Utah
Utah
Áshįįh Biiʼtó Hahoodzo (Navajo) | |
---|---|
MDT) | |
USPS abbreviation | UT |
ISO 3166 code | US-UT |
Traditional abbreviation | Ut. |
Latitude | 37° N to 42° N |
Longitude | 109°3′ W to 114°3′ W |
Website | utah |
Indian ricegrass | |
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Insect | Western honey bee |
Mammal | Rocky Mountain elk |
Reptile | Gila monster |
Tree | Quaking aspen |
Inanimate insignia | |
Dance | Square dance |
Dinosaur | Utahraptor |
Firearm | Browning M1911 |
Fossil | Allosaurus |
Gemstone | Topaz |
Mineral | Copper[8] |
Rock | Coal[8] |
Tartan | Utah State Centennial Tartan |
State route marker | |
State quarter | |
Released in 2007 | |
Lists of United States state symbols |
Utah (
Utah has been inhabited for thousands of years by various
People from Utah are known as Utahns.[10] Slightly over half of all Utahns are Mormons, the vast majority of whom are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), which has its world headquarters in Salt Lake City;[11] Utah is the only state where a majority of the population belongs to a single church.[12] A 2023 paper challenged this perception (claiming only 42% of Utahns are Mormons) however most statistics still show a majority of Utah residents belong to the LDS church; estimates from the LDS church suggests 60.68% of Utah's population belongs to the church whilst some sources put the number as high as 68%.[13][14] The paper replied that membership count done by the LDS Church is too high for several reasons.[14] The LDS Church greatly influences Utahn culture, politics, and daily life,[15] though since the 1990s the state has become more religiously diverse as well as secular.
Utah has a highly diversified
Etymology
The name Utah derives from the name of the
History
Pre-Columbian
Thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the
Another group of Native Americans, the
Spanish exploration (1540)
The southern Utah region was explored by the Spanish in 1540, led by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado while looking for the legendary Cíbola. A group led by two Catholic priests—sometimes called the Domínguez–Escalante expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the coast of California. The expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. The Spanish made further explorations in the region but were not interested in colonizing the area because of its desert nature. In 1821, the year Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, the region became known as part of its territory of Alta California.
European trappers and
In late 1824, Jim Bridger became the first known English-speaking person to sight the Great Salt Lake. Due to the high salinity of its waters, he thought he had found the Pacific Ocean; he subsequently learned this body of water was a giant salt lake. After the discovery of the lake, hundreds of American and Canadian traders and trappers established trading posts in the region. In the 1830s, thousands of migrants traveling from the Eastern United States to the American West began to make stops in the region of the Great Salt Lake, then known as Lake Youta.[citation needed]
Latter Day Saint settlement (1847)
Following the
Young and the first group of Mormon pioneers reached the Salt Lake Valley on July 24, 1847. Over the next 22 years, more than 70,000 pioneers crossed the plains and settled in Utah.[29] For the first few years, Brigham Young and the thousands of early settlers of Salt Lake City struggled to survive. The arid desert land was deemed desirable by the Mormons as a place where they could practice their religion without harassment.
Settlers buried thirty-six Native Americans in one grave after an outbreak of measles occurred during the winter of 1847.[30]
The first group of settlers brought three African slaves with them, making Utah the only place in the western United States to have African slavery.[31] The three slaves, Green Flake, Hark Lay, and Oscar Crosby, came west with the first group of settlers in 1847.[32]
Utah was a Mexican territory when the first pioneers arrived in 1847. Early in the Mexican–American War in late 1846, the United States had taken control of New Mexico and California. The entire Southwest became U.S. territory upon the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848. The treaty was ratified by the United States Senate on March 11. Learning that California and New Mexico were applying for statehood, the settlers of the Utah area (originally having planned to petition for territorial status) applied for statehood with an ambitious plan for a State of Deseret.
The Mormon settlements provided pioneers for other settlements in the West. Salt Lake City became the hub of a "far-flung commonwealth"
Prominent settlements in Utah included
Utah Territory (1850–1896)
The Utah Territory was much smaller than the proposed state of Deseret, but it still contained all of the present states of Nevada and Utah as well as pieces of modern Wyoming and Colorado.[36] It was created with the Compromise of 1850, and Fillmore, named after President Millard Fillmore, was designated the capital. The territory was given the name Utah after the Ute tribe of Native Americans. Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the territorial capital in 1856.
