Ussuri brown bear
Ussuri brown bear | |
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At the Noboribetsu Bear Park in Noboribetsu, Hokkaido | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Carnivora |
Family: | Ursidae |
Genus: | Ursus |
Species: | |
Subspecies: | U. a. lasiotus
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Trinomial name | |
Ursus arctos lasiotus Gray, 1867[2]
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Synonyms | |
baikalensis Ognev, 1924 |
The Ussuri brown bear (Ursus arctos lasiotus), also known as the Ezo brown bear, Russian grizzly bear, or the black grizzly bear,
Appearance
It is very similar to the
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Ussuri brown bear
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Skull
Behaviour and biology
Dietary habits
Although the diet of an Ussuri brown bear is mainly vegetarian, being a large predator it is able to kill any prey in its habitat. In
In middle Sakhalin in spring, brown bears feed on the previous year's red
In Hokkaido, the brown bears' diet includes small and large mammals, fish, birds, and insects such as ants.[6] Recent increases in size and weight, reaching 400 kg (880 lb), or possibly up to 450 kg (990 lb) to 550 kg (1,210 lb),[7] are largely caused by feeding on crops.[8]
Interspecific competitions
Adult bears are generally immune to predatory attacks except from Siberian (Amur) tigers and other bears. Bears form a significant part of the tiger's diet.[9] On the Sikhote-Alin, only such ungulates are more important: wild boar, wapiti and roe deer.
Following a decrease of ungulate populations from 1944 to 1959, 32 cases of Siberian tigers attacking both Ussuri brown (Ursus arctos lasiotus) and
In December 1960, a very difficult year for bears due to a shortage of food, a brown bear killed and ate a tiger in the middle reaches of the Tunguska River (Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve). From the tracks and the remaining skull, was determined that the bear was very large and the tiger was 4 years old. Despite this, the trampled snow, broken fir trees, blood, and patches of fur indicated that the struggle between the predators was fierce and prolonged. Such cases are rare, and therefore, the bear cannot have any significant impact on the tiger population.[11]
When Amur tigers prey on brown bears, they usually target young and sub-adult bears, besides small female adults taken outside their dens, generally when lethargic from hibernation.[12] Predation by tigers on denned brown bears was not detected during a study carried between 1993 and 2002.[13] Ussuri brown bears, along with the smaller black bears constitute 2.1% of the Siberian tiger's annual diet, of which 1.4% are brown bears.[14][15] Ussuri brown bears that exceed 300 kg are reported to be invulnerable to attacks by Siberian tigers.[16]
Out of 42 hunters of the Primorsky Krai, 7 claimed that the tiger intentionally hunts bears, 6 people mentioned that the bear follows the tiger's tracks and collects its leftovers, 14 described tiger-bear fights without tragic consequences, two reported cases where the bear strangled the tiger, 11 cases where the tiger killed the bear, and finally, 2 hunters wrote that the bear leaves the territory where the tiger appeared.[17]
The effect the presence of tigers has on brown bear behavior seems to vary. In the winters of 1970–1973, Yudakov and Nikolaev recorded two cases of bears showing no fear of tigers and another case of a brown bear changing path upon crossing tiger tracks.[18] Other researchers have observed bears following tiger tracks to scavenge tiger kills and to potentially prey on tigers.[10][14] Despite the threat of predation, some brown bears actually benefit from the presence of tigers by appropriating tiger kills that the bears may not be able to successfully hunt themselves.[14] Brown bears generally prefer to contest the much smaller female tigers.[19] During telemetry research in the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve, out of 45 cases of tiger-brown bear encounters, the tiger initiated 13, the bear 8, and in the remaining cases, the attacker was not identified. In 51.1% of cases, the bear died, in 26.7% the tiger died, and in 22.2% the animals separated. Himalayan bears offer less resistance compared to brown bears when attacked by tigers.[20] There are reports of brown bears specifically targeting Amur leopards and tigers to abstract their prey. In the Sikhote-Alin reserve, 35% of tiger kills were stolen by bears, with tigers either departing entirely or leaving part of the kill for the bear.[21] Some studies show that bears frequently track down tigers to usurp their kills, with occasional fatal outcomes for the tiger. A report from 1973 describes twelve known cases of brown bears killing tigers, including adult males; in all cases the tigers were subsequently eaten by the bears.[22][23] In November 2022, an Amur tiger killed a large male brown bear, the tiger was not injured. [24]
Interactions with humans
In Hokkaido during the first 57 years of the 20th century, 141 people died from bear attacks, and another 300 were injured.
