Upper Hungary
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Upper Hungary is the usual English translation of Felvidék (literally: "Upland"), the Hungarian term for the area that was historically the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, now mostly present-day Slovakia.[2][3][4][5] The region has also been called Felső-Magyarország (literally: "Upper Hungary"; Slovak: Horné Uhorsko).
During the
Etymology
Historical usage
Historically there are different meanings:
- The older Hungarian term Felső-Magyarország (literally: "Upper Hungary"; Slovak: Horné Uhorsko; German: Oberungarn; Ukrainian: Верхня Угорщина; Russian: Верхняя Венгрия) formally referred to what is today Slovakia in the 16th-18th centuries and informally to all the northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 19th century.
- The Yiddish: אױבערלאַנד) has had several informal meanings:
- In the parts of the 18th century and throughout the 19th century, it was usually used:
- to denote the mountainous northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary as opposed to the southern lowlands
- more generally, to denote regions or territories situated at a higher altitude than the settlement of the speaker
- as a synonym for the then-meaning of Felső-Magyarország
- After World War I, the meaning in Hungarian was restricted to Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia, and after World War II to Slovakia only. At the same time, the word felvidék remains a common Hungarian noun applied to areas at higher elevations, e.g., Balaton-felvidék,[9] a hilly region and national park[10] adjacent to Lake Balaton.
- In the parts of the 18th century and throughout the 19th century, it was usually used:
Modern usage
After World War I, the meaning of Felvidék in Hungarian (Felső-Magyarország was not used anymore) was restricted to the Slovak and Carpathian Ruthenian parts of Czechoslovakia. Today the term Felvidék is sometimes used in Hungary when speaking about Slovakia, and it is exclusively (and anachronistically) used in Hungarian historical literature when speaking about the Middle Ages, i.e., before the name actually came into existence. The three counties of the region that remained in Hungary after World War I, however, are never called Upper Hungary today, only Northern Hungary (Észak-Magyarország). Any use of the word Felvidék to denote all of modern Slovakia is considered offensive by Slovaks,[11] and inappropriate by some Hungarians,[12] but it is now commonly used by the sizeable Hungarian minority in the southern border-zone of Slovakia[13] to identify the Hungarian-majority areas where they live.[14][15] Some of them call themselves felvidéki magyarok, i.e. the "Upland Hungarians." The word felvidék is also used as a component of the toponym Balaton-felvidék, describing the hilly area north of Lake Balaton, with no connection to the historical Upper Hungary.[16]
History
Middle Ages
The term Upper Hungary often occurs in publications on history as a somewhat-anachronistic translation of other, earlier (then Latin) designations denoting approximately the same territory. Some of the other terms were Partes Danubii septentrionales (Territories to the north of the Danube) or Partes regni superiores (Upper parts of the Kingdom). The actual name "Upper Hungary" arose later from the latter phrase.
In the 15th century, the "Somorja (Šamorín), Nagyszombat (Trnava), Galgóc (Hlohovec), Nyitra (Nitra), Léva (Levice), Losonc (Lučenec), Rimaszombat (Rimavská Sobota), Rozsnyó (Rožňava), Jászó (Jasov), Kassa (Košice), Gálszécs (Sečovce), Nagymihály (Michalovce)" line was the northern "boundary" of the Hungarian ethnic area.[17]
Affiliation to Hungary
The Principality of Nitra emerged in the 8th century and developed into an independent Slavic state; although the polity may have lost its independence when it was still at the stage of development.[18][19] In the early 9th century, the polity was situated on the north-western territories of present-day Slovakia.
16th - 17th centuries
The term emerged approximately after the conquest of today's Hungary by the
It was briefly a
This usage occurs in many texts up to around 1800 – for example, the renowned mining school of Schemnitz/Selmecbánya/Banská Štiavnica in present-day central Slovakia was founded in "Lower" Hungary (not in "Upper" Hungary) in the 18th century and Pozsony (today's Bratislava) was also referred to as being in "Lower" Hungary in the late 18th century.
18th century - early 20th century
From the 18th century (in many texts however only after around 1800) until 1920, the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary north of the Tisza and the Danube, which comprised present-day Slovakia, Carpathian Ruthenia, and approximately the Northern Hungary region (Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén, Heves, and Nógrád Counties), was informally called either "Upper Hungary" or "Upland" (Felső-Magyarország or Felvidék). Although not strictly defined, the name Felvidék became commonplace to the point that at least one publication concerning the area used it as its title.[20] Other nations used the terms "Upper Hungary" (for the northern part of the Kingdom), "Slovakia" (only for the territory predominantly inhabited by the Slovaks), and "Ruthenia" (the territory predominantly inhabited by the Ruthenians) in parallel. The Slovaks themselves called the territories of the Kingdom of Hungary to the south of Slovakia Dolná zem ("Lower Land").
In the course of the creation of Czechoslovakia at the end of World War I, Czechoslovakia originally demanded that all of Upper Hungary be added to Czechoslovak territory (i.e. including the territory between the Tisza River and present-day Slovakia). The claim for its acquisition, however, was not based on the whole area having a single common name, "Upper Hungary", but on the presence of a Slovak minority in the region.
Demographics
Population in the 18th century
In 1720 of the 63 largest towns on the territory of present-day Slovakia with at least 100 taxpaying households 40 had Slovak majority, 14 German and 9 Hungarian majority.[21]
Population in the 19th century
The first ethnic data of whole Hungarian Kingdom by county was published in 1842. According to this survey the total population of the counties in Upper Hungary exceeded 2.4 million, with the following ethnic distribution: 59.5%
Population in the 20th century
Upper Hungary included the counties of
See also
- Carpathian Germans
- Oberlander Jews
- Felvidék national football team
References
- ISBN 978-0-929871-02-8. Archived from the originalon 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2016-01-05.
- ISSN 0165-2516.
- ISSN 1467-8330.
- ISBN 0306465892.
- ^ ISBN 9637395849.
- ISBN 978-0521802536.
- ISBN 978-0-8229-3779-1.
- ^ Balaton-felvidéki Nemzeti Park
- ^ "Balaton Uplands National Park". Archived from the original on 2007-09-16. Retrieved 2007-10-27.
- SME(in Slovak)..
- ISBN 9634462065..
- ISBN 80-7149-193-4..
- )
- ^ See, e.g., the systematic differentiated use of the words Felvidék and Szlovákia in the Hungarian-language newspaper Új Szó published by the Hungarians in Slovakia.
- ISBN 9636712247..
- ^ Kocsis & Kocsisné Hodosi 1998, p. 42
- ^ Ďurianová, Marta (2004-07-12). "Nitra: from fields to factories". The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved 2008-04-22.
- JSTOR 124226.
- ^ Grünwald, Béla (1878). A Felvidék: politikai tanulmány (in Hungarian). Budapest: Ráth Mór..
- ^ Kocsis & Kocsisné Hodosi 1998, p. 47
- ^ Kocsis & Kocsisné Hodosi 1998, p. 52
- ^ Magyar Királyi Központi Statisztikai Hivatal (1912). A magyar szent korona országainak 1910. évi népszámlálása [1910 Census of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown] (in Hungarian). Vol. I. Budapest: Athenaeum. p. 22.