By 1850, there were around 100 black people in the territory, the majority of whom were slaves.[37] In Salt Lake County, 26 slaves were counted.[30] In 1852, the territorial legislature passed the Act in Relation to Service and the Act for the relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners formally legalizing slavery in the territory. Slavery was abolished in the territory during the Civil War.
In 1850, Salt Lake City sent out a force known as the Nauvoo Legion and engaged the Timpanogos in the Battle at Fort Utah.[38]: 71
Disputes between the Mormon inhabitants and the
Members of the LDS Church were viewed as un-American and rebellious when news of their polygamous practices spread. In 1857, particularly heinous accusations of abdication of government and general immorality were leveled by former associate justice William W. Drummond, among others. The detailed reports of life in Utah caused the administration of James Buchanan to send a secret military "expedition" to Utah. When the supposed rebellion should be quelled, Alfred Cumming would take the place of Brigham Young as territorial governor. The resulting conflict is known as the Utah War, nicknamed "Buchanan's Blunder" by the Mormon leaders.
In September 1857, about 120 American settlers of the Baker–Fancher wagon train, en route to California from Arkansas, were murdered by
Before troops led by
Salt Lake City was the last link of the
Because of the
Beginning in 1865,
On May 10, 1869, the
During the 1870s and 1880s laws were passed to punish polygamists due, in part, to stories from Utah. Notably, Ann Eliza Young—tenth wife to divorce Brigham Young, women's advocate, national lecturer, and author of Wife No. 19 or My Life of Bondage—and Fanny Stenhouse, author of Tell It All: My Life in Mormonism, testified to the happiness of the very early Church members before polygamy. They independently published their books in 1875. These books and the lectures of Ann Eliza Young have been credited with the United States Congress's passage of anti-polygamy laws by newspapers throughout the United States, as recorded in "The Ann Eliza Young Vindicator", a pamphlet which detailed Ms. Young's travels and warm reception throughout her lecture tour.
T. B. H. Stenhouse, former Utah Mormon polygamist, a Mormon missionary for thirteen years, and a Salt Lake City newspaper owner, finally left Utah and wrote The Rocky Mountain Saints. His book gives a witnessed account of life in Utah, both the good and the bad. He finally left Utah and Mormonism after financial ruin occurred when Brigham Young sent Stenhouse to relocate to Ogden, Utah, according to Stenhouse, to take over his thriving pro-Mormon Salt Lake Telegraph newspaper. In addition to these testimonies, The Confessions of John D. Lee, written by John D. Lee—alleged "Scapegoat" for the
In the 1890 Manifesto, the LDS Church banned polygamy. When Utah applied for statehood again, it was accepted. One of the conditions for granting Utah statehood was that a ban on polygamy be written into the state constitution. This was a condition required of other western states that were admitted into the Union later. Statehood was officially granted on January 4, 1896.
20th century to present
Beginning in the early 20th century, with the establishment of such national parks as
Since the establishment of
In 1957, Utah created the Utah State Parks Commission with four parks. Today,
During the late 20th century, the state grew quickly. In the 1970s growth was phenomenal in the suburbs of the Wasatch Front. Sandy was one of the fastest-growing cities in the country at that time. Today, many areas of Utah continue to see boom-time growth. Northern Davis, southern and western Salt Lake, Summit, eastern Tooele, Utah, Wasatch, and Washington counties are all growing very quickly. Management of transportation and urbanization are major issues in politics, as development consumes agricultural land and wilderness areas and transportation is a major reason for poor air quality in Utah.
On March 18, 2020, Utah suffered a 5.7 magnitude earthquake originating 3.7 mi (6.0 km) northeast of Magna, near Salt Lake City.[45]
Geography and geology
Utah is known for its natural diversity and is home to features ranging from arid deserts with
Utah covers an area of 84,899 sq mi (219,890 km2). It is one of the Four Corners states and is bordered by Idaho in the north, Wyoming in the north and east, Colorado in the east, at a single point by New Mexico to the southeast, by Arizona in the south, and by Nevada in the west. Only three U.S. states (Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming) have exclusively latitude and longitude lines as boundaries.
One of Utah's defining characteristics is the variety of its terrain. Running down the middle of the state's northern third is the Wasatch Range, which rises to heights of almost 12,000 ft (3,700 m) above sea level. Utah is home to world-renowned ski resorts made popular by light, fluffy snow and winter storms that regularly dump up to three feet of it overnight. In the state's northeastern section, running east to west, are the Uinta Mountains, which rise to heights of over 13,000 feet (4,000 m). The highest point in the state, Kings Peak, at 13,528 feet (4,123 m),[46] lies within the Uinta Mountains.
