Ursa Major
Constellation | |
Bordering constellations | Draco Camelopardalis Lynx Leo Minor Leo Coma Berenices Canes Venatici Boötes |
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Visible at latitudes between +90° and −30°. Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of April. The Big Dipper or Plough |
Ursa Major (
Ursa Major is primarily known from the
Ursa Major, along with asterisms it contains or overlaps, is significant to numerous world cultures, often as a symbol of the north. Its depiction on the flag of Alaska is a modern example of such symbolism.
Ursa Major is visible throughout the year from most of the
Characteristics
Ursa Major covers 1279.66 square degrees or 3.10% of the total sky, making it the third largest constellation.
Features
Asterisms
The outline of the seven bright stars of Ursa Major form the
- Dubhe ("the bear"), which at a magnitude of 1.79 is the 35th-brightest star in the sky and the second-brightest of Ursa Major.
- Merak ("the loins of the bear"), with a magnitude of 2.37.
- Phecda ("thigh"), with a magnitude of 2.44.
- Megrez, meaning "root of the tail", referring to its location as the intersection of the body and tail of the bear (or the ladle and handle of the dipper).
- Ap stars, magnetic stars whose chemical elements are either depleted or enhanced, and appear to change as the star rotates.[10]
- Mizar, ζ Ursae Majoris, the second star in from the end of the handle of the Big Dipper, and the constellation's fourth-brightest star. Mizar, which means "girdle", forms a famous double star, with its optical companion Alcor (80 Ursae Majoris), the two of which were termed the "horse and rider" by the Arabs.
- Alkaid, known as η Ursae Majoris, meaning the "end of the tail". With a magnitude of 1.85, Alkaid is the third-brightest star of Ursa Major.[11][12]
Except for Dubhe and Alkaid, the stars of the Big Dipper all have
The stars Merak (β Ursae Majoris) and Dubhe (α Ursae Majoris) are known as the "pointer stars" because they are helpful for finding
Another asterism representing three pairs of footprints of a leaping gazelle
Other stars
W Ursae Majoris is the prototype of a class of contact binary variable stars, and ranges between 7.75m and 8.48m.
The star TYC 3429-697-1 (9h 40m 44s 48° 14′ 2″), located to the east of
Deep-sky objects
Several bright
M81 is a nearly face-on spiral galaxy 11.8 million light-years from Earth. Like most spiral galaxies, it has a core made up of old stars, with arms filled with young stars and nebulae. Along with M82, it is a part of the galaxy cluster closest to the Local Group.
NGC 2787 is a lenticular galaxy at a distance of 24 million light-years. Unlike most lenticular galaxies, NGC 2787 has a bar at its center. It also has a halo of globular clusters, indicating its age and relative stability.[19]
NGC 2950 is a lenticular galaxy located 60 million light-years from Earth.
NGC 3000 is a double star, and catalogued as a nebula-type object.
NGC 3079 is a starburst spiral galaxy located 52 million light-years from Earth. It has a horseshoe-shaped structure at its center that indicates the presence of a supermassive black hole. The structure itself is formed by superwinds from the black hole.[19]
NGC 3310 is another starburst spiral galaxy located 50 million light-years from Earth. Its bright white color is caused by its higher than usual rate of star formation, which began 100 million years ago after a merger. Studies of this and other starburst galaxies have shown that their starburst phase can last for hundreds of millions of years, far longer than was previously assumed.[19]
NGC 4013 is an edge-on spiral galaxy located 55 million light-years from Earth. It has a prominent dust lane and has several visible star forming regions.[19]
I Zwicky 18 is a young dwarf galaxy at a distance of 45 million light-years. The youngest-known galaxy in the visible universe, I Zwicky 18 is about 4 million years old, about one-thousandth the age of the Solar System. It is filled with star forming regions which are creating many hot, young, blue stars at a very high rate.[19]
The
Meteor showers
- The Alpha Ursae Majorids are a minor meteor shower in the constellation.[23] They may be caused by the comet C/1992 W1 (Ohshita).[23][24]
