Unseated members of the United States Congress

Both houses of the

"Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each House may provide."

This had been interpreted that members of the House of Representatives and of the Senate could refuse to recognize the election or appointment of a new representative or senator for any reason, often political heterodoxy or criminal record.

However, the U.S. Supreme Court, in Powell v. McCormack (1969), limited the powers of the Congress to refuse to seat an elected member to when the individual does not meet the specific constitutional requirements of age, citizenship or residency. From the decision by Chief Justice Earl Warren: "Therefore, we hold that, since Adam Clayton Powell Jr., was duly elected by the voters of the 18th Congressional District of New York and was not ineligible to serve under any provision of the Constitution, the House was without power to exclude him from its membership."

The Federal Contested Elections Act of 1969 currently lays out the procedures by which each House determines contested elections.

Unseated members of Congress

1869-1900: Post-Civil-War South

• From 1869 to 1900, the House of Representatives refused to seat over 30 Southern Democratic candidates declared the winner by their states. In some cases they weren't seated because the House Elections Committee concluded that fraud, violence, or intimidation had been used against black voters, or, in some cases, that the election statutes of the states themselves were unconstitutional. (Giles v. Harris (1903) ended the latter practice.) In some cases a new election was ordered, while in others the Republican or Populist candidate "defeated" by fraud was seated instead.^[1][2]
• In some cases the members were refused because the House did not agree the state was entitled to them. A number of southern states upon readmission claimed that since their slaves were emancipated and thus no longer counted as only 3/5th, they were entitled to larger delegations in the House. South Carolina was one state that elected members, such as Peter Martin Epping, to fill its "additional" seats. However the House refused to seat them.^{[citation needed]}

Members not seated under the

• 1868: John Christy (Representative from Georgia)
• 1870: Zebulon Vance (Senator from North Carolina)

1872–1907: Utah Mormons

• In 1872,
  anti-Mormon Edmunds Act
  .
• B. H. Roberts (D-Utah) was not seated after being elected in 1898 to the House of Representatives for the 56th United States Congress because he was a Mormon polygamist.
• Reed Smoot (R-Utah) was initially not seated after being elected in 1902 to the Senate for the 58th United States Congress because he was a top leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and had allegedly sworn an oath against the United States government. The continuing controversy of polygamy (though Smoot was not a polygamist) played a part. After a four-year investigation, he was seated.

1899-1926: Contested elections and criminal charges

• Montana) was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1899, but promptly met with a petition opposing his election on the grounds that it was secured through bribery. Votes were bought through real estate purchases, bank financing and outright cash purchases. The Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections found unanimously that Clark was not entitled to his seat. Clark resigned in May 1900 before the full Senate took a vote.^[4] Clark would serve a term in Congress from 1901 to 1907.^[5]
• Supreme Court overturned his conviction in 1921 in Berger v. United States, he was again elected and served three successive terms in the House, from 1923 to 1928.^[6]
• election fraud in the 1926 United States Senate election in Illinois.^[7][8][9]

• Adam Clayton Powell Jr. (D-New York), a sitting representative, was excluded by the House of Representatives in 1967 because of allegations of corruption. He sued to retain his seat in a landmark Supreme Court decision (see Powell v. McCormack), but was later re-elected and seated in 1969 before litigation was concluded.
• in New Hampshire by a narrow margin on Election Day (355 votes). A first recount gave the election instead to John A. Durkin (D-New Hampshire
  ) by ten votes, but a second recount swung the result back to Wyman by only two votes. The state of New Hampshire certified Wyman as the winner, but Durkin appealed to the Senate, which had a sixty-vote Democratic majority. The Senate refused to seat Wyman while considering the matter. After a long and contentious debate in the Senate, with Republicans filibustering attempts by the Democratic majority to seat Durkin instead, a special election was held, with Durkin winning handily and becoming Senator.
• Illinois Supreme Court ruling on January 9, 2009, White provided Burris with a certified copy of the appointment's registration, and Burris delivered that copy, bearing the State Seal, to the Secretary of the Senate.^[13] On January 12, 2009, after the Secretary of the Senate announced that she and Senate Parliamentarian Alan Frumin deemed Burris's new credentials valid, Senate leaders decided to seat Burris.^[14] Burris was sworn in by President of the Senate Dick Cheney on January 15, 2009.^[15][16][17]

• List of members-elect of the United States House of Representatives who never took their seats
• Unseating

References