponent of regulatory capture theory) Herbert A. Simon (responsible for the modern interpretation of the concept of organizational decision-making) Paul Samuelson (the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences) and Eugene Fama (known for his work on portfolio theory, asset pricing and stock market behavior) are all graduates. American economist, social theorist, political philosopher, and author Thomas Sowell is also an alumnus. Brazil's minister of the economy Paulo Guedes received his Ph.D. from UChicago in 1978.[215]

Other prominent alumni include anthropologists David Graeber and Donald Johanson, who is best known for discovering the fossil of a female hominid australopithecine known as "Lucy" in the Afar Triangle region, psychologist John B. Watson, American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism, communication theorist Harold Innis, political theorist Anne Norton, chess grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky, and conservative international relations scholar and White House coordinator of security planning for the National Security Council Samuel P. Huntington.[215]

Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., African-American history scholar and journalist Carter G. Woodson, and Nubian scholar Solange Ashby are all alumni.[215]

Three students from the university have been prosecuted in notable court cases: the infamous thrill killers

Faculty

The archway between Bond Chapel and Swift Hall, home of the university's Divinity School

Notable faculty in economics include

Robert Lucas, Jr., John A. List, and Eugene Fama.[213] Additionally, the John Bates Clark Medal, which is rewarded annually to the best economist under the age of 40, has also been awarded to 4 current members of the university faculty.[216]

Notable faculty in physics have included the speed of light calculator

In law, former U.S. president

Philosophers who were members of the faculty include

have all served on the faculty.

Past faculty have also included astronomer

McKinsey & Co. James O. McKinsey, and Nobel Prize-winning physicist James Cronin.[217]

Current faculty include the philosophers

Robert Pippin, and Kyoto Prize winner Martha Nussbaum; political scientists John Mearsheimer and Robert Pape; anthropologist Marshall Sahlins; historians Dipesh Chakrabarty, David Nirenberg, and Kenneth Pomeranz; paleontologists Neil Shubin and Paul Sereno; evolutionary biologist Jerry Coyne; Nobel Prize-winning economists Eugene Fama, James Heckman, Lars Peter Hansen, Roger Myerson, Richard Thaler, and Douglas Diamond; Freakonomics author and noted economist Steven Levitt; Voltage Effect author and noted economist John List; former governor of India's central bank Raghuram Rajan; and former chairman of President Barack Obama's Council of Economic Advisers Austan Goolsbee.[217]

Notes

  1. ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
  2. Pell grant
    intended for low-income students.
  3. ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.

References

  1. ^ "History and Traditions". The University of Chicago. 2023. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
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Further reading

External links