- The Kappa Ursae Majorids are a newly discovered meteor shower, peaking between November 1 and November 10.[25]
- The October Ursae Majorids were discovered in 2006 by Japanese researchers. They may be caused may be a long period comet.[26] The shower peaks between October 12 and 19.[27]
Extrasolar planets
History
Ursa Major has been reconstructed as an
Mythology
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2019) |
The constellation of Ursa Major has been seen as a bear, usually female,[35] by many distinct civilizations.[36] This may stem from a common oral tradition of Cosmic Hunt myths stretching back more than 13,000 years.[37] Using statistical and phylogenetic tools, Julien d'Huy reconstructs the following Palaeolithic state of the story: "There is an animal that is a horned herbivore, especially an elk. One human pursues this ungulate. The hunt locates or get to the sky. The animal is alive when it is transformed into a constellation. It forms the Big Dipper."[38]
Greco-Roman tradition
In
The Greek poet Aratus called the constellation Helike, ("turning" or "twisting"), because it turns around the celestial pole. The Odyssey notes that it is the sole constellation that never sinks below the horizon and "bathes in the Ocean's waves", so it is used as a celestial reference point for navigation.[41] It has also been called the "Wain" or "Plaustrum", a Latin word referring to a horse-drawn cart.[42]
Hindu tradition
In Hinduism, Ursa Major/Big dipper/ Great Bear is known as Saptarshi, each of the stars representing one of the Saptarishis or Seven Sages (Rishis) viz. Bhrigu, Atri, Angiras, Vasishtha, Pulastya, Pulaha, and Kratu. The fact that the two front stars of the constellations point to the pole star is explained as the boon given to the boy sage Dhruva by Lord Vishnu.[43]
Judeo-Christian tradition
One of the few star groups mentioned in the Bible (Job 9:9; 38:32; – Orion and the Pleiades being others), Ursa Major was also pictured as a bear by the Jews. "The Bear" was translated as "Arcturus" in the Vulgate and it persisted in the King James Version of the Bible.
East Asian traditions
In China and Japan, the Big Dipper is called the "North Dipper" 北斗 (Chinese: běidǒu, Japanese: hokuto), and in ancient times, each one of the seven stars had a specific name, often coming themselves from ancient China:
- "Pivot" 樞 (C: shū J: sū) is for Dubhe (Alpha Ursae Majoris)
- "Beautiful jade" 璇 (C: xuán J: sen) is for Merak (Beta Ursae Majoris)
- "Pearl" 璣 (C: jī J: ki) is for Phecda (Gamma Ursae Majoris)
- "Balance"[44] 權 (C: quán J: ken) is for Megrez (Delta Ursae Majoris)
- "Measuring rod of jade" 玉衡 (C: yùhéng J: gyokkō) is for Alioth (Epsilon Ursae Majoris)
- "Opening of the Yang" 開陽 (C: kāiyáng J: kaiyō) is for Mizar (Zeta Ursae Majoris)
- Alkaid (Eta Ursae Majoris) has several nicknames: "Sword" 劍 (C: jiàn J: ken) (short form from "End of the sword" 劍先 (C: jiàn xiān J: ken saki)), "Flickering light" 搖光 (C: yáoguāng J: yōkō), or again "Star of military defeat" 破軍星 (C: pójūn xīng J: hagun sei), because travel in the direction of this star was regarded as bad luck for an army.[45]
In Shinto, the seven largest stars of Ursa Major belong to Ame-no-Minakanushi, the oldest and most powerful of all kami.
In South Korea, the constellation is referred to as "the seven stars of the north". In the related myth, a widow with seven sons found comfort with a widower, but to get to his house required crossing a stream. The seven sons, sympathetic to their mother, placed stepping stones in the river. Their mother, not knowing who put the stones in place, blessed them and, when they died, they became the constellation.
Native American traditions
The Iroquois interpreted Alioth, Mizar, and Alkaid as three hunters pursuing the Great Bear. According to one version of their myth, the first hunter (Alioth) is carrying a bow and arrow to strike down the bear. The second hunter (Mizar) carries a large pot – the star Alcor – on his shoulder in which to cook the bear while the third hunter (Alkaid) hauls a pile of firewood to light a fire beneath the pot.
The Lakota people call the constellation Wičhákhiyuhapi, or "Great Bear".
