User:PK2/Documentation for cite book

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

{{pp-template}}

{{High-use}}

Citation Style 1 templates
{{Cite arXiv}}arXiv preprints
{{Cite AV media}}audio and visual media
{{Cite AV media notes}}AV media liner notes
{{Cite bioRxiv}}bioRxiv preprints
{{Cite book}}books and chapters
{{Cite CiteSeerX}}CiteSeerX papers
{{Cite conference}}conference papers
{{cite document}}short, stand-alone, offline documents
{{Cite encyclopedia}}edited collections
{{Cite episode}}radio or TV episodes
{{Cite interview}}interviews
{{Cite journal}}academic journals
{{Cite magazine}}magazines, periodicals
{{Cite mailing list}}public mailing lists
{{Cite map}}maps
{{Cite medRxiv}}medRxiv preprints
{{Cite news}}news articles
{{Cite newsgroup}}online newsgroups
{{Cite podcast}}podcasts
{{Cite press release}}press releases
{{Cite report}}reports
{{Cite serial}}audio or video serials
{{Cite sign}}signs, plaques
{{Cite speech}}speeches
{{Cite SSRN}}SSRN papers
{{Cite tech report}}technical reports
{{Cite thesis}}theses
{{Cite web}}web sources not covered by the above
See alsoSpecific-source templates
t
  • e
  • This

    citations for books. When citing an article in a periodical, use {{cite journal}} or {{cite magazine}}. For conference papers, use {{cite conference}}. For edited collections, use {{cite encyclopedia}}. For theses, use {{cite thesis
    }}.

    Usage

    Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as |isbn= have upper-case aliases like |ISBN=, which are acceptable for use). Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then purge the page.

    Most commonly used parameters in horizontal format
    To cite a book with a credited author
    {{cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=}}
    To cite a book with no credited author
    {{cite book |author=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |date= |title= |url= |location= |publisher= |page= |isbn=}}
    To cite an online book that has been archived
    {{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title= |url= |url-status= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date=}}
    To cite a book written in a foreign language
    {{cite book |last= |first= |date= |title= |trans-title= |url= |language= |location= |publisher= |isbn=}}
    To cite and quote an archived, two-author, foreign language book re-published as a PDF on an information aggregation service requiring a subscription
    {{cite book |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |title= |trans-title= |url= |url-status= |url-access= |format= |language= |location= |publisher= |isbn= |archive-url= |archive-date= |via= |quote=}}


    Most commonly used parameters in vertical format
    {{cite book
     |last=
     |first=
     |author-link=
     |date=
     |title=
     |url=
     |location=
     |publisher=
     |page= <!-- or pages= -->
     |isbn=
    }}
    


    Full parameter set in horizontal format

    {{cite book |last1= |first1= |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |last3= |first3= |author-link3= |last4= |first4= |author-link4= |last5= |first5= |author-link5= |display-authors= |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |author-mask3= |author-mask4= |author-mask5= |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |editor-link1= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |editor-last3= |editor-first3= |editor-link3= |editor-last4= |editor-first4= |editor-link4= |editor-last5= |editor-first5= |editor-link5= |display-editors= |editor-mask1= |editor-mask2= |editor-mask3= |editor-mask4= |editor-mask5= |translator-last1= |translator-first1= |translator-link1= |translator-last2= |translator-first2= |translator-link2= |translator-last3= |translator-first3= |translator-link3= |translator-last4= |translator-first4= |translator-link4= |translator-last5= |translator-first5= |translator-link5= |display-translators= |translator-mask1= |translator-mask2= |translator-mask3= |translator-mask4= |translator-mask5= |others= |name-list-style= |date= |year= |orig-date= |chapter= |script-chapter= |trans-chapter= |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access= |chapter-format= |title= |script-title= |trans-title= |title-link= |url= |url-status= |url-access= |format= |type= |series= |language= |volume= |edition= |publication-place= |location= |publisher= |publication-date= |page= |pages= |at= |no-pp= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmc-embargo-date= |pmid= |rfc= |sbn= |ssrn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |zbl= |id= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |via= |lay-url= |lay-source= |lay-date= |lay-format= |quote= |script-quote= |trans-quote= |quote-page= |quote-pages= |mode= |postscript= |ref=}}

