Urmia

Coordinates: 37°32′38″N 45°03′53″E / 37.54389°N 45.06472°E / 37.54389; 45.06472
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Urmia
ارومیه
City
Clockwise from top: Skyline of the city, Jameh Mosque of Urmia, Segonbad
UTC+3:30 (IRST)
Area code044
Websiteurmia.city
Map

Urmia or Orumiyeh; in

West Azerbaijan Province of Iran. In the Central District of Urmia County, it is capital of the province, the county, and the district.[4]

The city lies at an altitude of 1,330 metres (4,360 ft) above sea level along the Shahar River on the Urmia Plain. Lake Urmia, one of the world's largest salt lakes, lies to the east of the city, and the border with Turkey lies to the west.

Urmia is the

10th-most populous city in Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 577,307 in 153,570 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 667,499 people in 197,749 households.[6] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 736,224 people in 225,050 households.[2] The majority of the city's residents are Azerbaijanis, with a large minority of Kurds, and a smaller number of Assyrians, and Armenians, as well as Persian-speakers who moved to the city mostly for employment.[7]

The city is the trading center for a fertile agricultural region where fruits (especially apples and grapes) and tobacco are grown. Even though the majority of the residents of Urmia are Muslims, the Christian history of Urmia is well preserved and is especially evident in the city's many churches and cathedrals.

An important town by the 9th century, the city has had a diverse population which has at times included Muslims (

Orthodox), Jews, Baháʼís and Sufis. Around 1900 Christians made up more than 40% of the city's population; however, in the next decades most of the Christians were either killed by the advancing Ottoman troops or in raids by Kurdish tribes[8][9] or fled shortly after the end of the war.[10][11][12]

Urmia, Takab and Piranshahr respectively have the highest number of registered provincial sites in the list of national sites.[13]

Etymology

T. Burrow connected the origin of the name Urmia to Indo-Iranian urmi- "wave" and urmya- "undulating, wavy".[15]

The name could also derive from the combination of the Assyrian Aramaic words Ur (ܐܘܪ; a common name for cities around Mesopotamia, meaning "city") and Mia (Syriac: ܡܝܐ, lit.'water'), "City of Water" referring to the great Lake Urmia nearby.[16] Compare Urhay, Ur of the Chaldees.

Variants and alternatives

As of 1921, Urmia was also called, Urumia and Urmi.

Ali al-Ridha
.

In his

awliya in the city.[19]

Due to the city's contact with many ethnic groups and cultures throughout its history, the name of the city has many linguistic variants:

History

People of Urmia awaiting the Shah, 1911
Urmia fruit market, 1911

According to

Median Empire
.

Assyrians who did survive the invasion of Baghdad by Timur fled through northern Iraq up into the Hakkari Mountains to the west of Lake Urmia and the area remained as their homeland until the 19th century.[25][26]

During the

Agha Muhammad Khan
, was crowned in Urmia in 1795.

Due to the presence of a substantial Christian minority at the end of the 19th century, Urmia was also chosen as the site of the first Christian missionaries from the United States in Iran in 1835 led by Justin Perkins (1805–1869) with Asahel Grant (1807–1844); and followed by Fidelia Fiske (1816–1864), Joseph Gallup Cochran (1817–1871), and Joseph Plumb Cochran (1855–1905).[30] Another mission was soon underway in nearby Tabriz as well. During World War I, the population was estimated by Dr. Caujole to be 30,000 people, and a quarter of which (7,500) were Assyrians and 1,000 Jews.[12]

During the 19th century, the region became the center of a short-lived Assyrian renaissance with many books and newspapers being published in Syriac. Urmia was also the seat of a Chaldean diocese.[31][32]

During late 1914 Ottoman forces under the command of

Russians and the Ottoman troops and their Kurdish allies in the following two years.[34] In 1914, before the declaration of war against Russia, Ottoman forces crossed the border into Persia and destroyed Christian villages. Large-scale attacks in late September and October 1914 targeted many Assyrian villages, and the attackers neared Urmia.[35] Due to Ottoman attacks, thousands of Christians living along the border fled to Urmia.[36]

Many Christians fled during the Russian withdrawal from Azerbaijan at the beginning of January 1915,[37] and 20,000 to 25,000 refugees were left stranded in Urmia.[38] Nearly 18,000 Christians sought shelter in the city's Presbyterian and Lazarist missions. Although there was reluctance to attack the missionary compounds, many died of disease.[39] Between February and May (when the Ottoman forces pulled out), there was a campaign of mass execution, looting, kidnapping, and extortion against Christians in Urmia.[38] More than 100 men were arrested at the Lazarist compound, and dozens (including Mar Dinkha, bishop of Tergawer) were executed on 23 and 24 February.[40]

