University of Malaya

Coordinates: 3°07′15″N 101°39′23″E / 3.12083°N 101.65639°E / 3.12083; 101.65639
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

University of Malaya
Universiti Malaya (
Vice-Chancellor
Professor Dato' Seri Dr. Noor Azuan Abu Osman
Pro-Chancellors
Toh Puan Dato' Seri Dr. Hajah Aishah Ong
Tan Sri Datuk Zainun Ali
Tan Sri Dato' Seri Diraja Ramli Ngah Talib
Students35,054 (November 2023)
FUIW,[5] APUCEN, UAiTED
Websitewww.um.edu.my

The University of Malaya (

prime ministers of Malaysia
, and other political, business, and cultural figures of national prominence.

The predecessor of the university,

University of Singapore (merging into the National University of Singapore in 1980) after the independence of Singapore from Malaysia, and the other branch was located in Kuala Lumpur, retaining the name University of Malaya. Legislation was passed in 1961 and the University of Malaya was established on 1 January 1962.[1][9][10][2] In 2012, UM was granted autonomy by the Ministry of Higher Education.[11]

Today, UM has more than 2,300 faculty members[4] and is divided into thirteen faculties, two academies, five institutes and six academic centres. In the latest QS World University Rankings, UM is currently ranked 65th in the world, 11th in Asia, 3rd in Southeast Asia and the highest ranked learning institution in Malaysia.[7]

It also collaborated with University of Wales in 2013 to establish International University of Malaya-Wales (IUMW), a private university in Malaysia.

History

The University of Malaya is commonly referred to as "UM"

King Edward VII College of Medicine

Main article: King Edward VII College of Medicine

The establishment of the university began with the issue of shortage of medical assistants in Singapore and Penang during the late 1890s.[12]: 1–2  The problem was addressed in a report published by the Education Commission in April 1902. In the report, it was stated that the commission was in favour of establishing a medical school to fulfil the demand for medical assistants in government hospitals. However, such a view was not in favour among the European community.[12]: 3–4 

Legislation was passed by the Straits Legislative Council in June 1905 under Ordinance No. XV 1905. The school opened on 3 July 1905 and began functioning in September. On 28 September 1905, Sir John Anderson officiated the school under the name 'The Straits and Federated Malay States Government Medical School.'[12]: 6 

Faculty of Laws Building

The school was located in the old Female Lunatic Asylum near the Singapore General Hospital at Sepoy Lines off New Bridge Road, where four of the asylum buildings were converted into a medical school. In 1907, a lecture hall and laboratory were added. There were no library and room to keep pathological specimens.[12]: 6 

In 1905, there were 17 medical students, four students attending the hospital assistant course. Five years later, the enrolments increased to 90 medical students and 30 trainee hospital assistants. The school had only one permanent staff which was the Principal, the teaching staff were employed on a part-time basis. The Principal was Dr Gerald Dudley Freer, who previously served as Senior Colonial Surgeon Resident of Penang.[12]: 6–9 [13]

The School Council wanted to gain recognition of its Diploma by the General Council of Medical Education in the United Kingdom to ensure that the Licentiate of Medicine and Surgery Diploma offered by the school would gain worldwide recognition. In 1916, the GCME recognised the Licentiate of Medicine and Surgery Diploma offered by the school. The licentiates were placed on the General Council's Colonial List of the British Medical Register and were entitled to practise anywhere within the British Empire.[12]: 10 

Tan Teck Guan Building

In 1910, Dr Robert Donald Keith became the second Principal of the School. The first two years of the five-year course were devoted to pure science studies. Physics, biology and chemistry were taught in the first year, followed by physiology and elementary anatomy in the second year. The remaining three years were attachment to clinical clerkships in medicine, surgery and midwifery, which covered pathology, hygiene and medical jurisprudence.

Materia Medica was integrated into the fourth year, where practical pharmacy was taught.[12]
: 7 

Students were posted to several hospitals, initially at the Singapore General Hospital. From 1908 onwards, attachments were made to

Kandang Kerbau Maternity Hospital (for midwifery).[12]
: 7 

Artwork on The Faculty of Languages and Linguistics building

In 1912, the medical school received an

King Edward VII Memorial Fund, started by Dr Lim Boon Keng. Subsequently, on 18 November 1913, the name of the school was changed to the King Edward VII School of Medicine.[12]
: 11–12 

In the first batch of 16 students of 1905, only seven made to the final and graduated in May 1910 while the remaining six students graduated in four months later and others resigned from the school. In 1919, the drop-out rate had risen to 35%, while in 1939 the number of students failed in their final examinations stood at 44%.[12]: 10 

At this time a hostel was built to accommodate 72 male students from the Federated Malay States.