    Full parameter set in vertical format
    Parameters Prerequisites Brief instructions / notes Vertical list
    last1 Author's last name or single name author. Don't link.
    {{cite book
     |last1                =
     |first1               =
     |author-link1         =
     |last2                =
     |first2               =
     |author-link2         =
     |last3                =
     |first3               =
     |author-link3         =
     |last4                =
     |first4               =
     |author-link4         =
     |last5                =
     |first5               =
     |author-link5         =
     |display-authors      =
     |author-mask1         =
     |author-mask2         =
     |author-mask3         =
     |author-mask4         =
     |author-mask5         =
     |editor-last1         =
     |editor-first1        =
     |editor-link1         =
     |editor-last2         =
     |editor-first2        =
     |editor-link2         =
     |editor-last3         =
     |editor-first3        =
     |editor-link3         =
     |editor-last4         =
     |editor-first4        =
     |editor-link4         =
     |editor-last5         =
     |editor-first5        =
     |editor-link5         =
     |display-editors      =
     |editor-mask1         =
     |editor-mask2         =
     |editor-mask3         =
     |editor-mask4         =
     |editor-mask5         =
     |translator-last1     =
     |translator-first1    =
     |translator-link1     =
     |translator-last2     =
     |translator-first2    =
     |translator-link2     =
     |translator-last3     =
     |translator-first3    =
     |translator-link3     =
     |translator-last4     =
     |translator-first4    =
     |translator-link4     =
     |translator-last5     =
     |translator-first5    =
     |translator-link5     =
     |display-translators  =
     |translator-mask1     =
     |translator-mask2     =
     |translator-mask3     =
     |translator-mask4     =
     |translator-mask5     =
     |others               =
     |name-list-style      =
     |date                 =
     |year                 =
     |orig-date            =
     |chapter              =
     |script-chapter       =
     |trans-chapter        =
     |chapter-url          =
     |chapter-url-access   =
     |chapter-format       =
     |title                =
     |script-title         =
     |trans-title          =
     |title-link           =
     |url                  =
     |url-status           =
     |url-access           =
     |format               =
     |type                 =
     |series               =
     |language             =
     |volume               =
     |edition              =
     |publication-place    =
     |location             =
     |publisher            =
     |publication-date     =
     |page                 =
     |pages                =
     |at                   =
     |no-pp                =
     |arxiv                =
     |asin                 =
     |asin-tld             =
     |bibcode              =
     |bibcode-access       =
     |biorxiv              =
     |citeseerx            =
     |doi                  =
     |doi-access           =
     |doi-broken-date      =
     |eissn                =
     |hdl                  =
     |hdl-access           =
     |isbn                 =
     |ismn                 =
     |issn                 =
     |jfm                  =
     |jstor                =
     |jstor-access         =
     |lccn                 =
     |mr                   =
     |oclc                 =
     |ol                   =
     |ol-access            =
     |osti                 =
     |osti-access          =
     |pmc                  =
     |pmc-embargo-date     =
     |pmid                 =
     |rfc                  =
     |sbn                  =
     |ssrn                 =
     |s2cid                =
     |s2cid-access         =
     |zbl                  =
     |id                   =
     |archive-url          =
     |archive-date         =
     |access-date          =
     |via                  =
     |lay-url              =
     |lay-source           =
     |lay-date             =
     |lay-format           =
     |quote                =
     |script-quote         =
     |trans-quote          =
     |quote-page           =
     |quote-pages          =
     |mode                 =
     |postscript           =
     |ref                  =
    }}
    