The Russian army advanced later in 1915.[citation needed] After Russia's withdrawal as a result of the 1917 Russian Revolution,[41][42] about 5,000 Assyrian[43] and Armenian militia policed the area, but they frequently abused their power and killed Muslims without provocation.[44]

Armenian and Assyrian refugees in the avenue leading out of the Kurdish Gate, Urmia, July 1918

From February to July 1918, the region was engulfed by ethnic violence.[45][46] On 22 February, local Muslims and the Persian governor began an uprising against the Christian militias in Urmia. The better-organized Christians, led by Agha Petros, brutally crushed the uprising; hundreds (possibly thousands) were killed.[44] On 16 March, Mar Shimun and many of his bodyguards were killed by the Kurdish chieftain Simko Shikak, probably at the instigation of Persian officials fearing Assyrian separatism, after they met to discuss an alliance. Assyrians went on a killing and looting spree; unable to find Simko, they murdered Persian officials and inhabitants.[47][48] The Kurds responded by massacring Christians, regardless of denomination or ethnicity.[46] Christians were massacred in Salmas in June and in Urmia in early July,[45] and many Assyrian women were abducted.[49]

Christian militias in Azerbaijan were no match for the Ottoman army when it invaded in July 1918.[44] Tens of thousands of Ottoman and Persian Assyrians fled south to Hamadan, where the British Dunsterforce was garrisoned, on 18 July to escape Ottoman forces approaching Urmia under Ali İhsan Sâbis.[50][51] The Ottoman invasion was followed by killings of Christians, including Chaldean archbishop Toma Audo, and the sacking of Urmia.[52][46]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1986300,746—    
1991357,399+3.51%
1996435,200+4.02%
2006583,255+2.97%
2011667,499+2.74%
2016736,224+1.98%
source:[53]

Ethnic composition

The city has been home to various

Reza Shah Pahlavi, Iranian Assyrians were invited to return to the region, and several thousand did return. There are around 5,000 Assyrians remaining in the city.[61]

Until the

Lishán Didán) is still spoken by an ageing community in Israel
.

According to the Federal Research Division of Library of Congress, ethnic Azeris form around 40% of the population of Urmia region.[62] The majority of the city's residents are Azerbaijanis, with a large minority of Kurds, and a smaller number of Assyrians, and Armenians, as well as Persian-speakers who moved to the city mostly for employment.[7]

The majority of the population can speak the official language of Iran, Persian, in addition to their own native tongue.[63][64]

Religion

Saint Mary Church: an ancient Assyrian church located in the city of Urmia.
Mar Toma church near Urmia.

The city is the archiepiscopal see of the

Armenian Orthodox. There are four churches in the central part of the city, two being Assyrian Church of the East, one Armenian, and one Chaldean.[65][66]

When 17th-century explorer

Christian history
of Urmia is well preserved and is especially evident in the city's many churches and cathedrals.

Parks and touristic centres

The tourist attractions of the city of Urmia include many parks and coastal villages lying on or near the shores of Lake Urmia. The oldest park in Urmia, called Park-e Saat, was established in the first Pahlavi era. Urmia's largest park is Ellar Bagi Park (Azerbaijani "People's Garden") along the Shahar Chayi, or the "City River".

Lakes and ponds

  • Urmia Lake
    Natural Park
  • Hasanloo Lake
  • Marmisho lake
  • Shahrchay ِDam
  • Urmia Lake Islands

Lagoons

  • Haft Abad
  • Soole Dokel
  • Dana Boğan
  • Ali Pancesi
  • Isti Sou

Parks

  • Park-e Saat (Clock Park)
  • Park-e Jangali (Jungle Park)
  • Ellar Bagi (People's Garden)
  • Park-e Shahr (City Park)
  • Park-e Saheli (Riverside Park)
  • Park-e Shaghayegh
  • Alghadir Park
  • Tokhmemorghi (Oval) Park
  • Ghaem Park

Scenic coastal villages:

  • Chichest
  • Bari
  • Fanoos
  • Sier
  • Band
  • Khoshako

Landscape attractions:

  • Qasimlu Valley
  • Kazem Dashi Islet in Lake Urmia
  • Kashtiban Village
  • Imamzada Village
  • Silvana Region
  • Rashekan to Dash Aghol
  • Nazloo
  • Dalamper
  • Kaboodan Island[70]

Climate

Urmia's climate is

Urmia Lake
will have a negative impact on the climate of the region.