At the western base of the Wasatch Range is the Wasatch Front, a series of valleys and basins that are home to the most populous parts of the state. It stretches approximately from Brigham City at the north end to Nephi at the south end. Approximately 75 percent of the state's population lives in this corridor, and population growth is rapid.
Western Utah is a mostly arid desert with a
Much of the scenic southern and southeastern landscape (specifically the
This terrain is the central feature of protected state and federal parks such as Arches, Bryce Canyon, Canyonlands, Capitol Reef, and Zion national parks, Cedar Breaks, Grand Staircase–Escalante, Hovenweep, and Natural Bridges national monuments, Glen Canyon National Recreation Area (site of the popular tourist destination, Lake Powell), Dead Horse Point and Goblin Valley state parks, and Monument Valley. The Navajo Nation also extends into southeastern Utah. Southeastern Utah is also punctuated by the remote, but lofty La Sal, Abajo, and Henry mountain ranges.
Eastern (northern quarter) Utah is a high-elevation area covered mostly by plateaus and basins, particularly the Tavaputs Plateau and
Southwestern Utah is the lowest and hottest spot in Utah. It is known as Utah's
Like most of the
-
Pariette Wetlands
-
Deer Creek Reservoir
-
Kolob Canyons at Zion National Park
Adjacent states
Climate
Utah features a dry,
Most of the lowland areas receive less than 12 inches (305 mm) of precipitation annually, although the I-15 corridor, including the densely populated Wasatch Front, receives approximately 15 inches (381 mm). The Great Salt Lake Desert is the driest area of the state, with less than 5 inches (127 mm). Snowfall is common in all but the far southern valleys. Although St. George receives only about 3 inches (76 mm) per year, Salt Lake City sees about 60 inches (1,524 mm), enhanced by the lake-effect snow from the Great Salt Lake, which increases snowfall totals to the south, southeast, and east of the lake.
Some areas of the
Previous studies have indicated a widespread decline in snowpack over Utah accompanied by a decline in the snow–snow-precipitation ratio while anecdotal evidence claims have been put forward that measured changes in Utah's snowpack are spurious and do not reflect actual change. A 2012 study[52] found that the proportion of winter (January–March) precipitation falling as snow has decreased by nine percent during the last half century, a combined result of a significant increase in rainfall and a minor decrease in snowfall. Meanwhile, observed snow depth across Utah has decreased and is accompanied by consistent decreases in snow cover and surface albedo. Weather systems with the potential to produce precipitation in Utah have decreased in number with those producing snowfall decreasing at a considerably greater rate.[53]
Utah's temperatures are extreme, with cold temperatures in winter due to its elevation, and very hot summers statewide (except mountain areas and high mountain valleys). Utah is usually protected from major blasts of cold air by mountains lying north and east of the state, although major Arctic blasts can occasionally reach the state. Average January high temperatures range from around 30 °F (−1 °C) in some northern valleys to almost 55 °F (13 °C) in St. George.
Temperatures dropping below 0 °F (−18 °C) should be expected on occasion in most areas of the state most years, although some areas see it often (for example, the town of
Utah, like most of the western United States, has few days of thunderstorms. On average there are fewer than 40 days of thunderstorm activity during the year, although these storms can be briefly intense when they do occur. They are most likely to occur during
One exception of note, however, was the unprecedented
Wildlife
Utah is home to more than 600 vertebrate animals[60] as well as numerous invertebrates and insects.[61]
Mammals
Mammals are found in every area of Utah. Non-predatory larger mammals include the plains bison,[62][63] elk,[64] moose,[65] mountain goat,[65] mule deer,[65] pronghorn,[66] and multiple types of bighorn sheep.[67][68][69] Non-predatory small mammals include muskrat,[65] and nutria.[70] Large and small predatory mammals include the black bear,[65] cougar,[65] Canada lynx,[71] bobcat,[65] fox (gray, red, and kit),[65] coyote,[65] badger,[65] black-footed ferret,[72] mink,[65] stoat,[65] long-tailed weasel,[65] raccoon,[65] and otter.[73]
The
Birds
As of January 2020, there were 466 species included in the official list managed by the Utah Bird Records Committee (UBRC).