In 1921, the school was elevated in status to college. Between 1920 and 1930, the college went through a series of transformations, by replacing the old teaching staff with a younger generation of professionals and also nine new Chairs were created, the first in Anatomy in 1920, followed by Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery & Gynaecology in 1922 and Clinical Surgery, Bacteriology, Biology, Bio-Chemistry, and Dental Surgery in 1926. And the tenth chair for Pathology was created in 1935.[12]: 12–14 

In 1923, the college's new building at Outram Road was commenced. It was completed in November 1925 and officially opened by Sir Laurence Guillemard in February 1926. During the opening ceremony, the college conferred Honorary Diplomas on Sir David James Galloway, Dr Malcolm Watson and Dr Lim Boon Keng.[12]: 14 

In 1929, Dr George V. Allen the new principal took the helm, succeeding his predecessor Dr MacAlister.

Raffles College

The establishment of Raffles College was a brainchild of Sir Stamford Raffles and Dr Robert Morison. Sir Stamford had some knowledge of the Malay language and culture, while Morison was a distinguished sinologist missionary. Both men wanted to establish a centre dedicating to the study of Malays and Chinese at tertiary level.[12]: 23 

On 5 June 1823, a site designated for an education institution had its foundation stone laid by Sir Stamford. Soon after that, Raffles left for England and Morrison left for China, thus the establishment of the school never happened. The school building was revived as an English school named the

Raffles Institution.[12]
: 23 

Library Building

In 1918, Sir

William George Maxwell, the Colonial Secretary of the Straits Settlements chaired the Maxwell Committee to review the scheme to commemorate the centenary of the founding of Singapore by Sir Stamford. The committee members were Roland Braddell, A.W. Still, Seah Ling Seah, Dr Lim Boon Keng, Mohammed Yusoff bin Mohammed, N.V. Samy, and Mannesseh Meyer. The working committee headed by H.W. Firmstone recommended the establishment of a college for tertiary education to commemorate the centenary founding of Singapore.[12]: 25  On 12 July 1919, the Government decided to undertake the construction of the building with the cost not more than $1,000,000 and would contribute $50,000 as annual recurrent expenditure as soon as the Centenary Committee had collected $2,000,000 for the Raffles College Endowment Fund. On 31 August 1920, the committee had achieved the figure, amounting to $2,391,040.[12]: 26  On 31 May 1920, Richard Olaf Winstedt was appointed as the Acting Principal of Raffles College. The course offered was a three-year basis. The establishment of the school was seen far more systematic compared to the King Edward VII Medical College. The school was situated at a site called the Economic Gardens and was designed by Cyril Farey and Graham Dawbarn. And the construction took place in 1926.[12]
: 27 

Following completion of the first hostel,

Raffles College was opened informally to students on 12 June 1928.[14] Of the first 43 students, nine were private students, and the rest were government-funded; there were two women among this first cohort.[14] On 22 July 1929, Raffles College was formally established. Its students studied either arts or sciences, and graduated with a diploma after three years.[15] Science students were permitted to use the labs of the King Edward VII College.[14]
Four years later, the College Council proposed changes in the curriculum, so that the Diploma could be furthered to a Degree through external examinations in collaboration with universities in England.

In 1937, Sir

Japanese
in February 1942.

After the war, the school was reopened and W.E. Dyer was Principal. The future of Raffles College was uncertain, until 1948 when Dr George V. Allen (later Sir) who was formerly the Principal of King Edward VII Medical College posted as the last Principal of Raffles College. The college was amalgamated with the former, for the making of a university for the Malayans.

University of Malaya (1949–1962)

The evolution of the University of Malaya

In 1938, the government appointed a commission under the chairmanship of Sir William McLean to study the higher education potential and progress in Malaya. The Commission concluded that Malaya was not ready to have a university, and that a university college would be more suitable.

