No audible release
| No audible release | |
|---|---|
| ◌̚ | |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ̚ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+031A |
A
Audibly released stops, on the other hand, are not normally indicated. If a final stop is aspirated, the
English
In most dialects of
For example, hundred pounds may sound like [ˈhʌndɹɨb ˈpʰaundz] but X-ray[3] and electropalatographic[4] studies demonstrate that since inaudible and possibly-weakened contacts may still be made, the second /d/ in hundred pounds does not entirely assimilate a labial place of articulation but co-occurs with it.
In American English, a word-final stop is typically unreleased; that is especially the case for /t/,[5] but in that position, it is also analyzed as experiencing glottal reinforcement.
Such sounds may occur between vowels, as in some pronunciations of out a lot. The overlap there appears to be with a glottal stop, [t̚ʔ]: the /t/ is pronounced, and since it is between vowels, it must be released. However, its release is masked by the glottal stop.[6] (See: T-glottalization, in some dialects).
The term "unreleased" is also used for a stop before a
Other languages
In most languages in
Formosan languages
The Formosan languages of Taiwan, such as Tsou and Amis, are unusual in that all obstruents are released but not aspirated, as in Tsou [ˈsip˹tɨ] "four" and [smuˈjuʔ˹tsu] "to pierce", or Amis [tsᵊtsaj] "one" and [sᵊpat˹] "four".[citation needed] (The symbol for a release burst, ⟨˹⟩, is acknowledged but not supported by the IPA.[13])
Gyalrong languages
In Gyalrongic languages, plosives and nasal stops could be unreleased after a glottal stop,[14] for example:
- /pʰaroʔk/ > [pʰaˈ̍rɔʔk̚]
- /təwaʔm/ > [t̪əˈ̍waʔm̚]
Pirahã
In Pirahã, the only surviving dialect of the Mura language, there is a special register of speech using solely humming, which does not involve an audible release and may be transcribed as [m̚] of different length and tone.[15]
See also
References
- ^ The diacritic may not display properly with some fonts, appearing above the consonant rather than after it; in such cases, U+02FA ◌˺ MODIFIER LETTER END HIGH TONE, ⟨p˺⟩, may be used instead.
- ^ Zsiga (2003:404)
- ^ Browman & Goldstein (1990)
- ^ Nolan (1992)
- ^ Odden, David (2005). Introduction to Phonology. Page 32.
- ^ a b 'no (audible) release', John Wells's phonetic blog, 2012 March 14.
- ISBN 0-415-08945-X
- ^ Ngo, Chiau-shin (2008), What is Taiwanese Language Phonetic Script? (PDF), p. 4[permanent dead link]
- ^ Choo & O'Grady (2003:26)
- ISSN 1475-3502.
- ISBN 0-340-86857-0
- hdl:10106/577.
- ^ International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge University Press. p. 173.
- ^ Page 27, A Grammar of RGyalrong, Jiǎomùzú (Kyom-kyo) Dialects: A Web of Relations Marielle Prins 2016, 9789004324565
- ^ O'Neill (2014), p. 353.
Sources
- Browman, Catherine P.; Goldstein, Louis (1990), "Tiers in articulatory phonology, with some implications for casual speech", in Kingston, John C.; Beckman, Mary E. (eds.), Papers in laboratory phonology I: Between the grammar and physics of speech, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 341–376
- Choo, Miho; O'Grady, William D. (2003), The Sounds of Korean: A Pronunciation Guide, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
- Nolan, Francis (1992), "The descriptive role of segments: Evidence from assimilation.", in Docherty, Gerard J.; Ladd, D. Robert (eds.), Papers in laboratory phonology II: Gesture, segment, prosody, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 261–280
- O'Neill, Gareth (2014). "Humming, whistling, singing, and yelling in Pirahã context and channels of communication in FDG1". Pragmatics. 24 (2): 349–375. .
- Zsiga, Elizabeth (2003), "Articulatory Timing in a Second Language: Evidence from Russian and English", Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 25: 399–432, S2CID 5998807