University of Chicago Law School
The University of Chicago Law School | |
---|---|
Parent school | University of Chicago |
Established | 1902 |
School type | Private law school |
Parent endowment | $11.6 billion[1] |
Dean | Thomas J. Miles |
Location | Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |
Enrollment | 626 (2021)[2] |
Faculty | 183 (2021)[2] |
USNWR ranking | 3rd (2023)[3] |
Bar pass rate | 97.9% (2020) [4] |
Website | law.uchicago.edu |
ABA profile | Standard 509 Report |
The University of Chicago Law School is the
The law school was originally housed in Stuart Hall, a Gothic-style limestone building on the campus's main quadrangles. Since 1959, it has been housed in an Eero Saarinen-designed building across the Midway Plaisance from the main campus of the University of Chicago. The building was expanded in 1987 and again in 1998. It was renovated in 2008, preserving most of Saarinen's original structure.
Longstanding members of the law school faculty have included Cass Sunstein and Richard Epstein, two of the three most-cited legal scholars of the early 21st century, U.S. President Barack Obama and U.S. Supreme Court justices Antonin Scalia, John Paul Stevens and Elena Kagan.
History
Establishment of a new law school in Chicago
When the University of Chicago was founded in 1892, its president William Rainey Harper expressed a desire to establish a law school for the university that would improve democratic government.[5] At the time, Harper observed that, "[t]hus far democracy seems to have found no way of making sure that the strongest men should be placed in control of the country's business."[6] Harper took advice from a number of his contemporaries. One such adviser, a professor at the University of Cambridge, suggested that the object of the new law school should be to train students to become "leaders of the bar and ornaments of the bench, inspiring teachers, scientific writers and wise reformers" and emphasising public law and comparative law.[7] Another adviser, a member of the Chicago bar, suggested that Harvard Law School, led by Christopher Columbus Langdell and influenced by the casebook method at the time, had "lost touch with great leaders among jurists and lawyers" and that the new law school in Chicago should focus on "social economics" or "principles of statesmanship" for lawyers.[7] Noted legal scholar Ernst Freund suggested that the law school promote an interdisciplinary approach to legal education, offering elective courses in subjects such as history and political science.[8] Ultimately, Harper settled with the view that the study of law should not occur in a vacuum, and that it should take into account "the whole field of man as a social being".[7]
In 1901, Harper announced that the new law school would be established the following year. He requested assistance from the faculty of Harvard Law School, whose dean at the time,
Founding and early period
On October 1, 1902, the law school opened for classes in the University Press Building (currently the Bookstore Building). John D. Rockefeller paid the $250,000 construction cost, and President Theodore Roosevelt laid its cornerstone.[10] At the time of its opening, the law school consisted of 78 students (76 men and two women). It offered courses in contract law, torts, criminal law, property law, agency, and pleading, with electives in administrative law, corporations law, federal jurisdiction, Roman law, international law, and legal ethics.[7] The law school invented the J.D. degree,[11][5] and was just one of five law schools in the U.S. that required a college degree from its applicants as a prerequisite to admission.[12] Its library, which was established in short order, housed some 18,000 volumes of law reports. In 1903, a year after the law school opened, enrollment at the law school grew rapidly as its student body increased to 126. Floyd R. Mechem, a professor at the University of Michigan Law School and pioneer in empirical legal studies at the time, joined the faculty and remained at the law school for 25 years until his death in 1928.[13][7]
The law school prospered in its early years and fostered relationships with scholars in other fields, including economics, political science, psychology, and history.[7] It also developed ties with members of the Chicago bar, who served as part-time faculty members and taught legal procedure and other practical courses. The law school's academic standards were recognized as at least equal to those of Harvard.[5] In 1904, the law school moved to Stuart Hall on the main university campus. In the same year, Sophonisba Breckinridge became the first woman to graduate from the law school––a feat that had not yet been achieved at Yale Law School, Columbia Law School or Harvard. In her autobiography, Breckinridge noted that "the fact that the law school, like the rest of the University ... accepted men and women students on equal terms was publicly settled".[15] The law school also established its first alumni association in this period.[16]
The law school faced considerable change in the years leading up to World War I and shortly thereafter. Beale returned to Harvard after his two-year leave of absence. In 1909, the eminent jurist Roscoe Pound taught at the law school for a year.[5] The law school established a chapter of the Order of the Coif in 1911 and the Edward W. Hinton Moot Court program in 1914. During World War I, enrollment declined: in Spring 1917, 241 students were enrolled; this number dropped to 46 by Fall 1918. In 1920, Earl B. Dickerson became the first African-American to graduate from the law school. The law school's Black Law Students Association is named in his honor.[17] Following the war, in 1926, enrollment reached 500 students for the first time. In 1927, the law school began to offer its first seminars. Its longest-serving dean, James Parker Hall, who played a significant role in recruiting numerous distinguished faculty members to the law school, died in office in 1928.[18]
Growth in interdisciplinary approach and the leadership of Edward Levi
In the 1930s, new dean
In the 1950s and 1960s, the law school experienced a period of profound growth and expansion under the leadership of
Late 20th century
By the 1970s and 1980s, the law and economics movement had attracted a series of scholars with strong connections to the social sciences, such as
In the same period, many scholars who would later become leaders in their field joined the law school faculty at an early stage in their careers.