In 1943, Oliver Stanley, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, appointed a commission of inquiry chaired by Cyril Asquith to consider the development of higher education in the colonies across the British Empire.[16] The Asquith Commission, reporting in 1945, endorsed the McLean Commission's recommendations for Malaya.[17]

In 1946, Raymond Priestley, the Vice-Chancellor of Birmingham University and member of the previous Asquith Commission, was invited by the British Malaya Government to visit and discuss the application of the Asquith Commission's recommendations to Singapore and Malaya.[18][19] Priestley again recommended the establishment of a university college as a first step.[20][21][22]

In January 1947, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, now Arthur Creech Jones, appointed Sir Alexander Carr-Saunders to chair a commission determining the details of establishing a university college in Malaya.[23] In March of the same year, the other members of the commission were announced and George Allen, principal of King George VII College, was appointed principal-designate of the planned university college.[24][25] Carr-Saunders listened to the thoughts of the alumni association and students' union of King Edward VII College; he was impressed with the ideas of the president of the students' union, Kanagaratnam Shanmugaratnam.[26][27][28] In 1948, the Carr-Saunders Commission recommended the immediate establishment of a full university, bypassing the intermediate step of a university college recommended by previous commissions.[29]

A view of several nearby office buildings from the center of the University of Malaya's campus

As a result, the institution named the University of Malaya was chartered under the Carr-Saunders Commission in 1949. The formation of the University of Malaya on 8 October 1949 in Bukit Timah Campus (Former site of Raffles College), Singapore came from the merger of King Edward VII College of Medicine and Raffles College, which had been established in 1905 and 1929, respectively.

In Carr-Saunders Commission's report in 1949, it was stated that "the university shall act as a single medium of mingle for enhancing the understanding among the multi-ethnics and religions in the back than Malaya. The University too should be modelled after the tertiary educations in the United Kingdom of Great Britain in term of academic system and administration structure".

The Carr-Saunders Commission postulates "the principle that all children who show the necessary capacity should enjoy an equal chance of reaching the University; and, in particular, that no able child should be handicapped in climbing the educational ladder by race, religion, rural domicile, or lack of means."

In 1959, the university was divided into two autonomous campuses, one in Singapore, known as University of Malaya in Singapore, and the other in Kuala Lumpur (University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur).

University of Malaya (re-established 1962)

A view of the University of Malaya's Kuala Lumpur gate from the road

In 1961, the governments of Malaysia and Singapore passed laws to split the University of Malaya into two national universities. As a result, on 1 January 1962, the University of Malaya was re-established on the 309 hectare campus in Kuala Lumpur, retaining its original name and became the only university in the post-independent Malaya.[8] The Bukit Timah campus in Singapore became the University of Singapore (today the National University of Singapore).

On 16 June 1962, the newly independent university in Kuala Lumpur celebrated the installation of its first

Vice-Chancellor was former Dean of Arts, Sir Alexander Oppenheim, the mathematician who formulated the Oppenheim conjecture in 1929.[30] When Oppenheim left in 1965 with no successor in sight, Rayson Huang who later became the Vice Chancellor of Nanyang University, Singapore in 1969 and in 1972 went on to become the first Asian Vice-Chancellor of the University of Hong Kong,[31] was asked to take over as the Acting Vice-Chancellor. He served in that capacity for 12 months but declined reappointment to return to academic pursuits.[32]

Chin Fung Kee, an authority in geotechnical engineering,[33] replaced Huang as Acting Vice-Chancellor until the university filling the position in 1967 by the appointment of James H.E. Griffiths. A distinguished physicist and a fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, Griffiths was also the former head of Clarendon Laboratory of Oxford University and one of the discoverers of ferromagnetic resonance.

