Urban studies

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Urban studies or pre-urban planning education is based on the study of the

urban development of cities and regions—it makes up the theory portion of the field of urban planning. This includes studying the history of city development from an architectural point of view, to the impact of urban design on community development efforts. [1] Urban studies is a major field of study used by paraprofessional practitioners of urban planning,[2][3] it helps with the understanding of human values, development, and the interactions they have with their physical environment.[4][5]

History

The study of cities has changed dramatically from the 1800s over time, with new frames of analysis being applied to the development of urban areas. The first college programs were created to observe how cities were developed based on anthropological research of ghetto communities.[6] In the mid-1900s, urban study programs expanded beyond just looking at the current and historical impacts of city design and began studying how those designs impacted the future interactions of people and how to improve city development through architecture, open spaces, the interactions of people, and different types of capital that forms a community.[4]

Urban history plays an important role in this field of study because it reveals how cities have developed previously.[7] History plays a large role in determining how cities will change in the future. Such areas change continuously as part of larger processes and create new histories that researchers study on both large-scale and individual levels.[8]

Overall, three different themes[9]: 7  have influenced how researchers have and will continue to study urban areas:

  1. Spatial structures: Reflect how the city is physically organized
  2. Processes that support spatial structure: Question how the city's structure operates
  3. Normative Analysis: Construct opinions supported by facts to promote better urban planning methods

Scholars have also researched how cities outside of the United Kingdom and the United States have developed, but only to a limited degree. Urban history previously focused mostly on how European and American cities developed over time, instead of focusing on how non-European cities developed.[10] Additional geographic areas researched in this field include South Africa,[11] Australia,[12] Latin America, and India.[7] This is changing as more research is performed in developing economies, leading to more contextual urban and infrastructural development in various parts of the world.[13][14]

The racial segregation of urban residents in the United States has played an important role in developing this field. One program founded to research African-American urban residents, the Harvard-MIT Joint Center for Urban Studies, was founded in 1959 to study residential segregation and to support affected communities.[15] More recently, studies related to race and urban life started to focus on ethnographic methods to study how individuals lived in relation to the city and their respective systems as a whole.[9]

Horace Cayton (1944),[16] Kenneth Clark (1965),[16] William Julius Wilson (1987).[16]

Areas of research

This field is

transportation[19] will change. In addition, researchers also study how residents interact within the city, such as how race[20] and gender[21] differences lead to social inequalities, or concentrated disadvantage in urban areas. Urban studies is a major field of study used by paraprofessional practitioners of urban planning.[2][3]

Criticism

Researchers struggle how to define basic terms precisely, such as how a city is defined, due to how the roles of cities change.[22] Researchers must be careful in how they describe urban areas, as their work can be manipulated as positive elements for city boosters wanting to promote a specific city.[23]

See also

References

External links