Urraca of León and Castile

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Urraca
Basilica of San Isidoro
SpouseRaymond of Burgundy
Alfonso the Battler
IssueSancha Raimúndez
Alfonso VII of León and Castile
Fernando Pérez Furtado
Elvira Pérez de Lara
HouseJiménez
FatherAlfonso VI of León and Castile
MotherConstance of Burgundy

Urraca (c. 1080 – 8 March 1126), called "the reckless" (la temeraria),[2] was Queen of León, Castile and Galicia from 1109 until her death. She claimed the imperial title as suo jure Empress of All Spain[3] and Empress of All Galicia.[4]

Early years

Urraca was born to King Alfonso VI of León and Castile and Constance of Burgundy.[5] Constance—Alfonso's second wife—was closely related to the French royal family and the influential Burgundian abbot Hugh of Cluny was her maternal uncle.[5] As Constance was also related to her husband's first wife, Agnes of Aquitaine, Pope Gregory VII only confirmed their marriage after Alfonso agreed to replace the traditional Mozarabic liturgy in his realms with the Roman Rite.[6] The place and date of Urraca's birth are unknown, but she was born likely in Sahagún or León around 1080, probably in 1081.[7][8] Although she was her parents' sole child, her childhood is poorly documented.[9] She would mention one Presbyter Pedro and a certain Domingo Falcóniz, two otherwise unknown clergymen, as her tutors in her royal diplomas.[10] Her relationship with her paternal aunt Elvira was obviously close, as it is demonstrated by Elvira's appointment as guardian of Urraca's daughter Sancha Raimúndez.[9] A late source, Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, claims that the powerful aristocrat Pedro Ansúrez and his wife Elo Alfónsez raised Urraca in their household, but no contemporaneous document confirms this report.[8][11]

First marriage and widowhood

Urraca was married to

Odo I of Burgundy and Odo's brother Henry. The Muslim Almoravids inflicted a heavy defeat on Alfonso VI at Sagrajas in 1086 and Urraca's marriage to Raymond was part of Alfonso's diplomatic strategy to attract cross-Pyrenees alliances.[12] The first authentic document mentioning Urraca as Raymond's wife, a letter of grant to one Hermenegildo Rodríguez, was issued on 22 February 1093,[13] but interpolated documents refer to them as husband and wife already before 1088.[8] Historians Ángel Gordo Molina and Diego Melo Carrasco propose that Raymond wed Urraca likely before early 1090 when royal diplomas first present them as rulers of the "Land of Saint James", or Galicia.[14]

Raymond reached the age of majority by the time of the marriage, but Alfonso VI continued to control the administration of Galicia. His representative in Galicia, Pedro Vimaraz, died around the time of the wedding and Alfonso appointed Arias Diaz as his successor. A talented young clergyman,

concubine Zaida of Seville gave birth to a son, Sancho Alfónsez. The birth of her illegitimate brother jeopardized Urraca's position as their father's sole heir.[16] The power base of Raymond and Urraca weakened even more when Alfonso granted the "Land of Portugal" to his illegitimate daughter Theresa and her husband Henry of Burgundy around 1094.[17]

As a woman, Urraca was under the tutelage of her husband. Raymond was mentioned at the first place in almost all documents issued during his rule as Count of Galicia. Two documents, both confirming privileges of the burghers of

Abbey of Cluny late in 1105 or early in 1106.[17][19] They agreed on the division of their father-in-law's realms without referring to Sancho's claims and Henry promised to rule his portion as Raymond's vassal.[21]

