University of Paris
Latin: Universitas magistrorum et scholarium Parisiensis | |
Motto | Hic et ubique terrarum (Latin) |
---|---|
Motto in English | Here and anywhere on Earth |
Type | Corporative, then public university |
Established | Origin: High Middle Ages at the Parisian cathedral school Founded: 1045–1150 Suppressed: 1793 Faculties reestablished: 1806 University reestablished: 1896 Divided: 1970 |
Location | , France |
Campus | Urban |
The University of Paris (French: Université de Paris), known
Highly reputed internationally for its academic performance in the
In 1793, during the French Revolution, the university was closed and, by Item 27 of the Revolutionary Convention, the college endowments and buildings were sold.
In 1896, a new University of Paris was re-founded as a grouping of the Paris faculties of science,
History
Origins
In 1150, the future University of Paris was a student-teacher corporation operating as an annex of the cathedral school of Paris. The earliest historical reference to it is found in Matthew Paris's reference to the studies of his own teacher (an abbot of St Albans) and his acceptance into "the fellowship of the elect Masters" there in about 1170,[5] and it is known that Lotario dei Conti di Segni, the future Pope Innocent III, completed his studies there in 1182 at the age of 21.
The corporation was formally recognised as an "
The university had four faculties: Arts, Medicine, Law, and Theology. The Faculty of Arts was the lowest in rank, but also the largest, as students had to graduate there in order to be admitted to one of the higher faculties. The students were divided into four nationes according to language or regional origin: France, Normandy, Picardy, and England. The last came to be known as the Alemannian (German) nation. Recruitment to each nation was wider than the names might imply: the English–German nation included students from Scandinavia and Eastern Europe.
The faculty and nation system of the University of Paris (along with that of the University of Bologna) became the model for all later medieval universities. Under the governance of the Church, students wore robes and shaved the tops of their heads in tonsure, to signify they were under the protection of the church. Students followed the rules and laws of the Church and were not subject to the king's laws or courts. This presented problems for the city of Paris, as students ran wild, and its official had to appeal to Church courts for justice. Students were often very young, entering the school at 13 or 14 years of age and staying for six to 12 years.
12th century: Organisation
Three schools were especially famous in Paris: the palatine or palace school, the school of Notre-Dame, and that of
Humanistic instruction comprised
The plan of studies expanded in the schools of Paris, as it did elsewhere. A
Professors were required to have measurable knowledge and be appointed by the university. Applicants had to be assessed by
The school of Saint-Victor, under the abbey, conferred the licence in its own right; the school of Notre-Dame depended on the diocese, that of Ste-Geneviève on the abbey or chapter. The diocese and the abbey or chapter, through their
The number of students in the school of the capital grew constantly, so that lodgings were insufficient. French students included
To allow poor students to study the first college des dix-Huit was founded by a knight returning from Jerusalem called Josse of London for 18 scholars who received lodgings and 12 pence or denarii a month.[7]
As the university developed, it became more institutionalized. First, the professors formed an association, for according to
The three schools: Notre-Dame, Sainte-Geneviève, and Saint-Victor, may be regarded as the triple cradle of the Universitas scholarium, which included masters and students; hence the name University. Henry Denifle and some others hold that this honour is exclusive to the school of Notre-Dame (Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis), but the reasons do not seem convincing. He excludes Saint-Victor because, at the request of the abbot and the religious of Saint-Victor, Gregory IX in 1237 authorized them to resume the interrupted teaching of theology. But the university was largely founded about 1208, as is shown by a Bull of Innocent III. Consequently, the schools of Saint-Victor might well have contributed to its formation. Secondly, Denifle excludes the schools of Ste-Geneviève because there had been no interruption in the teaching of the liberal arts. This is debatable and through the period, theology was taught. The chancellor of Ste-Geneviève continued to give degrees in arts, something he would have ceased if his abbey had no part in the university organization.
13th–14th century: Expansion
In 1200, King Philip II issued a diploma "for the security of the scholars of Paris," which affirmed that students were subject only to ecclesiastical jurisdiction. The provost and other officers were forbidden to arrest a student for any offence, unless to transfer him to ecclesiastical authority. The king's officers could not intervene with any member unless having a mandate from an ecclesiastical authority. His action followed a violent incident between students and officers outside the city walls at a pub.