Coat of arms

The University of Malaya Silver Mace

The University of Malaya's coat of arms was designed under a council established in 1961, chaired by Tan Sri Y.C. Foo. The members of the committee involved in the design were the chairman of the council, Y.C. Foo, Professor A. Oppenheim (the vice-chancellor) and Professor Ungku Aziz (later regius professor). The coat of arms was officially chartered in April 1962 by Tunku Abdul Rahman, the university's first chancellor.[12]: ii 

The coat of arms is divided into two parts, namely the chief (upper part) and the base (the remainder). The chief is a bundle of seventeen strips of the leaves of Borassus flabellifer or the Palmrya palm. These strips were used as printed material for ancient books by the Malays, long before paper was invented. On the centre of these seventeen strips is the university's motto 'Ilmu Puncha Kemajuan'. The motto consists of 'Ilmu' derived from Arabic, 'Puncha' from Sanskrit (Za'aba Spelling for 'Punca'), and 'Kemajuan' from Malay. These words mean knowledge is the source of progress.[12]: ii 

In the centre of the arms is a Bunga Raya or hibiscus rosa-sinensis species encircled by three Malayan tigers. The tigers symbolise the three main races in Malaysia (Malays, Chinese and Indians), who work hand-in-hand to protect the nation and uphold the duty to serve the country.[12]: ii  It is blazoned:

Azure, fimbriated and parted per fess by a line Or. In base a Bunga Raya or hibiscus flower between three tigers passant regardant two and one all proper; and in Chief a bundle of seventeen strips of the leaves of Palmyra Palm or borassus flabellifer Or inscribed with the words 'ILMU PUNCHA KEMAJUAN'.

Since the late 1990s, the UM coat of arms was accompanied by the university's wordmark which is written in capital letters – 'UNIVERSITI MALAYA' in Malay or 'UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA' in English as seen on its corporate logo. This made UM the only university in Malaysia to have a different language versions of its logo. But in late 2019, the university have decided to only use its logo with its official name in Malay language and thus, the English version of its logo is no longer used. The reason given by the university for the change was to make its official Malay name easier to pronounce. In 2022, UM made a refreshment on its corporate logo where the university's wordmark is shown to be thinner instead and the red colour in the 'U' and 'M' letters were removed while its coat of arms remains unchanged. However, the university's previous logo would continued to be used for non-academic and non-corporate purposes.

The University of Malaya is currently one of the three public universities in Malaysia to adopt its coat of arms, the other two are Universiti Sains Malaysia and the National University of Malaysia.

Academic profile

University rankings
Global – Overall
ARWU World[34]401–500 (2023)
CWTS World[35]286 (2023)
QS World[36]65 (2024)
THE World[37]251–300 (2024)
USNWR Global[38]226 (2023)
Regional – Overall
QS Asia[39]11 (2024)
THE Asia[40]66 (2023)
USNWR Asia[41]37 (2023)
National – Overall
QS National[42]1 (2024)

University of Malaya has been ranked consistently as the No. 1 university in

Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings
.

In 2015 it has been ranked 54th in Engineering & Technology in QS world ranking. UM rose to the top 100 universities in the QS World University Rankings 2019, and has consistently increased in ranking to 59th in the world and 9th in Asia in the 2021 series. In 2021, U.S. News & World Report ranked University of Malaya 17th and 87th in the world in Engineering and Computer Science respectively by its subject ranking.[43]

The business school of this university achieved two international accreditations i.e. Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) and Association of MBAs (AMBA).

The Faculty of Languages and Linguistics, Japanese Language and Linguistic Course was awarded the Japanese Foreign Minister's Commendation for their contributions to promotion of Japanese language education in Malaysia on 1 December 2020.[44][45]

Ranking 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018
Academic Ranking of World Universities - 401-450 301-400 301-400 301-400 301-400 301-400
QS World University Rankings 65 70 65 59 70 87 114
Times Higher Education World University Rankings 251-300 351-400 301-350 301-350 301-350 301-350 351-400

Transportation access

Street signage at the University of Malaya

The University of Malaya campus is accessible by car, bus, and both the

KTM Port Klang Line (Line 2) of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System. The campus will also become accessible by future MRT Circle Line
.

Covered walkway from Universiti LRT Station to UM KL gate
MRT Feeder Bus Route T815 to Phileo Damansara station

The campus can be accessed by alighting from  KJ19 

University Malaya Medical Centre (PPUM) and can be accessed from the PJ gate. Other rapidKL bus services may stop at PPUM. The proposed  CC33  UM on MRT Circle Line
is planned to be built inside the campus, near PPUM.

Signage showing the direction of buildings and other sites appears frequently next to the campus roadways.