Being on the

foehn effect.[71]

Climate data for Urmia (Orumiyeh) 1991-2020, extremes 1961-2020
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.4
(61.5)
19.8
(67.6)
26.0
(78.8)
30.8
(87.4)
32.0
(89.6)
37.0
(98.6)
39.9
(103.8)
39.2
(102.6)
36.2
(97.2)
30.0
(86.0)
22.8
(73.0)
21.4
(70.5)
39.9
(103.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.6
(38.5)
6.6
(43.9)
12.0
(53.6)
17.7
(63.9)
22.8
(73.0)
28.4
(83.1)
31.5
(88.7)
31.4
(88.5)
27.3
(81.1)
20.5
(68.9)
12.0
(53.6)
5.8
(42.4)
17.6
(63.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.8
(28.8)
0.7
(33.3)
5.9
(42.6)
11.3
(52.3)
16.0
(60.8)
21.2
(70.2)
24.2
(75.6)
23.6
(74.5)
19.1
(66.4)
12.8
(55.0)
5.6
(42.1)
0.3
(32.5)
11.6
(52.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.4
(20.5)
−4.6
(23.7)
−0.2
(31.6)
4.4
(39.9)
8.4
(47.1)
12.5
(54.5)
15.8
(60.4)
15.0
(59.0)
10.4
(50.7)
5.7
(42.3)
0.3
(32.5)
−4.2
(24.4)
5.4
(41.8)
Record low °C (°F) −22.8
(−9.0)
−22
(−8)
−19
(−2)
−12
(10)
−1.8
(28.8)
3.9
(39.0)
8.4
(47.1)
7.8
(46.0)
2.2
(36.0)
−5
(23)
−13.4
(7.9)
−20
(−4)
−22.8
(−9.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 27.4
(1.08)
28.6
(1.13)
44.2
(1.74)
59.4
(2.34)
38.8
(1.53)
9.0
(0.35)
5.1
(0.20)
2.6
(0.10)
4.4
(0.17)
24.3
(0.96)
40.5
(1.59)
28.5
(1.12)
312.8
(12.31)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 4.8 4.3 6.1 7.2 6.8 2.0 0.7 0.6 1.0 3.5 5.3 5.0 47.3
Average snowy days 8.5 7.5 3.7 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.5 5.5 27.8
Average
relative humidity
(%)
74 68 59 57 56 47 46 46 48 58 70 75 58.7
Average dew point °C (°F) −6.1
(21.0)
−5.1
(22.8)
−2.3
(27.9)
2.0
(35.6)
6.1
(43.0)
8.3
(46.9)
10.8
(51.4)
10.1
(50.2)
6.7
(44.1)
3.9
(39.0)
0.0
(32.0)
−3.9
(25.0)
2.5
(36.6)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 142 172 203 227 285 353 369 353 306 237 175 136 2,958
Source: NOAA[72] (snow days 1961-1990[73])(extremes from both)

Sport

Sports are an important part of Urmia's culture. The most popular sport in Urmia is volleyball. Urmia is considered Iran's volleyball capital, and that is because of the ranks that

Saed Marouf, Abdolreza Alizadeh, and Milad Ebadipour) and first-class coaches in Iran. Recently, Urmia has also been called "the city of volleyball lovers" by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball
(International Volleyball Federation, FIVB) official website.

The

.

Culture

An Ashik music group
Jameh Mosque of Urmia

Azerbaijanis hold festivals and ceremonies such as Nowruz and Eid al-Adha like other Iranian ethnic groups with small differences.[74] Ashik music is one of the features of the Turkish speaking people of the world. It has different versions in Iran. Meanwhile, as many experts of this art testify the Urmia Ashik, is the most original and oldest version in the world, which has preserved its origin until the present day. Ashik music has its unique styles. As a piece of the culture of Azerbaijan, Urmia Ashik music has been registered in Iran's national heritage.

Museums

  • Natural History Museum – Displays the animals native to the vicinity of Urmia.
  • Urmia Museum – Archaeological museum affiliated with the faculty of Shahid Beheshti University.
  • Urmia Museum of Crafts and Classical Arts.
  • Urmia Museum of َAnthropology.

Education

A School in Urmia (1910)

The first modern style school established in Urmia in 1834.[75]

Urmia University's hall

Higher education

Urmia was an important centre for higher education approximately a century ago; indeed, the medical college of Urmia, which was built by Joseph Cochran and a team of American medical associates in 1878, is the first modern university of Iran. Unfortunately, the college was shut down even before the establishment of the first official University of Iran, University of Tehran. Today, Urmia has become an important centre of education, with several state and private universities and institutes, including those listed below.