In 1215, the Apostolic legate,
In 1229, a denial of justice by the queen led to suspension of the courses. The pope intervened with a bull that began with lavish praise of the university: "Paris", said Gregory IX, "mother of the sciences, is another Cariath-Sepher, city of letters". He commissioned the Bishops of Le Mans and Senlis and the Archdeacon of Châlons to negotiate with the French Court for the restoration of the university, but by the end of 1230 they had accomplished nothing. Gregory IX then addressed a Bull of 1231 to the masters and scholars of Paris. Not only did he settle the dispute, he empowered the university to frame statutes concerning the discipline of the schools, the method of instruction, the defence of theses, the costume of the professors, and the obsequies of masters and students (expanding upon Robert de Courçon's statutes). Most importantly, the pope granted the university the right to suspend its courses, if justice were denied it, until it should receive full satisfaction.
The pope authorized Pierre Le Mangeur to collect a moderate fee for the conferring of the license of professorship. Also, for the first time, the scholars had to pay
Rector
The university was organized as follows: at the head of the teaching body was a
Four "nations"
The "nations" appeared in the second half of the twelfth century. They were mentioned in the Bull of
The territories covered by the four nations were:
- French nation: all the Romance-speaking parts of Europe except those included within the Norman and Picard nations
- English nation (renamed 'German nation' after the Hundred Years' War): the British Isles, the Germanic-speaking parts of continental Europe (except those included within the Picard nation), and the Slavic-speaking parts of Europe. The majority of students within that nation came from Germany and Scotland, and when it was renamed 'German nation' it was also sometimes called natio Germanorum et Scotorum ("nation of the Germans and Scots").[8][9]
- Norman nation: the ecclesiastical province of Rouen, which corresponded approximately to the Duchy of Normandy. This was a Romance-speaking territory, but it was not included within the French nation.
- Picard nation: the Romance-speaking Brabantian and Limburgish dialects).[10]
Faculties
To classify professors' knowledge, the schools of Paris gradually divided into faculties. Professors of the same science were brought into closer contact until the community of rights and interests cemented the union and made them distinct groups. The faculty of medicine seems to have been the last to form. But the four faculties were already formally established by 1254, when the university described in a letter "theology, jurisprudence, medicine, and rational, natural, and moral philosophy". The masters of theology often set the example for the other faculties—e.g., they were the first to adopt an official seal.
The faculties of theology, canon law, and medicine, were called "superior faculties". The title of "
Colleges
The scattered condition of the scholars in Paris often made lodging difficult. Some students rented rooms from townspeople, who often exacted high rates while the students demanded lower. This tension between scholars and citizens would have developed into a sort of civil war if
Four colleges appeared in the 12th century; they became more numerous in the 13th, including
Besides the famous Collège de Sorbonne, other collegia provided housing and meals to students, sometimes for those of the same geographical origin in a more restricted sense than that represented by the nations. There were 8 or 9 collegia for foreign students: the oldest one was the Danish college, the Collegium danicum or dacicum, founded in 1257. Swedish students could, during the 13th and 14th centuries, live in one of three Swedish colleges, the Collegium Upsaliense, the Collegium Scarense or the Collegium Lincopense, named after the Swedish dioceses of Uppsala, Skara and Linköping.
The Collège de Navarre was founded in 1305, originally aimed at students from Navarre, but due to its size, wealth, and the links between the crowns of France and Navarre, it quickly accepted students from other nations. The establishment of the College of Navarre was a turning point in the university's history: Navarra was the first college to offer teaching to its students, which at the time set it apart from all previous colleges, founded as charitable institutions that provided lodging, but no tuition. Navarre's model combining lodging and tuition would be reproduced by other colleges, both in Paris and other universities. [11]
The German College, Collegium alemanicum is mentioned as early as 1345, the
At this time, the university also went the controversy of the condemnations of 1210–1277.
The Irish College in Paris originated in 1578 with students dispersed between Collège Montaigu, Collège de Boncourt, and the Collège de Navarre; in 1677 it was awarded possession of the Collège des Lombards. A new Irish College was built in 1769 in rue du Cheval Vert (now rue des Irlandais), which exists today as the Irish Chaplaincy and Cultural centre.