    first1 last1 Author's first name. Don't link.
    author-link1 last1 Title of Wikipedia article about the first author. Don't link.
    last2 last1 Like last1, but for 2nd author.
    first2 last2 Like first1, but for 2nd author.
    author-link2 last2 Like author-link1, but for 2nd author.
    last3 last2 Like last1, but for 3rd author.
    first3 last3 Like first1, but for 3rd author.
    author-link3 last3 Like author-link1, but for 3rd author.
    last4 last3 Like last1, but for 4th author.
    first4 last4 Like first1, but for 4th author.
    author-link4 last4 Like author-link1, but for 4th author.
    last5 last4 Like last1, but for 5th author. Similar: last6, etc.
    first5 last5 Like first1, but for 5th author. Similar: first6, etc.
    author-link5 last5 Like author-link1, but for 5th author. Similar: author-link6, etc.
    display-authors last1 Number (number of authors displayed) or etal (more authors)
    author-mask1 last1 See Display options below; not for lists of cited works
    author-mask2 last2
    author-mask3 last3
    author-mask4 last4
    author-mask5 last5
    editor-last1 may also use "editor-last"
    editor-first1 editor-last1 may also use 'editor-first"
    editor-link1 editor-last1 may also use "editor-link"
    editor-mask1 editor-last1
    display-editors
    translator-last1 Like last1, but for translator
    translator-first1 translator-last1 Like first1, but for translator
    translator-link1 translator-last1 Like author-link1, but for translator
    translator-last2 translator-last1 Like last1, but for 2nd translator. Similar: translator-last3, etc.
    translator-first2 translator-last2 Like first1, but for 2nd translator. Similar: translator-first3, etc.
    translator-link2 translator-last2 Like author-link1, but for 2nd transl. Similar: translator-link3, ...
    display-translators translator-last1 Like display-authors, but for translators
    translator-mask1 translator-last1 See Display options below; not for lists of cited works
    translator-mask2 translator-last2
    name-list-style last2 Set to amp or ampersand to separate the last author with " & "; set to and to separate with " and "
    others
    date
    year
    orig-date date or year
    chapter This should be the title of the chapter cited. Do not wikilink "chapter" if "chapter-url" is provided
    script-chapter
    trans-chapter chapter or script-chapter
    chapter-url chapter or script-chapter
    chapter-format chapter-url
    title
    script-title
    trans-title title or script-title
    title-link
    url title or script-title
    url-status archive-url
    url-access url
    format url
    type
    series
    language
    volume
    edition Ordinal number
    publication-place publisher
    location publisher can be used for written-at location when "publication-place" is used for publication place
    publisher
    publication-date
    page choose one: "page", "pages", or "at"
    pages choose one: "page", "pages", or "at". Use when content on multiple pages supports the article text.
    at choose one: "page", "pages", or "at"
    no-pp page or pages set no-pp to "yes" to suppress the "p." or "pp." before page numbers
    arxiv
    asin
    asin-tld asin
    bibcode
    biorxiv
    citeseerx
    doi
    doi-broken-date doi
    eissn
    hdl
    isbn always include ISBN, if one has been assigned
    issn
    ismn
    jfm
    jstor
    lccn
    mr
    oclc
    ol
    osti
    pmc
    pmc-embargo-date pmc
    pmid
    rfc
    sbn
    ssrn
    s2cid
    zbl
    id
    archive-url archive-date, url
    archive-date archive-url
    access-date url
    via
    lay-url
    lay-source lay-url
    lay-date lay-url
    lay-format lay-url
    quote
    script-quote
    trans-quote
    quote-page choose one: "quote-page", "quote-pages"
    quote-pages choose one: "quote-page", "quote-pages". Use when quote contains contents from multiple pages.
    mode cs1 or cs2
    postscript
    ref
    If a field name is listed in the Prerequisites column, it is a prerequisite for the field to the left.

    Examples

    Title

    • {{cite book |title=Mysterious Book}}
      Mysterious Book.