Academics
The law school currently employs more than 200 full-time and part-time faculty members and enrolls approximately 600 students in its
The law school's professors use the
ClinicsThe law school offers seven legal clinics, in which students earn course credit while practicing law under the direction of the clinic's independent faculty:[35]
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Research centersThe law school has six research centers and projects. Each center hosts events, activities, and guest speakers throughout the academic year. They are as follows:[36]
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Policy initiativesThe law school has five current and past policy initiatives:[42]
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Court Reform in the Juvenile Justice System International Best Standards for Guest Worker Programs (2015-2017) Bilateral Labor Agreements Dataset Animal Law Policy Initiative (Concluded) Foster Care to Adulthood (2005-2008) Kanter Project on Mass Incarceration (2013) Programs
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D'Angelo Law Library
The D'Angelo Law Library is part of the greater University of Chicago library system. Renovated in 2006, it features a second-story reading room. The Law Library is open 90 hours per week and employs 11 full-time librarians and 11 additional managers and staff members. It has study space for approximately 500 people, a wireless network and 26 networked computers. It contains over 700,000 volumes of books, with approximately 6,000 added each year, including materials in over 25 languages, and primary law from foreign countries and international organizations.[47]
Admissions and cost
Admission to the J.D. program is highly competitive. In 2021, the law school enrolled 175 students from an applicant pool of 6,514. Overall, the acceptance rate was 11.91%
Admission into the LL.M. program is also competitive. In 2020, the law school reported that it had received approximately 1,000 applications for 80 positions.[48]
The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees and living expenses) at the law school for the 2017–18 academic year was $93,414.[49]
Grading
The law school employs a grading system that places students on a scale of 155–186. The scale was 55–86 prior to 2003, but since then the law school has used a prefix of "1" to eliminate confusion with the traditional 100 point
In an article published in The New York Times in 2010, business writer Catherine Rampell criticized other schools' problems with grade inflation, but commended Chicago's system, saying that Chicago "has managed to maintain the integrity of its grades."[51]
Students graduate "with honors" by attaining a final average of 179, "with high honors" upon attaining a final average of 180.5, and "with highest honors" upon attaining a final average of 182. The last of these achievements is rare; typically only one student every few years will attain the requisite 182 average. Additionally, the law school awards two honors at graduation that are based on class rank. Of the students who earned at the law school at least 79 of the 105 credits required to graduate, the top 10% are elected to the Order of the Coif.[52] Students finishing their first or second years in the top 5% of their class, or graduating in the top 10%, are honored as "Kirkland and Ellis Scholars."[52]
Employment
Outcomes and career prospects
In 2018, the law school was ranked first in the U.S. for overall employment outcomes by the
Judicial clerkships
In 2023, University of Chicago Law School alumni comprised the third-highest percentage of recent graduates clerking for federal judges, after Stanford Law School and Yale Law School.[56] Data compiled from the previous 12 years by Brad Hillis in 2017 indicates that the law school has the third-highest gross and third-highest per capita placement of alumni in Supreme Court of the United States clerkships among all law schools since 1882.[57] Between 1992 and 2017, it placed 88 alumni in Supreme Court of the United States clerkships. During the 2021-2022 Term alone, nine different Chicago alumni clerked for nine different justices on the Supreme Court of the United States.[58] In the Class of 2019, 27.6% of its graduates secured clerkships (with 87.3% of those graduates in federal clerkships).[49]
Rankings
The law school is included in the T14, a classification of consistently high ranking U.S. law schools. Recent rankings include:
- Third of all law schools in the world (third in the U.S.) by the Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2020[59]
- Fourth in the world (second in the U.S.) by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings in 2021[60]