15th–18th century: Influence in France and Europe
In the fifteenth century,
Besides its teaching, the University of Paris played an important part in several disputes: in the Church, during the
Proud of its rights and privileges, the University of Paris fought energetically to maintain them, hence the long struggle against the mendicant orders on academic as well as on religious grounds. Hence also the shorter conflict against the
Its patriotism was especially manifested on two occasions. During the captivity of King John, when Paris was given over to factions, the university sought to restore peace; and under Louis XIV, when the Spaniards crossed the Somme and threatened the capital, it placed two hundred men at the king's disposal and offered the Master of Arts degree gratuitously to scholars who should present certificates of service in the army (Jourdain, Hist. de l'Univers. de Paris au XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle, 132–34; Archiv. du ministère de l'instruction publique).
1793: Abolition by the French Revolution
The ancient university disappeared with the ancien régime in the French Revolution. On 15 September 1793, petitioned by the Department of Paris and several departmental groups, the National Convention decided that independently of the primary schools,
"there should be established in the Republic three progressive degrees of instruction; the first for the knowledge indispensable to artisans and workmen of all kinds; the second for further knowledge necessary to those intending to embrace the other professions of society; and the third for those branches of instruction the study of which is not within the reach of all men".
Measures were to be taken immediately: "For means of execution the department and the municipality of Paris are authorized to consult with the Committee of Public Instruction of the National Convention, in order that these establishments shall be put in action by 1 November next, and consequently colleges now in operation and the faculties of theology, medicine, arts, and law are suppressed throughout the Republic". This was the death-sentence of the university. It was not to be restored after the Revolution had subsided, no more than those of the provinces.
1806–1968: Re-establishment
The university was re-established by Napoleon on 1 May 1806. All the faculties were replaced by a single centre, the University of France. The decree of 17 March 1808 created five distinct faculties: Law, Medicine, Letters/Humanities, Sciences, and Theology; traditionally, Letters and Sciences had been grouped together into one faculty, that of "Arts". After a century, people recognized that the new system was less favourable to study. The defeat of 1870 at the hands of Prussia was partially blamed on the growth of the superiority of the German university system of the 19th century, and led to another serious reform of the French university. In the 1880s, the "licence" (bachelor) degree is divided into, for the Faculty of Letters: Letters, Philosophy, History, Modern Languages, with French, Latin and Greek being requirements for all of them; and for the Faculty of Science, into: Mathematics, Physical Sciences and Natural Sciences; the Faculty of Theology is abolished by the Republic. At this time, the building of the Sorbonne was fully renovated.[12]
May 1968–1970: Shutdown
The student revolts of the late 1960s were caused in part by the French government's failure to plan for a sudden explosion in the number of university students as a result of the
In 1966, after a student revolt in Paris, Christian Fouchet, minister of education, proposed "the reorganisation of university studies into separate two- and four-year degrees, alongside the introduction of selective admission criteria" as a response to overcrowding in lecture halls.[14] Dissatisfied with these educational reforms, students began protesting in November 1967, at the campus of the University of Paris in Nanterre;[15] indeed, according to James Marshall, these reforms were seen "as the manifestations of the technocratic-capitalist state by some, and by others as attempts to destroy the liberal university".[16] After student activists protested against the Vietnam War, the campus was closed by authorities on 22 March and again on 2 May 1968.[17] Agitation spread to the Sorbonne the next day, and many students were arrested in the following week.[18] Barricades were erected throughout the Latin Quarter, and a massive demonstration took place on 13 May, gathering students and workers on strike.[19] The number of workers on strike reached about nine million by 22 May.[15] As explained by Bill Readings:
[President Charles de Gaulle] responded on May 24 by calling for a referendum, and [...] the revolutionaries, led by informal action committees, attacked and burned the Paris Stock Exchange in response. The Gaullist government then held talks with union leaders, who agreed to a package of wage-rises and increases in union rights. The strikers, however, simply refused the plan. With the French state tottering, de Gaulle fled France on May 29 for a French military base in Germany. He later returned and, with the assurance of military support, announced [general] elections [within] forty days. [...] Over the next two months, the strikes were broken (or broke up) while the election was won by the Gaullists with an increased majority.[20]
1970: Division
Following the disruption, de Gaulle appointed Edgar Faure as minister of education; Faure was assigned to prepare a legislative proposal for reform of the French university system, with the help of academics.[21] Their proposal was adopted on 12 November 1968;[22] in accordance with the new law, the faculties of the University of Paris were to reorganize themselves.[23] This led to the division of the University of Paris into 13 universities.