    Title and year

    • {{cite book |title=Mysterious Book |date=1901}}
      Mysterious Book. 1901.

    Basic usage (single author)

    • {{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Joe |author-link=Joe Bloggs |date=1974 |title=Book of Bloggs}}
      Bloggs, Joe (1974). Book of Bloggs.

    Basic usage (two authors)

    • {{cite book |last1=Bloggs |first1=Joe |author-link1=Joe Bloggs |last2=Bloggs |first2=Fred |author-link2=Fred Bloggs |date=1974 |title=Book of Bloggs}}
      Bloggs, Fred
      (1974). Book of Bloggs.

    Basic usage with url (and access-date) and edition

    • {{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Joe |author-link=Joe Bloggs |date=1974 |title=Book of Bloggs |edition=1st |url=http://en.wikipedia.org/ |access-date=February 17, 2006}}
      Bloggs, Joe (1974). Book of Bloggs (1st ed.). Retrieved February 17, 2006.

    Citing a chapter in a book with different authors for different chapters and an editor

    • {{cite book |last=Bloggs |first=Fred |date=January 1, 2001 |editor-last=Doe |editor-first=John |title=Big Compilation Book with Many Chapters and Distinct Chapter Authors |publisher=Book Publishers |pages=100–110 |chapter=Chapter 2: The History of the Bloggs Family |isbn=}}
      Bloggs, Fred (January 1, 2001). "Chapter 2: The History of the Bloggs Family". In Doe, John (ed.). Big Compilation Book with Many Chapters and Distinct Chapter Authors. Book Publishers. pp. 100–110.

    Citing a chapter in a book with two joint authors and an editor

    • {{cite book |last1=Bloggs |first1=Joe |last2=Egg |first2=Fred |date=January 1, 2001 |editor-last=Doe |editor-first=John |title=Big Book with Many Chapters and Two Co-authors |publisher=Book Publishers |orig-date=1st pub. 1986 |pages=100–110 |chapter=Chapter 6: Getting There |chapter-url=http://en.wikipedia.org/ |isbn= |name-list-style=amp}}
      Bloggs, Joe & Egg, Fred (January 1, 2001) [1st pub. 1986]. "Chapter 6: Getting There". In Doe, John (ed.). Big Book with Many Chapters and Two Co-authors. Book Publishers. pp. 100–110.

    Three authors, title with a piped wikilink, edition

    • {{cite book |last1=Bloggs |first1=Joe |author-link1=Joe Bloggs |last2=Smith |first2=John |last3=Smythe |first3=Jim |title=[[A Thousand Acres|1000 Acres]] |edition=2nd}}
      Bloggs, Joe; Smith, John; Smythe, Jim. 1000 Acres (2nd ed.).

    Complex usage showing effect of using volume parameter and lastauthoramp parameter (without volume and lastauthoramp)

    • {{cite book |last1=Playfair |first1=I. S. O. |author-link1=Ian Stanley Ord Playfair |last2=Stitt |first2=G. M. S. |last3=Molony |first3=C. J. C. |last4=Toomer |first4=S. E. |date=2007 |orig-date=1st pub. [[HMSO]]:1954 |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series |title=Mediterranean and Middle East. Volume I: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941) |publisher=Naval & Military Press |location=Uckfield, East Sussex |isbn=1-845740-65-3}}
      .

    Complex usage showing effect of using volume parameter and lastauthoramp parameter (with volume and lastauthoramp)

    Date without day, wikilinked title and publisher, pages, edition, location

    Other language

    Using a DOI

    • {{cite book |last=Mumford |first=David |author-link=David Mumford |date=1999 |title=The Red Book of Varieties and Schemes: Includes the Michigan Lectures (1974) on Curves and Their Jacobians |edition=2nd |publisher=Springer-Verlag |doi=10.1007/b62130 |isbn=354063293X}}
      .