- First in the U.S. by
- Third in the U.S. by U.S. News & World Report in 2022[63] and 2023[64]
- Second in the U.S. in terms of scholarly impact in a 2021 study by Gregory Sisk et al. in 2021[65]
- Second in the U.S. for best career prospects by Forbes in 2017[54]
- Third in the U.S. for highest-earning graduates by Forbes in 2021[66]
- First in the U.S. for best professors and best for federal clerkships by the Princeton Review in 2023[67]
- Third in the U.S. for best classroom experience by the Princeton Review in 2023[67]
Publications and organizations
Journals
The law school produces seven professional journals. Four of those journals are student-run: the
Academic paper series
The law school produces several series of academic papers, including the Kreisman Working Papers Series in Housing Law and Policy, the Coase-Sandor Working Paper Series in Law and Economics, the Fulton Lectures, and the Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers, in addition to a series of occasional papers.[72]
Organizations
There are approximately 60 student-run organizations at the law school which fall under the umbrella of the Law Students Association.
Architecture
The law school was originally housed in Stuart Hall, a Gothic-style limestone building on the campus's main quadrangles. Needing more library and student space, the law school moved across the
In 1987, and over the objections of the Saarinen family, the building was expanded to add office and library space (and the library renamed in honor of alumnus Dino D'Angelo). In 1998, a dedicated space for the law school's clinics, the Arthur Kane Center for Clinical Legal Education, as well as numerous additional classrooms, were constructed.[75] Renovation of the library, classrooms, offices, and fountain was completed in 2008, notable for the preservation of most of Saarinen's structure at a time when many modernist buildings faced demolition.[76][77]
Deans
- Joseph Henry Beale (1902–1904)
- James Parker Hall (1904–1928)
- Harry A. Bigelow (1929–1939)
- Wilber G. Katz (1939–1950)
- Edward H. Levi (1950–1962)
- Phil C. Neal (1963–1975)
- Norval Morris (1975–1979)
- Gerhard Casper (1979–1987)
- Geoffrey R. Stone (1987–1993)
- Douglas Baird (1994–1999)
- Daniel Fischel (1999–2001)
- Saul Levmore (2001–2009)
- Michael H. Schill(2010–2015)
- Thomas J. Miles (2015–present)
Notable faculty
The law school's faculty has included the
Current
- Daniel Abebe: constitutional law and international law scholar
- Albert Alschuler: scholar on criminal law and criminal procedure
- Douglas Baird: scholar on bankruptcy law and contracts
- William Baude: scholar on constitutional law and interpretation
- Omri Ben-Shahar: contracts and consumer protection scholar
- Lisa Bernstein: contracts and commercial law scholar
- Curtis Bradley: international law and foreign relations scholar
- Emily Buss: scholar on children and parents' rights
- Anthony J. Casey (alumnus): scholar on business law, finance, and bankruptcy
- Dhammika Dharmapala: economist and tax scholar
- Frank H. Easterbrook (alumnus): United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuitand leading antitrust scholar
- Richard A. Epstein(emeritus): scholar on classical liberalism, libertarianism, torts, Roman Law, contract and law and economics
- Daniel Fischel (emeritus, alumnus): law and economics scholar, and chairman and president of Compass Lexecon
- Tom Ginsburg: scholar on international and comparative law
- Richard H. Helmholz: legal historian and expert on European legal history
- M. Todd Henderson (alumnus): scholar on corporations law and securities regulation
- William H. J. Hubbard (alumnus): civil procedure and law and economics scholar
- Aziz Huq: scholar on constitutional law, federal courts, and criminal procedure
- Dennis J. Hutchinson (alumnus): constitutional law scholar and former editor of the Supreme Court Review
- Alison LaCroix: legal historian and constitutional law scholar
- William Landes: economist and law and economics scholar
- Brian Leiter: legal philosopher and scholar on Nietzsche
- Saul Levmore: former Dean of the law school and scholar on commercial law and public choice
- Jonathan Masur: behavioral law and economics, patent law, and administrative law scholar
- Thomas J. Miles: law and economics scholar
- Jennifer Nou: scholar on administrative law and regulatory policy
- Martha Nussbaum: influential philosopher and expert on ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, political philosophy, feminism, and ethics
- Randal C. Picker (alumnus): scholar on antitrust and intellectual property law
- Eric Posner: scholar on international law and contract law, and one of the most cited law professors in the U.S.