In 2017,
Number | Previous name | Current name | Faculties/institutes before breakup | Current subjects | Students | Academy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paris I | University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne | Faculty of Law and Economics (35 out of 41 of the economics Professors joined, along with a few professors from law) and the Faculty of Humanities. There were also Paris Institute of Geography, Paris Institute of Business Administration, part of Institute of Art and Archeology of the University of Paris | Humanities, Law, Social sciences, Economics | 45,200 | Paris | |
Paris II | Paris II Panthéon-Assas | Paris-Panthéon-Assas University | Faculty of Law and Economics of Paris (88 out of 108 of the law professors joined, along with a few professors from Economics), and Graduate Institute of International Studies | Law, Political Science, Economics | 17,705 | Paris |
Paris III | New Sorbonne University
|
Faculty of Humanities accompanined by Institute of Linguistics of Paris, Institute for Advanced Latin American Studies of the University of Paris | Humanities | 19,360 | Paris | |
Paris IV | Paris-Sorbonne University | Sorbonne University | Faculty of Humanities, along with Institute of Slavic Studies of the University of Paris, and Institute of Musicology of the University of Paris | Humanities | 55,600 | Paris |
Paris VI | Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University | Faculty of Science, Faculty of Medicine, National School of Chemistry, and Paris Institute of Earth Physics (until 1990) | Science, Medicine | |||
Paris V | Paris Descartes University | Paris Cité University | Faculty of Humanities, Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris Institute of Psychology, Paris Institute of Pharmacotechnics and Pharmacodynamics, Avenue de Versailles University Institute of Technology, and Paris Institute of Molecular Pathology. | Medicine, Social sciences, Humanities | 64,100 | Paris |
Paris VII | Paris Diderot University | Faculty of Sciences, Faculty of Letters, and Faculty of Medicine | Science, Medicine, Humanities, Social sciences, Arts | Paris | ||
Paris VIII | University of Vincennes | Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis | Vincennes University Center (Most professors were from Faculty of Humanities) | Social sciences | 14,070 | Créteil |
Paris IX | Paris-IX University | Paris Dauphine University - PSL (grande école of PSL University) | Dauphine University Center (The professors were from the Department of Economics of the Faculty of Law and Economics) | Mathematics, Computer Science, Management, Economics, Finance, Law, Political Science, Journalism | 10,000 | Créteil |
Paris X | Université Paris Ouest | Paris Nanterre University | Faculty of Law and Economics and Faculty of Humanities in Nanterre, along with Ville-d'Avray University Institute of Technology | Law, humanities, political science, social and natural sciences and economics. | 32,000 | Versailles |
Paris XI | Université Paris-Sud | Paris-Saclay University | Faculty of Science in Orsay (Fourth Faculty of Sciences), Institut Gustave Roussy, Institute of Nuclear Physics of the University of Paris, Orsay University Institute of Technology, Cachan University Institute of Technology, and Sceaux University Institute of Technology | Medicine, Science, Law, Economics | 60,000 | Versailles |
Paris XII | Université Paris-Est | Paris-East Créteil University | University Hospital Center (In French: Centre hospitalier universitaire, CHU) Henri-Mondor, Faculty of Law and Economics in Créteil, Varenne-Saint-Hilaire University Center, and Planning Institute of Paris | Medicine, Science | 32,156 | Créteil |
Paris XIII | Université Paris Nord | Sorbonne Paris North University | Faculty of Sciences of Paris in Villetaneuse (Third Faculty of Sciences), Faculty of Law and Economics, Saint-Denis University Center - Villetaneuse, and Saint-Denis University Institutes of Technology | Science, Social sciences, Medicine, Law | 23,078 | Créteil |
The successor universities to the University of Paris are now split over of the
Most of these successor universities have joined several
Notable people
Faculty
Alumni
The Sorbonne has educated 11
- Rodolfo Robles, physician
- Albert Simard, physician, activist during and post WWII.