    Using author-mask parameter

    Using display-authors parameter

    Parameters

    Syntax

    Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:

    • parent
    • OR: parent2—may be used instead of parent
      • child—may be used with parent (and is ignored if parent is not used)
      • OR: child2—may be used instead of child (and is ignored if parent2 is not used)
    Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.

    COinS

    This template embeds COinS metadata in the HTML output, allowing reference management software to retrieve bibliographic metadata. See Wikipedia:COinS. As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:

    • use |date=27 September 2007 not |date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)

    Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example &nbsp;, &ndash;, or &#160;, should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.

    COinS metadata is created for these parameters

    Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the Usage section near the top of this documentation page.

    • |periodical=, |journal=, |newspaper=, |magazine=, |work=, |website=, |encyclopedia=, |encyclopaedia=, |dictionary=
    • |chapter=, |script-chapter=, |contribution=, |script-contribution=, |entry=, |script-entry=, |article=, |script-article=, |section=, |script-section=
    • |title=, |script-title=, |book-title=
    • |publication-place=, |place=, |location=
    • |date=, |year=, |publication-date=
    • |series=, |version=
    • |volume=, |issue=, |number=
    • |page=, |pages=, |at=, |quote-page=, |quote-pages=
    • |edition=
    • |publisher=, |institution=
    • |url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |section-url=
    • |author-last=, |author-last#=, |author#-last=, |author-surname=, |author-surname#=, |author#-surname=, |last=, |last#=, |surname=, |surname#=, |author=, |author#=, |subject=, |subject#=, |host=, |host#=
    • |author-first=, |author-first#=, |author#-first=, |author-given=, |author-given#=, |author#-given=, |first=, |first#=, |given=, |given#=
    • |degree=
    • |arxiv=, |bibcode=, |biorxiv=, |citeseerx=, |doi=, |eissn=, |eprint=, |hdl=, |isbn=, |issn=, |jfm=, |jstor=, |lccn=, |message-id=, |mr=, |oclc=, |osti=, |pmc=, |pmid=, |rfc=, |ssrn=, |s2cid=, |zbl=

    What's new

    What's new or changed recently
    Parameter Description Date
    N/A

    Deprecated

    Deprecated CS1/CS2 parameters
    Deprecated parameter Replace with Date
    |authors= |lastn= / |firstn=, |authorn=, |vauthors= November 2023
    Recently removed CS1/CS2 parameters
    Removed parameter Replace with Date Note
    |lay-date= (delete) August 2023
    |lay-source= (delete)
    |lay-url= (delete)
    |transcripturl= |transcript-url= August 2023