Due to the "
Other birds commonly found include the American robin,[82] the common starling, finches (black rosy,[83] Cassin's,[84] and goldfinch),[85] the black-billed magpie,[86] mourning doves,[87] sparrows (house, tree,[88] black-chinned,[89] black-throated,[90] Brewer's,[91] and chipping),[92] Clark's grebe,[93] the ferruginous hawk, geese (snow, cackling,[94] and Canada),[95] eagles (golden and bald),[96] California quail,[97] mountain bluebird, and hummingbirds (calliope,[98] black-chinned,[99] and broad-tailed).[100]
Invertebrates
Utah is host to a wide variety of
One of the rarest insects in Utah is the Coral Pink Sand Dunes tiger beetle, found only in Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park, near Kanab.[109] It was proposed in 2012 to be listed as a threatened species,[110] but the proposal was not accepted.[111] Other insects include grasshoppers,[112] green stink bugs,[113] the Army cutworm,[114] the monarch butterfly,[115] and Mormon fritillary butterfly.[115] The white-lined sphinx moth is common to most of the United States, but there have been reported outbreaks of large groups of their larvae damaging tomato, grape and garden crops in Utah.[116] Four or five species of firefly are also found across the state.[117]
In February 2009,
Vegetation
Several thousand plants are native to Utah,[123] including a variety of trees, shrubs, cacti, herbaceous plants, and grasses. As of 2018[update], there are 3,930 species of plants in Utah, with 3,128 of those being indigenous and 792 being introduced through various means.[124]
Common trees include pines/piñons (
There are many varieties of cacti in Utah's varied deserts, especially in the southern and western parts of the state. Some of these include
Several invasive species of plants are considered noxious weeds by the state, including Bermuda grass, field bindweed, henbane, jointed goatgrass, Canada thistle, Balkan and common toadflax, giant cane, couch grass, St. John's wort, hemlock, sword grass, Russian olive, myrtle spurge, Japanese knotweed, salt cedar, and goat's head.[126]
Demographics
At the
Utah contains five
).According to HUD's 2022 Annual Homeless Assessment Report, there were an estimated 3,557 homeless people in Utah.[130][131]
The majority of Utah's immigrants come from Mexico.[132][133]
Health and fertility
Utah ranks among the highest in total fertility rate, 47th in
Ancestry and race
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1850 | 11,380 | — | |
1860 | 40,273 | 253.9% | |
1870 | 86,336 | 114.4% | |
1880 | 143,963 | 66.7% | |
1890 | 210,779 | 46.4% | |
1900 | 276,749 | 31.3% | |
1910 | 373,351 | 34.9% | |
1920 | 449,396 | 20.4% | |
1930 | 507,847 | 13.0% | |
1940 | 550,310 | 8.4% | |
1950 | 688,862 | 25.2% | |
1960 | 890,627 | 29.3% | |
1970 | 1,059,273 | 18.9% | |
1980 | 1,461,037 | 37.9% | |
1990 | 1,722,850 | 17.9% | |
2000 | 2,233,169 | 29.6% | |
2010 | 2,763,885 | 23.8% | |
2020 | 3,271,616 | 18.4% | |
Source: 1910–2020[140] |
Race and Ethnicity[141] | Alone | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
White (non-Hispanic)
|
75.3% | 78.9% | ||
Hispanic or Latino[b] | — | 15.1% | ||
Asian | 2.4% | 3.6% | ||
African American (non-Hispanic)
|
1.1% | 1.8% | ||
Pacific Islander | 1.1% | 1.7% | ||
Native American | 0.9% | 1.8% | ||
Other | 0.4% | 1.1% |
Non-Hispanic White 60–70%70–80%80–90%90%+Native American 50–60%
Racial composition | 1970[142] | 1990[142] | 2000[143] | 2010[144] | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
White (non-Hispanic) |
97.4% | 93.8% | 89.2% | 86.1% | 75.3% |
Hispanic (of any race) | 4.1% | 4.9% | 9.0% | 13.0% | 15.1% |
Asian |
0.6% | 1.9% | 1.7% | 2.0% | 2.4% |
Native (non-Hispanic) | 1.1% | 1.4% | 1.3% | 1.2% | 0.9% |
Black (non-Hispanic) |
0.6% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 1.0% | 1.1% |
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander |
– | – | 0.7% | 0.9% | 1.1% |
Other race |
0.2% | 2.2% | 4.2% | 6.0% | 0.4% |
Two or more races |
– | – | 2.1% | 2.7% | 3.7% |
The largest ancestry groups in the state are:
- 26.0% English
- 11.9% German
- 11.8% Scandinavian (5.4% Danish, 4.0% Swedish, 2.4% Norwegian)
- 9.0% Mexican
- 6.6% American
- 6.2% Irish
- 4.6% Scottish
- 2.7% Italian
- 2.4% Dutch
- 2.2% French
- 2.2% Welsh
- 1.4% Scotch Irish
- 1.3% Swiss
