Bladder stone
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (December 2022) |
Bladder stone | |
---|---|
Other names | vesical calculus, cystolith |
Cystitis | |
Causes | Overconcentration of minerals, dehydration |
Prevention | Drinking plenty of fluids |
Treatment | Citrus juice, vinegar, surgery |
A bladder stone is a
Signs and symptoms
Bladder stones are small mineral deposits that can form in the bladder. In most cases bladder stones develop when the urine becomes very concentrated or when one is dehydrated. This allows for minerals, such as calcium or magnesium
Bladder stones vary in their size, shape and texture- some are small, hard and smooth whereas others are huge, spiked and very soft. One can have one or multiple stones. Bladder stones are somewhat more common in men who have
Causes
Bladder stones may occur whenever the kidneys, bladder, or ureters become inflamed, which may occur when the urine becomes too concentrated or when the body becomes dehydrated. Minerals such as calcium and magnesium crystallize into the stones, which then can cause such symptoms as lower back or abdominal pain or difficulty with urination. The use of urinary catheters may cause a bladder stone. Individuals who are paralyzed or are unable to adequately pass urine may require the use of small plastic tubes (catheters) placed into the bladder. The use of these tubes may lead to an infection, which irritates the bladder, resulting in stone formation. Finally, a kidney stone may travel down the ureter into the bladder and become a bladder stone. There is some evidence indicating that chronic irritation of the bladder by retained stones may increase the chance of bladder cancer. Urinary schistosomiasis, a disease caused by the digenean trematode Schistosoma haematobium, has been implicated in the development of vesical calculi.[4][5] However, evidence accumulated thus far has not supported this hypothesis.[6][7]
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of bladder stone includes
Classification
Urinary stones may be composed of the following substances:[9]
- Calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite)
- Calcium oxalate dihydrate (weddellite)
- Calcium phosphate
- Magnesium phosphate
- Ammonium phosphate
- Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite)
- Calcium hydroxyphosphate (apatite)
- Uric acid and its salts (urates)
- Cystine
- Xanthine
- Indigotin (rare)
- Urostealith (rare)
- Sulfonamide(rare)
Jackstone calculus
Jackstone calculi are rare bladder stones that have an appearance resembling toy
Prevention
The best way to prevent bladder stones is to drink plenty of liquids. Juices containing
Prevention in newborn children, especially in the first three months of life when most stones begin, is critical. Studies show that feeding newborn infants milk (mother's, cow or goat) with no substitutes or supplements until at least the third month has proven successful in preventing most stones.[14]
Management
Increasing fluid intake can facilitate the passage of small bladder stones. However, larger stones may require other methods of treatment.[15] Fragmentation of bladder stones can be achieved by use of a cystoscope which is inserted into the bladder. The urologist visualizes the stone and uses ultrasonic energy or laser lithotripsy to cause fragmentation of the stones into small pieces, which are then flushed out of the bladder. This procedure requires anesthesia and may require admission to a hospital. Complications of this treatment include infection and damage to the bladder.[16] Some stones are too large even for cystoscopic treatment and may require open cystotomy, in which an incision is made in the bladder and the stones are removed manually. For children with urinary stones, the evidence supporting treatment options is very weak and high quality trials are necessary to help guide clinical management.[17]
Cystolithotomy
Cystolithotomy is a surgical procedure for the removal of bladder stones in the case that one has been deemed too large to pass naturally, such as developed jackstone calculi. This may require open surgery to remove the stone, however robotic cystolithotomy allows for a minimally invasive approach to remove the stone through much smaller incisions than the traditional approach. Most bladder stones can be dealt with by an endoscopic procedure, to avoid the need for a surgical incision.
An open cystolithotomy is performed under
History
Lithoclastic cystotomy is attributed to Ammonius Lithotomos (stone-cutter) of Alexandria, Egypt. The term "lithotomy" is derived from the same words (λιθοτομία (lithotomia) - stone-cutting). Aulus Cornelius Celsus wrote that Lithotomos developed instruments to break up and extract bladder stones.[19] Celsus gave the first description of lithotomy as performed before and during his time, and the operation has ever since borne his name—the Celsian method.[20]
Etymology
Lithiasis (stone formation) in the bladder is called cystolithiasis (/ˌsɪstoʊlɪˈθaɪəsɪs/), from cysto- (bladder/cyst) + -lith (stone) + -iasis (disorder).
See also
Other animals
References
- ^ McNutt, WF (1893). "Chapter VII: Vesical Calculi (Cysto-lithiasis)". Diseases of the kidneys and bladder: a text-book for students of medicine. Vol. IV: Diseases of the Bladder. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. pp. 185–6. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ Bladder Stones General Overview Archived 2019-04-08 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
- ^ Bladder Stones Prevention, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
- PMID 19993192.
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- PMID 7260543.
- ^ Bladder Stones: eMedicine Urology, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
- ^ S. Materazzi, R. Curini, G. D'Ascenzo, and A. D. Magri (1995), TG-FTIR coupled analysis applied to the studies in urolithiasis: characterization of human renal calculi. Termochimica Acta, volume 264, 75--93.
- PMID 22279326.
- ^ "Orange Juice Fights Kidney Stones". www.webmd.com. Retrieved 2011-04-26.
- ^ Bladder Stones: Prevention, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
- PMID 25051345.
- S2CID 24890381– via pubmed.gov.
- ^ Bladder Stones: NY Times Health Information, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
- ^ Bladder Stones Overview: University of Maryland Medical Center, Retrieved on 2010-01-19.
- PMID 31596944.
- ^ "Cystolithotomy (Open Removal of Bladder Stones)". Nicholas Brook Urology. Nick Brook Urologist Adelaide. 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
- ^ Celsus, Aulus Cornelius (1831). A translation of the eight books of Aul. Corn. Celsus on medicine. Simpkin and Marshal. pp. 311–. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
- ^ Gouley, John William Severin (1892). Diseases of the urinary apparatus: phlegmasic affections. D. Appleton and Company. pp. 3–. Retrieved 2011-06-04.