Shuttle Bus Terminal

The university also provides complimentary shuttle bus services during weekdays for students with 5 different routes, named AB, BA, C, D and E. Certain routes serve areas within the campus, while others connect external accommodation or buildings with the main campus area.[46]

Organisation and administration

Vice-chancellors

This section is transcluded from List of vice-chancellors of the University of Malaya. (edit | history)

This is a list of vice-chancellors of the University of Malaya.[47]

No. Vice-Chancellor Honour Qualifications Term in Office
Before Independence Sir Dr. George V. Allen
Belfast and Aberdeen), D.Sc. (Kent
) 		MD, MB, BCh, BAO (Belfast), DTM&H (Lond.) 1949–1952
Before Independence Sir Dr. Sydney Caine KCMG, LL.D. (Malaya) BSc (LSE) 1952–1956
1 Professor Tan Sri Sir Dr. Alexander Oppenheim OBE, PMN, KT, LL.D. (Malaya) PhD (UC), D.Sc. (Oxon) 1956–1965
Acting Dr. Rayson Huang Li Song
HKU
)
HKU
) 		1965–1966
Acting Professor Emeritus Tan Sri Datuk Dr. Chin Fung Kee JMN, PSM, DMPN, D.Sc. (Belfast, Singapore, and Glasgow) MEng (Belfast), BEng (Civil) (Belfast), Dip. Arts (Raffles College) 1966–1967
2 Dr. James H.E. Griffiths OBE PhD (Oxon), MA (Oxon) 1967–1968
3 Regius Professor Dr. Ungku Abdul Aziz bin Ungku Abdul Hamid Regius Professor (Malaya) PhD (Waseda), Dip. Arts (Raffles College) 1968–1988
4 Professor Dato' Dr. Syed Hussein Alatas DSPN PhD (Amsterdam) 1988–1991
5 Professor Emeritus Datuk Dr. Mohd. Taib Osman JSM PhD (Indiana), MA (Malaya), BA (Malaya) 1991–1994
6 Tan Sri Dato' Dr. Abdullah Sanusi Ahmad PSM, KMN, DSNS PhD (USC), MA (Pitt) BA (Malaya) 1994–2000
7 Professor Dato' Dr. Anuar Zaini Md. Zain DPMP
MBBS
(Malaya) 		2000–2003
8 Professor Emeritus Datuk Dr. Hashim Yaacob DPSK, SPSK
BDS (Otago
) 		2003–2006
9 Tan Sri Datuk Dr. Rafiah Salim
Hon. DUniv (Belfast
)
LL.D. (Belfast), LL.M. (Belfast
) 		2006–2008
10 Tan Sri Datuk Dr. Ghauth Jasmon PSM, DMSM PhD (Lond.), BEng (Electrical) (Lond.) 2008–2013
11 Professor Tan Sri Dato' Dr. Mohd. Amin Jalaludin PSM, DPMS
FRCS (Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
) 		2013–2017
12 Datuk Ir. (Dr.) Abdul Rahim Hj. Hashim PJN, D.Eng (Birmingham) BEng (Birmingham) 2017–2020
13 Professor Dato' Ir. Dr. Mohd. Hamdi Abd. Shukor DPNS
Kyoto), MSc (UMIST), BEng (Hons) (Mech) (Imperial
) 		2020–2023
14 Professor Dato' Seri Ir. Dr. Noor Azuan Abu Osman DGPN PhD (Strathclyde), MSc (Strathclyde), BEng (Hons) (Mech) (Bradford) 2023–Present

Notable alumni

For a more comprehensive list, see List of University of Malaya people.
Malaysian Prime Ministers who attended the University of Malaya
Mahathir Mohamad, 4th and 7th Prime Minister of Malaysia
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, 5th Prime Minister of Malaysia
Muhyiddin Mohd Yassin, 8th Prime Minister of Malaysia
Ismail Sabri Yaakob, 9th Prime Minister of Malaysia
Anwar Ibrahim, 10th Prime Minister of Malaysia

Throughout the years, UM has produced many alumni that have contributed significantly towards the development of

Rhodes Scholar Sivarasa Rasiah.[52]

UM has also produced a large number of lawyers, diplomats and public servants that have hold top posts within their respective fields. In diplomacy and foreign affairs, 51st

Chief Judge of Malaya and one Chief Judge of Sabah and Sarawak
have all attended UM Law School.