Universities in Urmia:

University Web Site
Urmia University [1]
Malek Ashtar University of Technology
Urmia Branch
[2]
Urmia University of Medical Sciences [3]
Urmia University of Technology [4]
Islamic Azad University of Urmia [5]
Payame Noor University of Urmia [6]
Elmi Karbordi University of Urmia [7]
University College of Saba [8]
University College of Azarabadegan [9]
University College of Elm O fan [10]
University College of Kamal [11]
Shahid Beheshti Technical School [12]
Ghazi Tabatabaee Technical School [13]
The Girls Technical School of Urmia [14]
Najand Institute of Higher Education [15]
University College Afagh [16]

Libraries

  • Allame Tabatabayee
    Library
  • Central Library of Urmia
  • Library of Ghaem
  • Library of I.R. Iran Education Ministry
  • Library of Imam Ali
  • Library of kanoon parvaresh fekri
  • Library of Khane-ye-Javan
  • Library of Shahid Motahhari
  • Library of
    Shahid Bahonar
  • Library of Urmia Cultural and Artistical Center

Media

Television

Urmia has one state-owned television channel,

Azerbaijani, and Persian, and internationally through satellite Intelsat 902.[76]

Radio

Urmia has one radio channel broadcasting in Kurdish, Azerbaijani and Persian. The name of the local radio is Chichest.[76]

Press

Among others, the city's print media include:

  • Orumiye
  • Barish news
  • Sedaye Urmia
  • Amanat
  • Koosha
  • Araz

Infrastructure

Transportation

Most of Urmia's residents travel by car through the system of roads and

taxis and public buses. There are also some private groups that provide services called "Phone-taxi."[citation needed] Two Tram-lines for Urmia are Planned .[citation needed
]

Urmia is linked to

Iran National Railways
(IRIR, رجا).

Health systems

The Iranian government operates public hospitals in the Urmia metropolitan region. There are also a number of private hospitals and medical centers in the city. Hospitals include:[citation needed] Hospitals:

  • 523 Artesh(Army) Hospital
  • Arefian Hospital[79]
  • Azerbaijan Hospital[80]
  • Gholipour Children's Hospital
  • Imam Khomeini Hospital[81]
  • Imam Reza Hospital
  • Milad international medical center[82]
  • Motahari Hospital[83]
  • Omid Hospital[84]
  • Razi Psychiatry Hospital[85]
  • Taleghani Hospital[86]
  • Seyedoshohada Heart Hospital[87]
  • Shafa Hospital[88]
  • Shams Hospital[89]
  • Solati Hospital[90]

Clinics:

  • Fatimiye Pro-Medical Clinic
  • Kosar Women's Pro-Medical Clinic

Consulates

The Turkish government has a consulate on Beheshti Avenue.

People

During its history Urmia was the origin for many Iranian illumination[clarification needed] and modernization movements. The city was the hometown of numerous figures including politicians, revolutionaries, artists, and military leaders. Following is a partial list of some of the people who was born or lived in Urmia.

For a complete list see: Category:People from Urmia

  • Davood Azad, is an Iranian classical and folk music singer.
    Davood Azad, is an Iranian classical and folk music singer.
  • Oyan Nazariani, is an Azerbaijani Beach wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestler born in Urmia. He is the head coach of the Azerbaijani beach wrestling team.[91]
    Oyan Nazariani, is an Azerbaijani Beach wrestling and Greco-Roman wrestler born in Urmia. He is the head coach of the Azerbaijani beach wrestling team.[91]

Twin towns and sister cities

See also

References

  1. ^ Urmia can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3077456" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
  2. ^ Variously transliterated as Oroumieh, Oroumiyeh, Orūmīyeh and Urūmiyeh.
  3. ^ Also Rezaeyeh, Rezā’īyeh, Rezâiyye
  4. ^ Variously transliterated as Oroumieh, Oroumiyeh, Orūmīyeh and Urūmiyeh.

Sources

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  3. ^ "Orūmīyeh | Iran | Britannica".
  4. ^ Habibi, Hassan (7 July 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the country divisions of West Azerbaijan province, centered in the city of Urmia". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
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  65. ^ Location of Nestorian Churches- https://www.google.com/maps/place/Holy+Mary+Church/@37.5441966,45.0678303,244m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!3m1!1s0x0000000000000000:0x3a31bcdb0de639d3!6m1!1e1
  66. ^ Location of Armenian and Chaldean churches- https://www.google.com/maps/place/37%C2%B033'04.3%22N+45%C2%B003'57.9%22E/@37.5511954,45.0653628,244m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x0
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