The
The
Germanic traditions
To
Uralic traditions
In the Finnish language, the asterism is sometimes called by its old Finnish name, Otava. The meaning of the name has been almost forgotten in Modern Finnish; it means a salmon weir. Ancient Finns believed the bear (Ursus arctos) was lowered to earth in a golden basket off the Ursa Major, and when a bear was killed, its head was positioned on a tree to allow the bear's spirit to return to Ursa Major.
In the
Southeast Asian traditions
In Burmese, Pucwan Tārā (ပုဇွန် တာရာ, [bəzʊ̀ɴ tàjà]) is the name of a constellation comprising stars from the head and forelegs of Ursa Major; pucwan (ပုဇွန်) is a general term for a crustacean, such as prawn, shrimp, crab, lobster, etc.
In Javanese, it is known as "lintang jong", which means "the jong constellation". Likewise, in Malay it is called "bintang jong".[50]
Esoteric lore
In
Graphic visualisation
This section needs additional citations for verification. (April 2019) |
In European star charts, the constellation was visualized with the 'square' of the Big Dipper forming the bear's body and the chain of stars forming the Dipper's "handle" as a long tail. However, bears do not have long tails, and Jewish astronomers considered Alioth, Mizar, and Alkaid instead to be three cubs following their mother, while the Native Americans saw them as three hunters.
Noted children's book author
-
Ursa Major as depicted in Urania's Mirror, a set of constellation cards published in London c.1825
-
Johannes Hevelius drew Ursa Major as if being viewed from outside the celestial sphere.
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Starry Night Over the Rhone by Vincent van Gogh(1888)
Ursa Major is also pictured as the Starry Plough, the Irish flag of Labour, adopted by James Connolly's Irish Citizen Army in 1916, which shows the constellation on a blue background; on the state flag of Alaska; and on the House of Bernadotte's variation of the coat of arms of Sweden. The seven stars on a red background of the flag of the Community of Madrid, Spain, may be the stars of the Plough asterism (or of Ursa Minor). The same can be said of the seven stars pictured in the bordure azure of the coat of arms of Madrid, capital of that country.
See also
- Ursa Major (Chinese astronomy)
- Ursa Minor
- Southern Cross
- Celestial cartography
- Constellation family
- Former constellations
- Lists of stars by constellation
- Constellations listed by Johannes Hevelius
- Constellations listed by Lacaille
- Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius
- Constellations listed by Ptolemy
Notes
References
- ^ "Chandra: Constellation Ursa Major". chandra.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
- ^ "Constellation | COSMOS". astronomy.swin.edu.au. Retrieved 2022-07-07.
- ^ "Constellations Lacerta–Vulpecula".
- ^ "Ursa Major, Constellation Boundary". The Constellations. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
- ^ "The Constellations". Retrieved 2019-06-07.
- ISBN 978-0-276-42715-2. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2016-11-07.
- ^ "Charles' Wain". Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 23 November 2017.
- ISBN 978-1-4614-0929-8. Archivedfrom the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
- ISBN 978-0-521-89954-3. Archivedfrom the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
- ^ Jim Kaler (2009-09-16). "Stars: "Alioth"". Archivedfrom the original on 2019-12-11. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
- ISBN 978-0-307-13667-1. Archivedfrom the original on 2021-04-15. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
- ^ Ridpath, at p. 136.
- ^ Ian Ridpath. "Star Tales – Ursa Major".
- ^ a b Levy 2005, p. 67.
- ^ "Planet 47 Uma b". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. 11 July 2012. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ^ "Planet 47 Uma c". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. 11 July 2012. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ^ "Planet 47 Uma d". Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. 11 July 2012. Archived from the original on 11 November 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
- ^ "Delaware Facts & Symbols – Delaware Miscellaneous Symbols". delaware.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-03-28. Retrieved 2019-06-07.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-55407-175-3.
- Bibcode:2014ATel.5786....1C.
- ^ Levy 2005, pp. 129–130.
- Bibcode:2012S&T...124a..45S.
- ^ S2CID 224889918.
- .
- ^ Jenniskens, Peter (September 2012). "Mapping Meteoroid Orbits: New Meteor Showers Discovered". Sky & Telescope: 23.
- S2CID 123555821.
- ^ "October Ursa Majorids – Watch the Skies". blogs.nasa.gov. 18 October 2011. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
- Bibcode:2013S&T...125e..26L.