Four governors of the Malaysian central bank,

Top Glove Corporation Bhd, Lim Wee-Chai,[61] CEO of Westports Holdings G. Gnanalingam,[62] founder and chairman of Public Bank Berhad Teh Hong Piow,[63] and founder of NagaCorp Ltd Chen Lip Keong.[64]

Various corporate figures such as the former chairman, president and CEO of Petronas Azizan Zainul Abidin,[65] president and CEO of Maybank Amirsham Abdul Aziz,[66] co-founder of AirAsia Pahamin Rajab,[67] and former CEO of Permodalan Nasional Berhad Khalid Ibrahim.[68]

In literature and the arts, five Malaysian National Laureates have studied in UM which include writer and Tokoh Akademi Negara Muhammad Haji Salleh,[69] novelists Anwar Ridhwan[70] and Siti Zainon Ismail,[71] writer Baha Zain[72] and the first female recipient of the award, Zurinah Hassan.[73] Moreover, various UM alumnus have won the Southeast Asian Writers Award, including novelist Malim Ghozali PK[74] and author Adibah Amin.[75]

Student life

Student bodies

The University of Malaya's campus student bodies, known as University of Malaya Students' Union (UMSU) are elected by the students to have representatives engaging in policies and matters relating to student affairs. As such the elections, known as 'PRKUM' which is acronym for Pilihanraya Kampus Universiti Malaya in Malay language is seen as a precursor to a student leader.[76] Whilst prior elections before 2019 was organised by the Student Affairs Department of the university, the first election managed by the students[77] was conducted on 4 March 2019, marking a historic first whereby an all student affair made the elections a milestone. Suara Siswa, a pro-student group won the elections which saw 61% of 13,671 students cast their votes.[78] The University of Malaya also has its own radio station, UMalaya Radio which is under the auspices of its Student & Alumni Affairs Division.

Facilities

Dewan Tunku Canselor
Malaya Art Gallery
Rimba Ilmu
building, University of Malaya

The university houses 13 residential colleges (11 in-campus, 2 off-campus), an Olympic-sized swimming pool, the

University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) is located at the boundaries of UM near the Petaling Jaya
gate.

Residential colleges

Unlike other global universities, colleges in University of Malaya do not function as accommodation and institution. They are only hostels for students.

During the pandemic, all colleges were at limited capacity or closed. In September 2021, they were in the process of being reopened in conjunction with the loosening of pandemic measures by the government.[79] Many colleges have their own basic facilities, such as a restaurant. In the 12th college (UM labels their residential colleges by name and dedicated number) lies a well known hipster cafe called He and She Coffee.[80]

  1. Tuanku Abdul Rahman Residential College
  2. Tuanku Bahiyah Residential College (Engineering Hostel)
  3. Tuanku Kurshiah Residential College
  4. Bestari Residential College
  5. Dayasari Residential College
  6. Ibnu Sina Residential College (Clinical Students Hostel)
  7. Za'ba Residential College
  8. Kinabalu Residential College
  9. Tun Syed Zahiruddin Residential College (off-campus limits)
  10. Tun Ahmad Zaidi Residential College
  11. Ungku Aziz Residential College
  12. Raja Dr. Nazrin Shah Residential College
  13. 13th Residential College (formerly
    International Islamic University of Malaysia
    Petaling Jaya foundation campus)

In the media

The University of Malaya became a subject matter in the 1987 documentary film, Dari Desa Ke Kampus (lit. From the Countryside to the Campus), produced by Filem Negara Malaysia.[81]

See also

References

Citations

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  3. ^ "Financial Report 2021" (PDF). Universiti Malaya. 2021. p. 339.
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  6. ^ "World University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 26 September 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2019.
  7. ^ a b "Universiti Malaya (UM)". QS Top Universities. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  8. ^
    The New Straits Times
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    ISBN 983-100-323-3
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  26. PMID 16010398. Retrieved 28 April 2022.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link
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  36. ^ QS World University Rankings 2024
  37. ^ THE World University Rankings 2024
  38. ^ "2022-2023 Best Global Universities Rankings".
  39. ^ QS Asia University Rankings 2024
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  43. ^ "US News Ranking".
  44. ^ Foreign Minister's Commendations for FY 2020 | Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
  45. ^ Foreign Minister's Commendations for FY 2020 (Groups) | Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan
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Sources

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