- Carlos Alvarado-Larroucau, writer
- Paul Biya, President of Cameroon
- Jean-François Delmas, archivist, Director of the Bibliothèque Inguimbertine and the museums of Carpentras
- Aklilu Habte-Wold, Ethiopian politician who served in Haile Selassie's cabinet
- Leonardo López Luján, Mexican archaeologist and director of the Templo Mayor Project
- Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs of Indonesia
- Maria Vasillievna Pavlova (née Gortynskaia) (1854–1939), paleontologist and academician [27]
- politician and business leader.[28]
- Issei Sagawa, cannibal and murderer
- Tamara Gräfin von Nayhauß, German television presenter
- Michel Sapin, Deputy Minister of Justice from May 1991 to April 1992, Finance Minister from April 1992 to March 1993, and Minister of Civil Servants and State Reforms from March 2000 to May 2002.[29]
- Menachem Mendel Schneerson, Head of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement
- Ali Abu el-Fotoh, was one of the most influential Egyptian economists from the 19th-century
- Grand Imam of Al-Azhar
- Pol Theis, attorney, interior designer, and founder of P&T Interiors in New York City
- Jean-Pierre Thiollet, French writer
- Loïc Vadelorge, French historian
- Yves-Marie Bercé, historian, winner of the Madeleine Laurain-Portemer Prize of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques and member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
- Phulrenu Guha, Indian Bengali politician and educationist, class of 1928
- Antoine Compagnon, professor of French literature at the Collège de France
- Anatole Félix Le Double, anatomist, physician, and academic
- Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres
- Pridi Banomyong, a Thai politician and professor who played an important role in drafting Thailand's first constitutions.
- Denis Crouzet, Renaissance historian, winner of the Madeleine Laurain-Portemer Prize of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
- Marc Fumaroli, member of the Académie française and professor at the Collège de France
- Olivier Forcade, historian of Political and Sciences-Po Paris, member of the French National Council of Universities
- Edith Philips, American writer and educator
- Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, president of the French Commission for UNESCO
- Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, winner of the Diane Potier-Boes Prize of the Académie française.
- John Kneller (1916–2009), English-American professor and fifth president of Brooklyn College
- Claude Lecouteux, professor of Medieval German literature, winner of the Strasbourg Prize of the Académie française
- Philosopher, member of the Académie française
- Tôn Nữ Thị Ninh, former Ambassador of Vietnam to the European Union
- Académie des beaux-arts
- Jean-Yves Tadié, professor of French literature, Grand Prize of the Académie française
- David Ting, at the European Commission since 1975
- Jean Tulard, historian, member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
- Khieu Samphan, former Khmer Rouge leader and head of state of Democratic Kampuchea
- Haïm Brézis, French mathematician who mainly works in functional analysis and partial differential equations
- theory of plates and shells and differential geometry
- fluoridesand on porous solids
- stochastic control, among other areas
- Bessel processes, and their applications to mathematical finance
- Boolean networks.
- motivic integration, part of it in collaboration with Jan Denef
- Intellectual historian, Political philosophy, author of On the Postcolony, introduced the concept of necropolitics
- Claire Voisin, French mathematician known for her work in algebraic geometry
- Jean-Michel Coron, French mathematician who studied the control theory of partial differential equations, and which includes both control and stabilization
- Michel Talagrand, French mathematician specialized in functional analysis and probability theory and their applications
- Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, French physicist who specialized in methods of laser cooling and trapping atoms
- laser spectroscopy
- Riad Al Solh, First Prime-minister of Lebanon
- Benal Nevzat İstar Arıman(1903–1990), one of the first woman members of the Turkish parliament (1935)
- Abdelkebir Khatibi, Moroccan literary critic, novelist, philosopher, playwright, poet, and sociologist
- Muhammad Shahidullah, Bengali linguist, educationalist, and social reformer
- Raphael Armattoe, Ghanaian medical doctor, politician, poet and writer
- Wu Songgao (1898–1953), Republic of China politician, jurist and political scientist
- Abdul Hafeez Mirza (1939–2021) Pakistani tourism worker, cultural activist and Professor of French. Recipient of Ordre des Palmes Academiques
- Rostislav Doboujinsky (1903-2000), Russian designer
- Barbara Jo Allen (1906–1974), American actress
- Inam Karimov, Chief Justice of Supreme Court of Azerbaijan
- Gérard de Vaucouleurs, observational astronomer known for his work on galaxies
- Lucien Abenhaim Pharmacoepidemiologist, professor of Public Health, and former General Director of Health for France.
