Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action
The Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action (UMTRA) Project was created by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) to monitor the cleanup of uranium mill tailings, a by-product of the uranium concentration process that poses risks to the public health and environment. The Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act passed by Congress in 1978 gave the DOE the authority to regulate tailings disposal sites and shifted disposal practices to more engineered designs.
Background
Uranium tailings are the waste material produced from the process of uranium milling which converts mined uranium ore into uranium concentrate, also known as yellowcake uranium. They are initially produced in a slurry material before being deposited in settling ponds and drying into a sand-like material. These tailings make up the large quantity of the uranium originally mined, with only 2.4 pounds of concentrated yellowcake uranium for every 2,000 pounds of uranium ore used in the process.[1]
Uranium milling from 1947 to 1971 largely supported nuclear weapon development and naval reactors, producing 20-35 million pounds of uranium concentrate annually in that period. Production after 1971 supported civilian nuclear power which saw an increase as 59 nuclear reactors came online between 1970 and 1979 but then a decrease to only four million pounds of uranium concentrate in 2000.[1]
Public health and environmental effects
The aspects associated with tailings disposal have raised several public health and environmental effects four of which have been identified by the
Implementation
In 1978 the
Title I of UMTRCA addressed the environmental and public health risks at uranium mills operating during the federal uranium procurement period from the mid-1940s to the 1970s. Title I sites are regulated in accordance to regulation 10 CFR 40.27 known as the "General license for custody and long-term care of residual radioactive material disposal sites.". Under these regulations, proper monitoring, maintenance and precautionary measures in the case of an emergency are mandatory for the remediation of Title I sites. Disposal of radioactive material is allocated to various disposal sites approved by the United States Department of Energy. Within these Title I classifications, the United States Department of Energy approved of an action plan which targeted groundwater contamination and allowed for Native American Tribes and the state to discuss future plans to remove contamination from groundwater. Sites who have contained all radioactive and contaminated material will be approved with a Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) General License. [6][7][1]
Title II concerned the regulation of licensed uranium mills after the passing of UMTRCA. It contains the mechanism by which land and mill tailings are transferred to the federal government and the way costs concerning long-term management are arranged with licensees. Under these licenses, sites will receive funding towards surveillance and maintenance from the United States Department of Justice (DOE) as well as the development of Long Term Surveillance Plans (LTSP). After approval, these sites will be taken into the custody of the United States department of energy and held in accordance with regulation 10 CFR 40.28 known as the “General License for Custody and Long-Term Care of Uranium or Thorium Byproduct Materials Disposal Sites.”[1][7][8]
Post-1988
UMTRCA was amended in 1988 in response to DOE concerns of ongoing groundwater contamination issues at several sites. The amendment gave the DOE to perform groundwater remediation at these Title I sites indefinitely.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f Larson, Lance N. “Long-Term Federal Management of Uranium Mill Tailings: Background and Issues for Congress.” Congressional Research Service, 22 Feb. 2021, Retrieved 2024-02-12.
- US Nuclear Regulatory Commission Fact Sheets. 2006. Archived from the originalon 2010-12-16. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
- ^ "Uranium Mill Sites Under the UMTRA Project". Energy Information Administration Independent Statistics and Analysis. 1999. Retrieved 2016-05-23.
- ^ "UMTRCA Disposal Cell Site Selection Process (Document No. S15077)" (PDF). nrc.gov. July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ "40 CFR Part 192: Proposed Rulemaking and Background Documents | US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ^ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commision. “§ 40.27 General license for custody and long-term care of residual radioactive material disposal sites.” NRC Web, 24, Mar 2021.
- ^ a b U.S. Department of Energy. “UMTRCA Fact Sheet” Energy.gov , 24, Oct 2014 https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2014/10/f19/UMTRCA.pdf
- ^ U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commision. “§ 40.28 General license for custody and long-term care of uranium or thorium byproduct materials disposal sites.” NRC Web, 24, Mar 2021. https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part040/part040-0028.html