Urticaceae

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Nettle family
Urtica dioica (stinging nettle)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Urticaceae
Juss., 1789
Synonyms

Cecropiaceae C.C.Berg[1]

The Urticaceae /ɜːrtɪˈkeɪsiː/ are a family, the nettle family, of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus Urtica. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including nettles in the genus Urtica, ramie (Boehmeria nivea), māmaki (Pipturus albidus), and ajlai (Debregeasia saeneb).

The family includes about 2,625 species, grouped into 53 genera according to the database of the

myrmecophytes.[3]

Urticaceae species can be found worldwide, apart from the polar regions.

Description

Urticaceae species can be shrubs (e.g.

dioecious. They are wind-pollinated. Most disperse their pollen when the stamens
are mature and their filaments straighten explosively, a peculiar and conspicuously specialised mechanism.

While the stings delivered by Urticaceae species are often unpleasant, they seldom pose any direct threat to health, and deaths directly attributed to stinging are exceedingly rare; species known to cause human fatalities include Dendrocnide cordata[4][5] and Urtica ferox.[6]

Taxonomy

Male and female flower of Urtica

The APG II system puts the Urticaceae in the order Rosales, while older systems consider them part of the Urticales, along with Ulmaceae, Moraceae, and Cannabaceae. APG still considers "old" Urticales a monophyletic group, but does not recognise it as an order on its own.

Fossil record

The

extinct genus Urticoidea.[7] A Colombian fossil flora of the Maastrichtian stage has yielded leaves that resemble leaves of the tribe Ceropieae.[8] In the Cenozoic fossil leaves from the Ypresian Allenby Formation preserve distinct trichomes, and have been attributed to the Tribe Urticeae in the fossil record. The leaves had originally been identified as Rubus by earlier workers on the Eocene Okanagan Highlands, but Devore et al (2020) interpreted the preserved hairs along the stem and major veins as stinging trichomes, rather than simple hairs or thorns.[9]

Phylogeny

Modern molecular phylogenetics suggest the following relationships[10][11] (see also [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]):

Tribes and genera

Diseases

The Urticaceae are subject to many bacterial, viral, fungal, and nematode parasitic diseases. Among them are:[23]

Image gallery

  • Pilea cadierei
    Pilea cadierei
  • Pilea pumila
    Pilea pumila
  • Dendrocnide sp.
    Dendrocnide sp.
  • Elatostema umbellatum
    Elatostema umbellatum
  • Urtica dioica
    Urtica dioica
  • Boehmeria nivea
    Boehmeria nivea
  • Parietaria judaica flowers
    Parietaria judaica flowers
  • Urtica dioica stinging hairs
    Urtica dioica stinging hairs
  • Leaves of Dendrocnide meyeniana
    Leaves of Dendrocnide meyeniana
  • The dotted bumps on the leaves of Urtica thunbergiana
    The dotted bumps on the leaves of Urtica thunbergiana

References

  1. ^ Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2003-01-17). "Family: Urticaceae Juss., nom. cons". Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
  2. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  3. PMID 25616013
    .
  4. ^ Hurley, Marina (October–December 2000). "Selective Stingers" (PDF). ECOS. CSIRO.
  5. S2CID 546456
    .
  6. ^ Poisonous native plants, Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
  7. ISBN 978-0-521-59283-3
    .
  8. S2CID 28743975
    .
  9. S2CID 225050834
    .
  10. PMID 23850510.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  11. PMID 26529598.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  12. ^ Sytsma KJ, Morawetz J, Pires JC, Morden CW. (2000). "Phylogeny of the Urticales based on three molecular data sets, with emphasis on relationships within Urticaceae". American Journal of Botany. 87 (6): 162.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. PMID 21665755.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  14. doi:10.7751/telopea20035618.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  15. PMID 21653431
    .
  16. PMID 16112884.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  17. PMID 21646202
    .
  18. doi:10.1071/SB08041.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  19. S2CID 10761027
    .
  20. doi:10.12705/641.20.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  21. S2CID 28743975.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  22. JSTOR 24389315
    .
  23. ^ "Common Names of Plant Diseases: Diseases of Foliage Plants (House Plants): Urticaceae". The American Phytopathological Society. 26 March 1993. Archived from the original on 30 November 2011.
  24. doi:10.1094/PD-67-668
    .
  25. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(73)80156-1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )

Further reading

External links

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