- Nadine Ribault (1964–2021), writer and translator
Nobel Laureates
Alumni
Nobel Prize winners who had attended the University of Paris or one of its thirteen successors are:
- [Ph.] Albert Fert (PhD) – 2007
- [Ph.] Alfred Kastler (DSc) – 1966
- [Ph.] Gabriel Lippmann (DSc) – 1908
- [Ph.] Jean Perrin(DSc) – 1926
- [Ph.] Louis Néel (MSc) – 1970
- [Ph.] Louis de Broglie (DSc) – 1929
- [Ph.] [Ch.] Marie Curie[30] (DSc) – 1903, 1911
- [Ph.] Pierre Curie (DSc) – 1903
- [Ph.] Pierre-Gilles de Gennes (DSc) – 1991
- [Ph.] Serge Haroche (PhD, DSc) – 2012
- [Ch.] Frédéric Joliot-Curie (DSc) – 1935
- [Ch.] Gerhard Ertl (Attendee) – 2007
- [Ch.] Henri Moissan (DSc) – 1906
- [Ch.] Irène Joliot-Curie (DSc) – 1935
- [Ch.] Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (Attendee) – 2007
- [PM] André Frédéric Cournand (M.D) – 1956
- [PM] André Lwoff(M.D, DSc) – 1965
- [PM] Bert Sakmann (Attendee) – 1991
- [PM] Charles Nicolle (M.D) – 1928
- [PM] Charles Richet (M.D, DSc) – 1913
- [PM] François Jacob (M.D) – 1965
- [PM] Françoise Barré-Sinoussi (PhD) – 2008
- [PM] Jacques Monod (DSc) – 1965
- [PM] Jean Dausset (MD) – 1980
- [PM] Luc Montagnier (MD) – 2008
- [Ec.] Gérard Debreu (DSc) – 1983
- [Ec.] Maurice Allais (D.Eng.) – 1988
- [Ec.] Jean Tirole (PhD) – 2014
- [Pe.] Albert Schweitzer (PhD) – 1952
- [Pe.] Charles Albert Gobat (Attendee) – 1902
- [Pe.] Ferdinand Buisson (DLitt) – 1927
- [Pe.] Léon Bourgeois (DCL) – 1920
- [Pe.] Louis Renault (DCL) – 1907
- [Pe.] René Cassin (DCL) – 1968
- [Li.] Giorgos Seferis (LLB) – 1963
- [Li.] Henri Bergson (B.A) – 1927
- [Li.] Jean-Paul Sartre (B.A) – 1964
- [Li.] Patrick Modiano (Attendee) – 2014
- [Li.] Romain Rolland (D Litt) – 1915
- [Li.] T.S.Eliot(Attendee) – 1979
-
Antoine-Henri Becquerel
-
Marie Skłodowska Curie
Faculty
List of Nobel Prize winners who were affiliated with the University of Paris or one of its thirteen successors.
- [Ph.] George Smoot (Professor) – 2006
- [Ph.] Gabriel Lippmann (Professor) – 1908*
- [Ph.] Jean Perrin(Professor) – 1926*
- [Ph.] Louis de Broglie (Professor) – 1929*
- [Ph.][Ch.] Marie Curie[30] (Professor) – 1903*, 1911*
- [Ph.] Alfred Kastler (Researcher) – 1966
- [Ch.] Henri Moissan (Professor) – 1906*
- [Ch.] Irène Joliot-Curie (Professor) – 1935*
- [Ch.] Peter Debye[31] (Visiting Lecturer) – 1936
- [PM] Charles Richet (Professor) – 1913*
- [PM] Jules Bordet (Researcher) – 1919
- [PM] Roger Guillemin (Researcher) – 1977
- [PM] Jean Dausset (Professor) – 1980*
- [Pe.] Louis Renault (Professor) – 1907*
- [Li.] T.S. Eliot[32](Visitor) – 1948
-
Jean Perrin
See also
- Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism
- Faculty of Law of Paris
- List of split up universities
- List of medieval universities
Notes
- ^ a b Haskins, C. H.: The Rise of Universities, Henry Holt and Company, 1923, p. 292.
- ^ "Sorbonne facts". Paris Digest. 2018. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
- ISBN 978-0-69-161796-1.
- ^ "Histoire de l'université | Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne". www.pantheonsorbonne.fr. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
- ^ "§1. The University of Paris. X. English Scholars of Paris and Franciscans of Oxford. Vol. 1. From the Beginnings to the Cycles of Romance. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature: An Encyclopedia in Eighteen Volumes. 1907–21". www.bartleby.com. Retrieved Mar 23, 2020.