    Description

    Authors

    • last: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use last or one of its aliases (e.g. |author=Bono). Aliases: surname, author, last1, surname1, author1.
      • author: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of |first= and |last=. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports accept-this-as-written markup. Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata.
      • first: Given or first names of author; for example: Firstname Middlename or Firstname M. or Firstname M. Sr. Do not wikilink—use author-link instead. Aliases: given, first1, given1. Requires last; first name will not display if last is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with
        MOS:HON
        .
      • OR: for multiple authors, use last1, first1 through lastn, firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each firstn requires a corresponding lastn, but not the other way around). See the display parameters to change how many authors are displayed. Aliases: surname1, given1 through surnamen, givenn, or author1 through authorn. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use |first1=...|last1=...|author2=....
      • author-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: author-link1, author1-link, authorlink.
      • OR: for multiple authors, use author-link1 through author-linkn. Aliases: author1-link through authorn-link.
      • name-list-style: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to amp, ampersand, or &, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to and, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to vancdisplays name lists in
        Vancouver style
        when the lists use the last/first forms of name parameters.
    • vauthors: comma-separated list of author names in
      Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses
      . End with etal if appropriate:
      |vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
      • author-link and author-mask may be used for the individual names in |vauthors= as described above
    • authors: deprecated Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of last.
    • contributor-last: (book cites only) surname of the author of contribution (which is required). Aliases: contributor-surname, contributor1, contributor1-last, contributor-last1. Supports accept-this-as-written markup.
      • contributor-first: Given or first names of contributor. Do not wikilink—use contributor-link instead. Aliases: contributor-given, contributor1-first, contributor-first1.
      • OR: for multiple contributors, use contributor-last1, contributor-first1 through contributor-lastn, contributor-firstn where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of contributors (each contributor-firstn requires a corresponding contributor-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: contributor1-last, contributor1-first through contributorn-last, contributorn-first, or contributor1 through contributorn.
      • contributor-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the contributor—not the contributor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: contributor-link1, contributor1-link.
      • OR: for multiple contributors, use contributor-link1 through contributor-linkn. Aliases: contributor1-link through contributorn-link.
    • translator-last: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-surname, translator1, translator1-last, translator-last1. Supports accept-this-as-written markup.
      • translator-first: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use translator-link instead. Aliases: translator-given, translator1-first, translator-first1.
      • OR: for multiple translators, use translator-last1, translator-first1 through translator-lastn, translator-firstn, where n is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each translator-firstn requires a corresponding translator-lastn, but not the other way around). Aliases: translator1-last, translator1-first through translatorn-last, translatorn-first, or translator1 through translatorn.
      • translator-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases: translator-link1, translator1-link.
      • OR: for multiple translators, use translator-link1 through translator-linkn. Aliases: translator1-link through translatorn-link.
    • collaboration: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
    • others: To record other contributors to the work, including illustrators. For the parameter value, write Illustrated by John Smith.
    • Note: When using shortened footnotes or parenthetical referencing styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.

    Date

    • date: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations.[date 1] Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. For acceptable date formats, see Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates.
    Shortened footnotes target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate {{sfn}} links to multiple works by the same author in the same year,[more] unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case, year or ref is required to disambiguate the link targets.
    For approximate year, precede with "c. ", like this: |date=c. 1900.

    For no date, or "undated", use |date=n.d.
    The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a created or updated date; a comment for editors such as date=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01 can be added.
    Automatic date formatting: Citation Style 1 and 2 templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as |date=, |publication-date=, |access-date=, |archive-date=, etc.) except for |orig-date= in the style specified by the article's {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} template. See those templates' documentation for details.
    • year: Year of publication. The more flexible |date= parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the |date= parameter, unless both of the following conditions are met:
      1. Shortened footnotes target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a CITEREF disambiguator, usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.)
      2. The |date= format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.)
    • orig-date: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the date (or year). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example: |orig-date=First published 1859 or |orig-date=Composed 1904. As |orig-date= does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by |df= (or, if it exists in the article, by |cs1-dates= of a {{use dmy dates}} or {{use mdy dates}} template), or as used in the |date= parameter. Alias: orig-year
    • df: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:
      dmy – set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;
      mdy – as above for month day, year format
      ymd – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
      dmy-all – set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;
      mdy-all – as above for month day, year format
      ymd-all – as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
    1. MOS:DATEUNIFY
      .

    Title

    (See also Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters.)

    • title: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Wikipedia article or url may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in italics. If script-title is defined, use title to hold a
      Romanization
      (if available) of the title in script-title.
      • script-title: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in title (if present). Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
        ... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...
      • trans-title: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after title. Use of the language parameter is recommended.
    Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.
    newline [ ] |
    space &#91; &#93; {{!}} (preferred)
    {{bracket|text}} &#124; or {{pipe}}see also Help:Table § Rendering the pipe
    • title-link: Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.
    • type: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword none can be used to disable the display of a type. Examples: Thesis, Booklet, Accepted manuscript, CD liner, Press release. Alias: medium.

    Publisher

    Edition, series, volume

    • edition: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so |edition=2nd produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.
    • series or version: When the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal, where the issue numbering has restarted.
    • volume: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the title and series fields; volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral (e.g. 37). Volume values that are wholly digits, wholly uppercase Roman numerals, or fewer than five characters will appear in bold. Any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold. In rare cases, publications carry both an ongoing volume and a year-related value; if so, provide them both, for example |volume=IV / #10.