Raymond fell seriously ill and died in Grajal de Campos in September 1107.[22] The widowed Urraca took full responsibility of the administration of Galicia.[23] She styled herself "empress of whole Galicia" in her letter of grant to the Lugo Cathedral late in 1107 or early in 1108.[24] The Galician clerics and aristocrats regarded Urraca's infant son by Raymond, Alfonso Raimúndez, as Raymond's lawful successor. The boy's position as his father's heir was confirmed in their presence at an assembly in León by Alfonso VI. The King also acknowledged his grandson's right to rule Galicia in case of Urraca's remarriage.[24] Around this time Urraca began a love affair with the Castilian aristocrat Gómez González.[25] Sancho Alfónsez died fighting against the Almoravids at Uclés on 29 May 1108. After her half-brother's unexpected death, Urraca became their father's sole heir.[21][25] Her new position was ceremoniously confirmed at an assembly of "almost all nobles and counts of Spain" shortly before her father died on 30 June or 1 July 1108.[25][26]

Reign

Second marriage

Signature of Urraca from 1097 charter

Urraca succeeded her father as the first

Archbishop of Toledo, raised objections against the marriage, emphasising that Urraca and Alfonso were cousins.[26] In contrast with the two chronicles, Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada writes that Alfonso VI started the negotiations about his heir's marriage with Alfonso I because he wanted to prevent Urraca's marriage with her lover, Gómez González.[29] Gordo Molina and Melo Carrasc propose that both reports could be reliable, because the selection of a suitable husband for his daughter and heir was the elderly King's most important task before his death.[26]

Alfonso I married Urraca in the castle of

bishops of Burgos and León and the abad of Sahagún were forced to flee.[34]

The marriage proved unfortunate. Alfonso's prejudice against women is well documented and he disliked Urraca's son. She disdained her husband for his superstitious nature, in particular for his fear of ravens and crows, and he killed a Galician noble who had sought Urraca's protection in Monterroso during their campaign in Galicia.[35] Her husband regularly shamed her in the royal court and often went as far as beating and kicking her in public.[34] Urraca's letter of grant to the Abbey of Santo Domingo de Silos is the earliest attestation to her will to get rid of her husband's tutelage. In the document, she styled herself as "queen of whole Spain and daughter of Emperor Alfonso" on 13 June 1110. The exact circumstances of Urraca's separation from her husband are uncertain. According to contemporaneous sources, she left Alfonso after consulting with her advisors. Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada writes that Alfonso repudiated her for her infidelity leaving her "free to do whatever she pleased". The last document mentioning Urraca in her second husband's company was issued on 22 May 1112.[36]

A coin depicting Queen Urraca

The marriage of Urraca and Alfonso almost immediately sparked rebellions in Galicia[37] and scheming by her illegitimate half-sister Theresa and brother-in-law Henry, the countess and count of Portugal. Also, they believed that the new marriage of Urraca could put in jeopardy the rights of the son of her first marriage, Alfonso Raimúndez. One of the first acts of the new spouses was to sign a pact under which the monarchs granted to each other soberana potestas over the other's kingdom, declaring heir of both their future children, and in the case that the union was childless, the surviving spouse would succeed the other one in the throne.

From the start, the Galician faction was divided in two tendencies: one headed by Archbishop Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela (who defended the position of Alfonso Raimúndez as Urraca's successor) and another led by Count Pedro Fróilaz de Traba, tutor of the young prince (who was inclined to the complete independence of Galicia under the rule of Alfonso). A third group of opposition to the royal marriage was at the court and was headed by Count Gómez González, whose motivation against Urraca and Alfonso I of Aragon could have been his fear of losing power, a sensation soon confirmed when Alfonso I appointed Aragonese and Navarrese nobles for important public posts and as holders of fortresses.

From Galicia, the count of Traba began the first aggressive movement against the monarchs reclaiming the hereditary rights of Alfonso Raimúndez. In response to the Galician rebellion, Alfonso I of Aragon marched with his army to Galicia and in 1110, reestablished the order there after defeating the local troops in Monterroso Castle. The Galician rebellion against the royal power was only the beginning of a series of political and military conflicts which, with the complete opposite personalities of Urraca and Alfonso I and their mutual dislike, gave rise to a continuous civil war in the Hispanic kingdoms over the following years. Urraca did not share the governance of her realms with her husband.[38]

As their relationship soured, Urraca accused Alfonso of physical abuse, and by May 1110 she separated from Alfonso. In addition to her objections to Alfonso's handling of rebels, the couple had a falling-out over his execution of one of the rebels who had surrendered to the queen, to whom the queen was inclined to be merciful. Additionally, as Urraca was married to someone many in the kingdom objected to, the queen's son and heir became a rallying point for opponents to the marriage.