- ^ "Sorbonne University – the University of Paris". Retrieved 2016-06-18.
- ISBN 9780691155319.
- ^ "Miscellanea Scotica: Memoirs of the ancient alliance between France and Scotland. Account of the Earl of Glencairn's expedition into the Highlands of Scotland, in the years 1653-4, written by Graham of Deuchrie. Life and death of King James the Fifth of Scotland. Buchanan's inquiry into the genealogy and present state of ancient Scottish surnames; with the history of the family of Buchanan. Monro's (High Dean of the Isles) genealogies of the clans of the isles". sold. 21 January 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Historical Tales of the Wars of Scotland, and of the Border Raids, Forays, and Conflicts". Fullarton. 21 January 2018 – via Google Books.
- ^ « Picard » et « Picardie », espace linguistique et structures sociopolitiques Archived 17 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, by Serge Lusignan and Diane Gervais, August 2008
- )
- ^ Jean-Robert Pitte (ed), La Sorbonne au service des Humanités: 750 ans de création et de transmission du savoir, Presses Universitaires de Paris-Sorbonne, 2007
- ISBN 9781351691031. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
- ^ Marshall, ed., p. xviii; Readings, p. 136.
- ^ a b Readings, p. 136.
- ^ Marshall, p. xviii.
- ^ Readings, p. 136; Rotman, pp. 10–11; Pudal, p. 190.
- ^ Pudal, p. 190; Giles & Snyder, ed., p. 86.
- ^ Pudal, p. 191; Mathieu, p. 197; Giles & Snyder, ed., p. 86.
- ^ Readings, pp. 136–137.
- ^ Berstein, p. 229.
- ^ Berstein, p. 229; loi no 68-978 du 12 novembre 1968.
- ^ Conac, p. 177.
- ^ "" Sorbonne Université " : Pierre-et-Marie-Curie et Paris-Sorbonne en route vers la fusion". Le Monde (in French). 2017-01-20. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
- ^ Pauline, Verge (21 March 2019). "Les universités Descartes et Diderot fusionnent au sein de "l'Université de Paris"". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 2020-12-09.
- ^ "ACADÉMIE DE PARIS". Ministère de l'education nationale et de la jeunesse (in French). Retrieved 2024-02-28.
- ISBN 978-0-415-92040-7.
- ^ "NOUS BAYROU • Jean Peyrelevade sur son soutien à Hollande :..." Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved Mar 23, 2020.
- ^ "M. Michel Sapin : Assemblée Nationale". Assemblee-nationale.fr. Retrieved 2016-11-13.
- ^ a b "Marie Curie – Facts". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
- ISBN 9789812795267.
- ^ "T. S. (Thomas Stearns) Eliot: An Inventory of His Collection in the Manuscript Collection at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center". norman.hrc.utexas.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-06.
Sources
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "University of Paris". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Further reading
- Franklin, Alfred: La Sorbonne: ses origines, sa bibliothèque, les débuts de l'imprimerie à Paris et la succession de Richelieu d'après des documents inédits, 2. édition, Paris: L. Willem, 1875
- Leutrat, Jean-Louis: De l'Université aux Universités (From the University to the Universities), Paris: Association des Universités de Paris, 1997
- Post, Gaines: The Papacy and the Rise of Universities Ed. with a Preface by William J. Courtenay. Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 54 Leiden: Brill, 2017.
- Rivé, Phillipe: La Sorbonne et sa reconstruction (The Sorbonne and its Reconstruction), Lyon: La Manufacture, 1987
- Tuilier, André: Histoire de l'Université de Paris et de la Sorbonne (History of the University of Paris and of the Sorbonne), in 2 volumes (From the Origins to Richelieu, From Louis XIV to the Crisis of 1968), Paris: Nouvelle Librairie de France, 1997
- Verger, Jacques: Histoire des Universités en France (History of French Universities), Toulouse: Editions Privat, 1986
- Traver, Andrew G. 'Rewriting History?: The Parisian Secular Masters' Apologia of 1254,' History of Universities 15 (1997–9): 9–45.
External links
- Chancellerie des Universités de Paris (official homepage)
- Projet Studium Parisiense Archived 2018-10-02 at the Wayback Machine: database of members of the University of Paris from the 11th to 16th centuries
- Liste des Universités de Paris et d'Ile-de-France : nom, adresse, cours, diplômes...