- Richard A. Posner: former federal appellate judge and the most cited legal scholar of the 20th century.[81]
- John Rappaport: criminal procedure and criminal law scholar
- Gerald N. Rosenberg: leading scholar on political science and law, and author of The Hollow Hope (1991)
- Andrew M. Rosenfield (alumnus): economist, CEO and managing partner of TGG Group, and managing partner of Guggenheim Partners
- First Amendment
- Lior Strahilevitz: property law and privacy law scholar
- David A. Strauss: constitutional law scholar
- Diane P. Wood: Chief United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
Former
- Mortimer J. Adler
- Amabel Anderson Arnold
- Paul M. Bator
- Stephanos Bibas
- Harry A. Bigelow
- Walter J. Blum (alumnus)
- Lea Brilmayer
- Gerhard Casper
- Ronald Coase: winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences
- William Crosskey
- Morris Raphael Cohen
- Brainerd Currie
- David P. Currie
- Kenneth W. Dam
- Kenneth Culp Davis
- Aaron Director
- Justin Driver
- Ulrich Drobnig
- Owen M. Fiss
- Ernst Freund
- Elizabeth Garrett
- Grant Gilmore
- Douglas Ginsburg(alumnus)
- Jack Goldsmith
- Philip Hamburger
- Bernard Harcourt
- Geoffrey C. Hazard Jr.
- Edward W. Hinton (after whom the Hinton Moot Court Competition is named)[82]
- James F. Holderman
- Elena Kagan: Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
- Dan Kahan
- Harry Kalven (alumnus)
- Stanley Nider Katz
- Nicholas Katzenbach: former Attorney General of the United States
- Friedrich Kessler
- Spencer L. Kimball
- Larry Kramer (alumnus)
- Anthony Kronman
- Philip Kurland
- John H. Langbein
- Douglas Laycock (alumnus)
- Lawrence Lessig
- Karl Llewellyn
- Edward Levi: former Attorney General of the United States (alumnus)
- Jonathan R. Macey
- Julian Mack
- Michael W. McConnell (alumnus)
- Tracey Meares (alumnus)
- Bernard D. Meltzer (alumnus)
- Soia Mentschikoff
- Abner Mikva (alumnus)
- William R. Ming (alumnus)
- Norval Morris
- Edward R. Morrison (alumnus)
- Dallin H. Oaks (alumnus)
- Barack Obama (1992–2004): former President of the United States
- Herman Oliphant (alumnus)
- Douglas H. Parker
- Eduardo Peñalver
- Roscoe Pound
- George L. Priest (alumnus)
- John Mark Ramseyer
- Max Rheinstein
- Antonin Scalia: former Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
- Michael H. Schill
- Stephen Schulhofer
- Richard Scott, Baron Scott of Foscote: former Lord of Appeal
- Henry Simons
- A. W. B. Simpson
- Anne-Marie Slaughter
- John Paul Stevens: former Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States
- Cass Sunstein
- Jacobus tenBroek
- Adrian Vermeule
- James Boyd White
- Hans Zeisel
Notable alumni
The law school has produced many distinguished alumni in the judiciary, government and politics, academia, business, and other fields. Its alumni include heads of state and politicians around the world, the
In the judiciary, notable alumni include
Notable alumni in government and politics include
Alumni who are leaders in higher education include the current president of
In business, notable alumni include the billionaire and founder of the
The law school also counts among its alumni four recipients of the
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External links
- Official website
- Guide to the University of Chicago Law School Arbitration Study Records 1916-1966 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
- Guide to the University of Chicago Law School Jury Project Records 1953-1959 at the University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center