Urukagina

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Urukagina
Reign24th century BC
PredecessorLugalanda
SuccessorLugal-zage-si
Dynasty1st Dynasty of Lagash
ReligionSumerian religion
class=notpageimage|
Urukagina was king of Lagash, circa 2400 BC.
𒈗 𒄈𒋢𒆠), Urukagina lugal Girsu-ki), in the "Lamentation for the destruction of Umma".[2]

Uru-ka-gina, Uru-inim-gina, or Iri-ka-gina (

middle chronology) was King of the city-states of Lagash and Girsu in Mesopotamia, and the last ruler of the 1st Dynasty of Lagash.[3] He assumed the title of king, claiming to have been divinely appointed, upon the downfall of his corrupt predecessor, Lugalanda
.

He is best known for his reforms to combat corruption, which are sometimes cited as the first example of a

libations for the journey of the dead into the lower world); and decreed that the rich must use silver when purchasing from the poor, and if the poor does not wish to sell, the powerful man (the rich man or the priest) cannot force him to do so.[4]

He also participated in several conflicts, notably a losing border conflict with

governor of Umma, may his goddess Nisaba make him carry his sin upon his neck".[5] Lugal-Zage-Si himself was soon defeated and his kingdom was annexed by Sargon of Akkad
.

Reforms

Urukagina's code has been widely hailed as the first recorded example of government reform, seeking to achieve a higher level of

large property owners, and took measures against usury, burdensome controls, hunger, theft, murder, and seizure (of people's property and persons); as he states, "The widow and the orphan were no longer at the mercy of the powerful man". Here, the word "freedom" ("ama-gi"), appears for the first time in recorded history.[7]

Despite these apparent attempts to curb the excesses of the elite class, it seems elite or royal women enjoyed even greater influence and prestige in his reign than previously. Urukagina greatly expanded the royal "Household of Women" from about 50 persons to about 1500 persons, renamed it the "Household of goddess Bau", gave it ownership of vast amounts of land confiscated from the former priesthood, and placed it under the supervision of his wife, Shasha (or Shagshag).[8] In his second year of reign, Shasha presided over the lavish funeral of his predecessor's queen, Baranamtarra, who had been an important personage in her own right.

In addition to such changes, two of his other surviving decrees, first published and translated by

Samuel Kramer in 1964, have attracted controversy in recent decades. First, he seems to have abolished the former custom of polyandry in his country, on pain of the woman taking multiple husbands being stoned with rocks upon which her crime is written.[9] Second is a statute stating that "if a woman says [text illegible...] to a man, her mouth is crushed with burnt bricks." No comparable laws from Urukagina addressing penalties for adultery by men have survived. The discovery of these fragments has led some modern critics to assert that they provide "the first written evidence of the degradation of women".[10]

Excerpt of some regulations from the Reform document

"Reforms" cone of Urukagina
Louvre Museum
AO 3278.[11]
Cone of Urukagina (transcription). Here Urukagina appears as "King of Lagash"
  • Cone fragment inscribed with part of the text of the reforms of Uruinimgina (Urukagina) - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago
    Cone fragment inscribed with part of the text of the reforms of Uruinimgina (Urukagina) - Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago
  • Reform cone of Urukagina Louvre Museum AO 3149[12]
    Reform cone of Urukagina
    Louvre Museum
    AO 3149[12]
  • Transcription of cone AO3149. Urkagina appears as "King of Lagash".
    Transcription of cone AO3149. Urkagina appears as "King of Lagash".
  • The Reforms of Urukagina. 20th century reconstitution.
    The Reforms of Urukagina. 20th century reconstitution.
  • Reform text of Urukagina, king of Lagash. From Girsu, Iraq. 24th century BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
    Reform text of Urukagina, king of Lagash. From Girsu, Iraq. 24th century BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul

Praise poem of Urukagina

An account of barley rations issued monthly to adults and children written in Cuneiform on clay tablet, written in year 4 of King Urukagina (circa 2350 BC). From Girsu, Iraq. British Museum, London.[13]

Some insight into Sumerian values can be gained from praise poems written for kings. While the kings may not always live up to this praise they show the type of achievements that they wished to be remembered by. Extracts below praise Urukagina who appears as a social reformer, getting rid of gross abuses of power that had taken hold in Lagash.