- ^
Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (August 2006). "Chapter 8.5: The Physical Landscape of the Proto-Indo-Europeans". Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford, GBR: Oxford University Press. p. 131. OCLC 139999117.
The most solidly 'reconstructed' Indo-European constellation is Ursa Major, which is designated as 'The Bear' (Chapter 9) in Greek and Sanskrit (Latin may be a borrowing here), although even the latter identification has been challenged.
- ^ Ridpath, Ian. "Ptolemy's Almagest: First printed edition, 1515". Retrieved 15 November 2022.
- ^ "Canción para la luna - Federico García Lorca - Ciudad Seva". Archived from the original on 2015-05-10. Retrieved 2015-08-16.
- ISSN 2076-0787.
- JSTOR 3177290.
- ISBN 978-0-8028-2331-1. Archivedfrom the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 2019-07-30.
- ISBN 978-0-486-21079-7. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- JSTOR 537746.
- ^ Bradley E Schaefer, The Origin of the Greek Constellations: Was the Great Bear constellation named before hunter nomads first reached the Americas more than 13,000 years ago?, Scientific American, November 2006, reviewed at The Origin of the Greek Constellations Archived 2017-04-01 at the Wayback Machine; Yuri Berezkin, The cosmic hunt: variants of a Siberian – North-American myth Archived 2015-05-04 at the Wayback Machine. Folklore, 31, 2005: 79–100.
- ^ d'Huy Julien, Un ours dans les étoiles: recherche phylogénétique sur un mythe préhistorique Archived 2021-12-20 at the Wayback Machine, Préhistoire du sud-ouest, 20 (1), 2012: 91–106; A Cosmic Hunt in the Berber sky : a phylogenetic reconstruction of Palaeolithic mythology Archived 2020-05-28 at the Wayback Machine, Les Cahiers de l'AARS, 15, 2012.
- ^ "Ursa Major, The Great Bear". Ian Ridpath’s Star Tales.
- ^ Ovid, Heroides (trans. Grant Showerman) Epistle 18
- ^ Homer, Odyssey, book 5, 273
- ^ "Apianus's depictions of Ursa Major and Ursa Minor". Ian Ridpath’s Star Tales.
- ^ Mahadev Haribhai Desai (1973). Day-to-day with Gandhi: Secretary's Diary. Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan. Archived from the original on 2022-05-13. Retrieved 2021-01-06.
- ^ "English-Chinese Glossary of Chinese Star Regions, Asterisms and Star Names". Hong Kong Space Museum. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
- Bansenshukai, written in 1676 by the ninja master Fujibayashi Yasutake, speak several times about these stars, and show a traditional picture of the Big Dipper in his book 8, volume 17, speaking about astronomy and meteorology (from Axel Mazuer's translation).
- OL 7142058M.
- ^ Clark, Ella Elizabeth (1963). Indian Legends of the Pacific Northwest. University of California Press. Archived from the original on 2022-05-13. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
- ^ Cleasby, Richard; Vigfússon, Guðbrandur (1874). An Icelandic-English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 674.
- ^ Naturfagsenteret.no: Stjernehimmelen (https://www.naturfagsenteret.no/c1515376/binfil/download2.php?tid=1509706)
- ISBN 9781136603310.
- ^ Baker, Dr. Douglas The Seven Rays:Key to the Mysteries 1952
- ^ "Archived representation of H.A. Rey's asterism for Ursa Major". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07.
- Bibliography
- Levy, David H. (2005). Deep Sky Objects. Prometheus Books. ISBN 978-1-59102-361-6.
- Thompson, Robert; Thompson, Barbara (2007). Illustrated Guide to Astronomical Wonders: From Novice to Master Observer. O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 978-0-596-52685-6.
Further reading
- Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). Stars and Planets Guide, Collins, London. ISBN 978-0-691-13556-4.
External links
- The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Ursa Major
- The clickable Ursa Major Archived 2022-06-20 at the Wayback Machine
- AAVSO: The Myths of Ursa Major
- The Origin of the Greek Constellations (paywalled)
- Star Tales – Ursa Major
- Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (ca 160 medieval and early modern images of Ursa Major)