    In-source locations

    • page: The number of a single page in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages=, but not both. Displays preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |page=3{{hyphen}}12), otherwise several editors and semi-automated tools will assume this was a misuse of the parameter to indicate a page range and will convert |page=3-12 to |pages=3{{ndash}}12. Alias: p.
    • OR: pages: A range of pages in the source that supports the content. Use either |page= or |pages=, but not both. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,); do not use to indicate the total number of pages in the source. Displays preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes.
      Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |pages= without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: |pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alternatively, use |at=, like this: |at=pp. 3-1&ndash;3-15. Alias: pp.
      • no-pp: Set to yes, y, or true to suppress the p. or pp. notations where this is inappropriate; for example, where |page=Front cover or |pages=
        passim
        .
    • OR: at: For sources where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient. Overridden by |page= or |pages=. Use only one of |page=, |pages=, or |at=.
      Examples: page (p.) or pages (pp.); section (sec.), column (col.), paragraph (para.); track; hours, minutes and seconds; act, scene, canto, book, part, folio, stanza, back cover, liner notes, indicia, colophon, dust jacket, verse.
    • For |quote-page= and |quote-pages= used in conjunction with |quote=, see here.

    URL

    URLs must begin with a supported

    URI scheme. http:// and https:// will be supported by all browsers; however, ftp://, gopher://, irc://, ircs://, mailto: and news: may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided. IPv6
    host-names are currently not supported.

    If URLs in

    percent-encoded
    . For example, a space must be replaced by %20. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:

    Character space " ' < > [ ] { | }
    Encoding %20 %22 %27 %3C %3E %5B %5D %7B %7C %7D

    Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.

    1. ^
      MOS:DATEUNIFY
      .

    Chapter URL

    • chapter-url: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by chapter or contribution can be found. Cannot be used if those parameters are wikilinked. Should be at the same site as url, if any. If chapter-url is used, url should only be used if the beginning of the work and the cited chapter are on separate webpages at the site. Aliases: contribution-url, section-url.
    • chapter-format: Format of the work referred to by chapter-url; for example: PDF, DOC, or XLS; displayed in parentheses after chapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified. Does not change the
      alt text
      ; thus, they do not add format information for the visually impaired.

    Anchor

    Identifiers

    The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g. |rfc=822 or |pmc=345678.

    In very rare cases, valid identifiers (f.e., as actually printed on publications) do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums, which would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers (|doi=, |eissn=, |isbn=, |issn=, and |sbn=) support a special accept-this-as-written markup which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as |<param>=((<value>))). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.

    For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the access status using the corresponding |<param>-access= parameter.

    For {{cite journal}}, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when |url= and |title-link= are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for |title-link= to manually select a specific source (|title-link=pmc or |title-link=doi) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (|title-link=none).

    It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link identical to a link also produced by an identifier. The |url= parameter (or |title-link=) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a convenience link to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.

    Quote

    • quote: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If script-quote is defined, use quote to hold a
      Romanization
      (if available) of the text in script-quote.
      • script-quote: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in quote (if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the supported language codes to help browsers properly display the script:
        ... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...
      • trans-quote: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.
    • quote-page: The number of a single page quoted in |quote=. Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the page(s) specified in |page=, |pages= or |at=. Displays preceded by p. unless |no-pp=yes. If hyphenated, use {{hyphen}} to indicate this is intentional (e.g. |quote-page=3{{hyphen}}12). Alias: none.
    • OR: quote-pages: A list or range of pages quoted in |quote=. Use either |quote-page= or |quote-pages=, but not both. Should be a subset of the pages specified in |pages= or |at=. Separate using an en dash (–); separate non-sequential pages with a comma (,). Displays preceded by pp. unless |no-pp=yes is defined. Hyphens are automatically converted to en dashes; if hyphens are appropriate because individual page numbers contain hyphens, for example: pp. 3-1–3-15, use double parentheses to tell the template to display the value of |quote-pages= without processing it, and use {{hyphen}} to indicate to editors that a hyphen is really intended: |quote-pages=((3{{hyphen}}1{{ndash}}3{{hyphen}}15)). Alias: none.