  1. Since time immemorial, since life began, in those days, the head boatman appropriated boats, the livestock official appropriated asses, the livestock official appropriated sheep, and the fisheries inspector appropriated.... The shepherds of wool sheep paid a duty in silver on account of white sheep, and the surveyor, chief lamentation-singer, supervisor, brewer and foremen paid a duty in silver on account of young lambs. . . These were the conventions of former times!
  2. When Ningirsu, warrior of Enlil, granted the kingship of Lagash to Urukagina, selecting him from among the myriad people, he replaced the customs of former times, carrying out the command that Ningirsu, his master, had given him.
  3. He removed the head boatman from control over the boats, he removed the livestock official from control over asses and sheep, he removed the fisheries inspector from control....
  4. He removed the silo supervisor from control over the grain taxes of the guda-priests, he removed the bureaucrat responsible for the paying of duties in silver on account of white sheep and young lambs, and he removed the bureaucrat responsible for the delivery of duties by the temple administrators to the palace.
  5. The... administrators no longer plunder the orchards of the poor. When a high quality ass is born to a shublugal, and his foreman says to him, "I want to buy it from you"; whether he lets him buy it from him and says to him "Pay me the price I want!," or whether he does not let him buy it from him, the foreman must not strike at him in anger.
  6. When the house of an aristocrat adjoins the house of a shublugal, and the aristocrat says to him, "I want to buy it from you"; whether he lets him buy it from him, having said to him, "Pay me the price I want! My house is a large container—fill it with barley for me!," or whether he does not let him buy it from him, that aristocrat must not strike at him in anger.
  7. He cleared and cancelled obligations for those indentured families, citizens of Lagash living as debtors because of grain taxes, barley payments, theft or murder.
  8. Urukagina solemnly promised Ningirsu that he would never subjugate the waif and the widow to the powerful.[14]

Lament about the fall of Lagash to Umma

Lamentation about the fall of Lagash
Lugalzagesi, Urukagina period, circa 2350 BCE Tello, ancient Girsu.[15]
Transcription of the lamentation about the fall of Lagash: "The man of Umma set fire to the Ekisurra...".[16][17] Here Urukagina appears as "King of Girsu"[18]

Urukagina participated in several conflicts, notably a losing border conflict with

Lugal-Zage-Si, énsi of Umma
, who ultimately annexed most of the territory of Lagash and established the first reliably documented kingdom to encompass all of Sumer. The destruction of Lagash was described in a lament (possibly the earliest recorded example of what would become a prolific Sumerian literary genre), which stressed that:

"the man of

governor of Umma, may his goddess Nisaba make him carry his sin upon his neck" (alternatively – "may she carry his sin upon her neck").[19]

Lugal-Zage-Si himself was soon defeated and his kingdom was annexed by Sargon of Akkad.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.
  2. JSTOR 23275695
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-429-72638-5
    .
  4. ^ "The Reforms of Urukagina". History-world.org. Archived from the original on 2018-11-17. Retrieved 2019-12-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  5. ^ "Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.
  6. ^ "Social Reform in Mesopotamia", Benjamin R. Foster, in Social Justice in the Ancient World, K. Irani and M. Silver eds., 1995, p. 169.
  7. ISBN 978-0-429-72638-5
    .
  8. ^ Katherine I. Wright, Archaeology and Women, 2007, p. 206.
  9. ^ The Powers p. 40 by Walter Wink, 1992
  10. ^ Marilyn French, From Eve to Dawn: A History of Women, 2008, p. 100.
  11. ^ "Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.
  12. ^ "Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.
  13. ^ Transliteration: "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu.
  14. ^ Praise of Urukagina
  15. ^ "Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.
  16. JSTOR 23275695
    .
  17. ISBN 978-0-226-45238-8
    .
  18. ^ "Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.
  19. ^ "Site officiel du musée du Louvre". cartelfr.louvre.fr.

External links

Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Lagash
ca.
24th century BCE
 Succeeded by
Lugalzagesi
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