Urraca's realm

Estrangement between husband and wife escalated from discrete and simmering hostilities into open armed warfare between the Leonese-Castilians and the Aragonese. An alliance between Alfonso of Aragon and Henry of Portugal culminated in the 1111

Zamora and Extremadura. Recovering these regions and expanding into Muslim lands would occupy much of Urraca's foreign policy. Despite the annulment of their marriage (on the grounds of consanguinity), Alfonso continued his efforts for political control.[39] While Urraca was engaged in this battle, she also had to contend with the schemes of her sister, who promoted a plan to replace the queen by her son. This particular incident, ended in a compromise between the two sisters where Theresa was granted a vast territory in Leon in exchange for agreeing that she was Urraca's vassal.[39]

According to author Bernard F. Reilly, the measure of success for Urraca’s rule was her ability to restore and protect the integrity of her inheritance – that is, the kingdom of her father – and transmit that inheritance in full to her own heir. Policies and events pursued by Alfonso VI – namely legitimizing her brother and thereby providing an opportunity for her illegitimate half-sister to claim a portion of the patrimony, as well as the forced marriage with Alfonso I of Aragon – contributed in large part to the challenges Urraca faced upon her succession. Additionally, the circumstance of Urraca’s gender added a distinctive role-reversal dimension to diplomacy and politics, which Urraca used to her advantage.

Character

Medieval depiction of Urraca

Urraca is characterized in the

Alfonso Raimúndez likewise decried the political turmoil caused by her extramarital affairs.[40] Modern historians have given a more critical outlook to these observations, with Reilly noting that the queen was nevertheless in control of events,[41] in contrast with earlier writers who had described her suitors as the real rulers.[42][43]

Death and legacy

According to the twelfth-century "Chronicon Compostellanum", Urraca died in adulterous childbirth on 8 March 1126 in the castle of Saldaña.[44] As queen, she rose to the challenges presented to her, and her solutions were seen by Reilly as pragmatic ones. Her delaying the accession of her son Alfonso VII nevertheless led to a turbulent transition of power, as the new king would have to face the rebellion of her lover Pedro González upon her death, followed by an attempted invasion by the king of Aragon, and the resumption of Galician revolts.[45][46]

Family

Urraca's firstborn child by Raymond, Sancha, was born before 11 November 1095. She was named for Urraca's paternal grandmother Sancha of León who transmitted the claim to rule the Kingdom of León to her children. A diploma issued in Monastery of San Xulián de Samos on 24 October 1102 refers to the "children" of Raymond and Urraca, implying that their second child, Alfonso, had been born, but two nearly contemporaneous sources—the Chronicon Compostellanum and the Historia Compostelana—dates Alfonso's birth to 1105. He was named for Urraca's father.[47]

Urraca had two illegitimate children with her lover Pedro González de Lara: Fernando Pérez Hurtado (c.1114-1156), and Elvira Pérez de Lara (c.1112-1174), who is mentioned in the Historia Compostelana in connection with her donation of the village of Arquillinos to Diego Gelmírez.[48] Elvira would twice wed, first to García Pérez de Traba, lord of Trastámara and son of Pedro Fróilaz de Traba, then to count Beltrán de Risnel.