On Shiretoko Peninsula, especially in the area called "Banya", many females with cubs often approach fishermen and spend time near people. This unique behavior was first noted more than a half century ago, with no casualties or accidents ever recorded. The females are thought to take cubs to approach fishermen to avoid encountering aggressive adult males.[28]
Range and status
The Ussuri brown bear is found in the
About 500–1,500 Ussuri brown bears are present in Heilongjiang, and are classed as a vulnerable population. Illegal hunting and capture have become very serious contributing factors to the decline in bear numbers, as their body parts are of high economic value.[34]
Five regional subpopulations of Ussuri brown bears are now recognized in Hokkaido. Of these, the small size and isolation of the western
In Russia, the Ussuri brown bear is considered a game animal, though it is not as extensively hunted as the Eurasian brown bear.[34]
In Korea, a few of these bears still exist only in the North, where this bear is officially recognized as a natural monument by its government. Traditionally called ku'n gom (big bear), whereas black bears are called gom (bear), the Ussuri brown bear became extinct many years ago in South Korea largely due to poaching. In North Korea, the two major areas of brown bear population include Ja Gang Province and the Ham Kyo'ng Mountains. The ones from JaGang are called "RyongLim ku'n gom" (RyongLim big bear) and they are listed as Natural Monument No.124 of North Korea.[36] The others from Hamkyo'ng Mountains are called GwanMoBong Ku'n Gom (GwanMo Peak big bear) and they are listed as Natural Monument No.330 of North Korea.[37] All big bears (Ussuri brown bears) in North Korea are mostly found around the peak areas of mountains. Their average size varies from 150 kg to 250 kg for Ryonglim bears found in the area south of Injeba'k Mountain, up to 600 kg for the ones found in the area north of Injeba'k Mountain.[36]
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Historic ranges (in dark red) adjacent to Japanese archipelago
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A bear walks by the surf on Shiretoko Peninsula
Cultural associations
The Ainu people worship the Ussuri brown bear, eating its flesh and drinking its blood as part of a religious festival known as Iomante.[citation needed]
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Ussuri brown bear in the Iomante ceremony
References
- ^ a b "IUCN Brown Bear subspecies status". Retrieved August 29, 2022.
- .
- ISBN 978-0-520-20520-8. Alt URL
- ^ ISBN 1-886106-81-9.
- JSTOR 3873015. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- Hokkaidō, Japan: Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine: 313–318. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2009-05-05.
- ^ "ヒグマ・ベーリングヒグマ" (in Japanese).
- ^ 日本テレビ. "体重400キロのヒグマ捕獲 なぜ巨大化?|日テレNEWS24" (in Japanese).
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- ^ a b Heptner, V. G. & Sludskij, A. A. (1992) [1972]. "Tiger". Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola [Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)]. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 95–202.
- ^ "Академия Google". scholar.google.ru. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
- ISBN 978-1-84593-926-7.
- ^ Seryodkin, I. V.; Kostyria, A. V.; Goodrich, J. M.; Miquelle, D. G.; Smirnov, E. N.; Kerley, L. L. & Hornocker, M. G. (2003). "Denning ecology of brown bears and Asiatic black bears in the Russian Far East". Ursus. 14 (2): 159. Archived from the original on 2011-08-17. Retrieved 2023-03-19.
- ^ a b c Seryodkin, I. V.; Goodrich, J. M.; Kostyrya, A. V.; Schleyer, B. O.; Smirnov, E. N.; Kerley, L. L. & Miquelle, D. G. (2005). "Глава 19. Взаимоотношения амурского тигра с бурым и гималайским медведями [Chapter 19. Relationship of Amur tigers with brown and Himalayan black bear]". In Miquelle, D. G.; Smirnov, E. N. & Goodrich, J. M. (eds.). Tigers of Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik: Ecology and Conservation (in Russian). Vladivostok, Russia: PSP. pp. 156–163.
- ^ Seryodkin, I. (2006). The ecology, behavior, management and conservation status of brown bears in Sikhote-Alin (PhD) (in Russian). Vladivostok, Russia: Far Eastern National University. pp. 1–252. Archived from the original on 2013-12-24.
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- ^ "Академия Google".
- ^ Yudakov, A. G. & Nikolaev, I. G. (2004). "Hunting Behavior and Success of the Tigers' Hunts". The Ecology of the Amur Tiger based on Long-Term Winter Observations in 1970–1973 in the Western Sector of the Central Sikhote-Alin Mountains. Institute of Biology and Soil Science, Far-Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Archived from the original on 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2014-09-17.
- ^ Matthiessen, P. (2000). "One". Tigers in the Snow. New York: North Point Press.
- ^ "Академия Google". scholar.google.ru. Retrieved 2024-03-03.
- ^ Seryodkin, I. V. (2007). "Роль бурого медведя в экосистемах Дальнего Востока России". Биоразнообразие и роль животных в экосистемах: Материалы IV Международной научной конференции. Denpropetrovsk: Oles Honchar Dnipro National University. pp. 502–503. Archived from the original on 2011-08-17. Retrieved 2015-07-15.
- ^ "Brown Bear predation of Amur Tiger 1973 account". International Wildlife Magazine. 20 October 2009.
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- ^ "VK.com | VK". m.vk.com. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
- ^ ISBN 0-415-22441-1.
- ^ "Fu Watto Tomamae". Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
- Japan TimesRetrieved September 8, 2016
- ^ "288回「知床ヒグマ親子 番屋に大集合!」│ダーウィンが来た!生きもの新伝説" (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2016-10-11. Retrieved 2016-05-28.
- ^ 『野生動物調査痕跡学図鑑』 p.356
- ^ 坪田敏男, 山崎晃司, 2011, 日本のクマ: ヒグマとツキノワグマの生物学, University of Tokyo Press
- ^ Mano T., ヒグマ研究におけるユーラシア東部の重要性とサケとクマがつなぐ海と森, 5.ヒグマ:海と陸との生態系のつながり、極東ロシアと北海道のヒグマ, pp.99–112
- ^ Mano T., Masuda R., Tsuruga H., ヒグマをとおしてみた北海道・極東・ユーラシア Archived 2016-10-11 at the Wayback Machine
- Yamanashi University, National Museum of Nature and Science, Yamagata University, 2021, 本州にかつて生息していたヒグマの起源の解明(pdf)
- ^ ISBN 2831704626
- ^ Higuma Population Estimates pref.hokkaido.lg.jp (2 December 2015)
- ^ a b North Korean Human Geography, Ryonglim Big Bear. cybernk.net
- ^ North Korean Human Geography, Gwanmobong Big Bear. cybernk.net