    Editors

    Lay summary

    {{csdoc|lay}}

    Display options

    • display-authors:
    • display-contributors:
    • display-editors:
    • display-interviewers:
    • display-subjects:
    • display-translators:
      Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example, |display-authors=2 will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors). |display-authors=0 is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al. |display-authors=etal displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.
    • postscript: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (.); for no terminating punctuation, specify |postscript=none – leaving |postscript= empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message. |postscript= is ignored if quote is defined.

    Subscription or registration required

    Citations of online sources that require registration or a subscription are acceptable in Wikipedia as documented in

    verifying claims in articles
    .

    Four access levels can be used:

    • access indicator for named identifiers:
      • Freely accessible free: the source is free to read for anyone
    • access indicators for url-holding parameters:
      • Free registration required registration: a free registration with the provider is required to access the source, even if a limited preview, abstract or review may still be available without registration
      • Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required limited: free access is subject to limited trial and a subscription is normally required
      • Paid subscription required subscription: the source is only accessible via a paid subscription with the provider of the source ("paywall")

    As there are often multiple external links with different access levels in the same citation, each value is attributed to a specific external link.

    Access indicators for url-holding parameters

    Online sources linked by |url=, |article-url=, |chapter-url=, |contribution-url=, |entry-url=, |map-url=, and |section-url= are presumed to be free-to-read. When they are not free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. Because the sources linked by these URL-holding parameters are presumed to be free-to-read, they are not marked as free. If the registration/limited/subscription access to the source goes dead and is no longer available, then remove the access-indicator parameter and add |archive-url= and |archive-date= values if possible.

    URL-holding and access-indicator parameters
    URL Access Allowed keywords
    |url= |url-access= registration Free registration required
    limited Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required
    subscription Paid subscription required
    |article-url= |article-url-access=
    |chapter-url= |chapter-url-access=
    |contribution-url= |contribution-url-access=
    |entry-url= |entry-url-access=
    |map-url= |map-url-access=
    |section-url= |section-url-access=

    For example, this cites a web page that requires registration but not subscription:

    {{cite web |url=https://example.com/nifty_data.php |url-access=registration |date=2021-04-15 |title=Nifty example data}}
    

    which renders as:

    "Nifty example data". 2021-04-15.
    Access indicator for named identifiers

    Links inserted by named identifiers are presumed to lie behind a paywall or registration barrier – exceptions listed below. When they are free-to-read, editors should mark those sources with the matching access-indicator parameter so that an appropriate icon is included in the rendered citation. When the sources linked by these named-identifier parameters are not presumed to carry a free-to-read full text (for instance because they're just abstracting services), they may not be marked as limited, registration, or subscription.

    Named-identifier and access-indicator parameters
    Identifier Access Allowed keywords
    |bibcode= |bibcode-access= free Freely accessible
    |doi= |doi-access=
    |hdl= |hdl-access=
    |jstor= |jstor-access=
    |ol= |ol-access=
    |osti= |osti-access=
    |ssrn= |ssrn-access=
    |s2cid= |s2cid-access=

    Some named-identifiers are always free-to-read. For those named identifiers there are no access-indicator parameters; the access level is automatically indicated by the template. These named identifiers are:

    • |arxiv=
    • |biorxiv=
    • |citeseerx=
    • |medrxiv=
    • |pmc=
    • |rfc=

    For embargoed pmc that will become available in the future, see pmc-embargo-date.

    TemplateData

    See Template:Cite book/TemplateData.

    Citation tools

    {{UF-COinS}}