References

  1. ^ Lhotka, John F.; Anderson, P. K. (1963). Survey of Medieval Iberian Coinages. American Numismatic Association. p. 27.
  2. ^ "Urraca, first queen of Castile. A battered woman", elartedelahistoria.com
  3. ^ The actual title in the text is Queen of Spain (Ispanie regina), a title analogous to that of Imperator totius Hispaniae, according to Bernard F. Reilly
  4. ^ La Reina Urraca (in Spanish)
  5. ^ a b Pallares & Portela 2006, p. 16.
  6. ^ Pallares & Portela 2006, p. 18.
  7. ^ Pallares & Portela 2006, pp. 16, 24.
  8. ^ a b c Gordo Molina & Melo Carrasco 2018, p. 29.
  9. ^ a b Pallares & Portela 2006, p. 21.
  10. ^ Pallares & Portela 2006, p. 28.
  11. ^ Pallares & Portela 2006, p. 25.
  12. ^ a b c Pallares & Portela 2006, p. 29.
  13. ^ Pallares & Portela 2006, pp. 29, 193 (note 56).
  14. ^ Gordo Molina & Melo Carrasco 2018, pp. 32–33.
  15. ^ Gordo Molina & Melo Carrasco 2018, pp. 29–34.
  16. ^ Pallares & Portela 2006, p. 33.
  17. ^ a b O'Callaghan 1994, p. 213.
  18. ^ Pallares & Portela 2006, pp. 34–35.
  19. ^ a b Gordo Molina & Melo Carrasco 2018, p. 35.
  20. ^ Gordo Molina & Melo Carrasco 2018, p. 39.
  21. ^ a b O'Callaghan 1994, p. 214.
  22. ^ Pallares & Portela 2006, pp. 38–39.
  23. ^ Gordo Molina & Melo Carrasco 2018, p. 38.
  24. ^ a b Pallares & Portela 2006, p. 39.
  25. ^ a b c Pallares & Portela 2006, p. 40.
  26. ^ a b c Gordo Molina & Melo Carrasco 2018, p. 45.
  27. ^ Gordo Molina & Melo Carrasco 2018, pp. 45–47.
  28. ^ Pallares & Portela 2006, pp. 40–41.
  29. ^ Pallares & Portela 2006, p. 41.
  30. ^ Gordo Molina & Melo Carrasco 2018, p. 50.
  31. ^ Pallares & Portela 2006, p. 43.
  32. ^ Gordo Molina & Melo Carrasco 2018, p. 52.
  33. ^ Gordo Molina & Melo Carrasco 2018, pp. 54–56.
  34. ^ a b Gordo Molina & Melo Carrasco 2018, pp. 57–58.
  35. ^ Pallares & Portela 2006, pp. 44–45.
  36. ^ Pallares & Portela 2006, pp. 45–46.
  37. Galician
    nobles feared their influence in the kingdom of Leon would be significantly lessened in favor of Alfonso and his Aragonese nobles. One first factions was formed by the French clergy, who had been reinforced by the first marriage of Urraca and now feared losing their privileges. A second faction was formed by many Galician nobles, who jockeyed for influence with Castilians for influence at the Leonese court. They feared the centre of power would shift further eastward if Urraca's marriage was honoured.
  38. .
  39. ^ .
  40. ^ Falque 1994, p. 255.
  41. ^ Reilly 1982, p. 47.
  42. ^ Valverde 1989, p. 267.
  43. ^ McMurdo 1888, p. 140.
  44. ^ Reilly 1982, p. 46.
  45. ^ Reilly 1998, pp. 26–31.
  46. ^ McMurdo 1888, p. 144.
  47. ^ Pallares & Portela 2006, pp. 36–37.
  48. ^ Pallares & Portela 2006, pp. 48–49.

Sources

Further reading

External links

  • Reilly, Bernard F. The Medieval Spains, 1993.
Urraca of León and Castile
House of Jiménez
Born: April 1079 Died: 8 March 1126
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Alfonso VI
Queen of León and Castile

1109–1126
Succeeded by
Alfonso VII
Queen of Galicia
1109–1111
Empress of All Spain
1109–1126
with Alfonso I of Aragon
Royal titles
Preceded by
Bertha of Italy
Queen consort of Aragon

1109–1114
Succeeded by
Queen consort of Navarre

1109–1114
Succeeded by
Marguerite de l'Aigle