In 2011 one-third of Utah's workforce was reported to be bilingual, developed through a program of acquisition of second languages beginning in elementary school, and related to Mormonism's missionary goals for its young people.[145]
In 2011, 28.6% of Utah's population younger than the age of one were ethnic minorities, meaning they had at least one parent who was of a race other than non-Hispanic white.[146]
Religion
Mormons are the largest religious group in Utah. However, the percentage of Mormons in the overall population has been decreasing. In 2017, 62.8% of Utahns were members of the LDS Church.[148][149] This declined to 61.2% in 2018[150] and to 60.7% in 2019.[151] Members of the LDS Church currently make up between 34%–41% of the population within Salt Lake City. However, many of the other major population centers such as Provo, Logan, Tooele, and St. George tend to be predominantly LDS, along with many suburban and rural areas. The LDS Church has the largest number of congregations, numbering 4,815 wards.[152] According to results from the 2010 U.S. census, combined with official LDS Church membership statistics, church members represented 62.1% of Utah's total population. The Utah county with the lowest percentage of church members was Grand County, at 26.5%, while the county with the highest percentage was Morgan County, at 86.1%. In addition, the result for the most populated county, Salt Lake County, was 51.4%.[15]
Though the LDS Church officially maintains a policy of neutrality in regard to political parties,[153] the church's doctrine has a strong regional influence on politics.[154] Another doctrine effect can be seen in Utah's high birth rate (25 percent higher than the national average; the highest for a state in the U.S.).[155] Mormons in Utah tend to have conservative views when it comes to most political issues and the majority of voter-age Utahns are unaffiliated voters (60%) who vote overwhelmingly Republican.[156] Mitt Romney received 72.8% of the Utahn votes in 2012, while John McCain polled 62.5% in the 2008 United States presidential election and 70.9% for George W. Bush in 2004. In 2010 the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) reported that the three largest denominational groups in Utah are the LDS Church with 1,910,504 adherents; the Catholic Church with 160,125 adherents, and the Southern Baptist Convention with 12,593 adherents.[157]
According to a
According to a 2023 paper, since 2007, Mormons no longer represent the majority in Utah but still remain the largest religious body in the state.[14]
Languages
The
In 2000, 87.5% of all state residents five years of age or older spoke only English at home, a decrease from 92.2% in 1990.
Language | Percentage of population (as of 2010[update])[162] |
---|---|
Spanish | 7.4% |
German | 0.6% |
Navajo | 0.5% |
French | 0.4% |
Pacific Island languages including Chamorro, Hawaiian, Ilocano, Tagalog, and Samoan | 0.4% |
Chinese | 0.4% |
Portuguese | 0.3% |
Vietnamese | 0.3% |
Japanese | 0.2% |
Arapaho | 0.1% |
Age and gender
Utah has the highest total birth rate[155] and accordingly, the youngest population of any U.S. state. In 2010, the state's population was 50.2% male and 49.8% female. The life expectancy is 79.3 years.
Economy
According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, the gross state product of Utah in 2012 was US$130.5 billion, or 0.87% of the total United States GDP of US$14.991 trillion for the same year.[164] The per capita personal income was $45,700 in 2012. Major industries of Utah include mining, cattle ranching, salt production, and government services.
According to the 2007 State New Economy Index, Utah has ranked the top state in the nation for Economic Dynamism, determined by "the degree to which state economies are knowledge-based, globalized, entrepreneurial, information technology-driven and innovation-based". In 2014, Utah was ranked number one in Forbes' list of "Best States For Business".[165] A November 2010 article in Newsweek magazine highlighted Utah and particularly the Salt Lake City area's economic outlook, calling it "the new economic Zion", and examined how the area has been able to bring in high-paying jobs and attract high-tech corporations to the area during a recession.[166] As of September 2014[update], the state's unemployment rate was 3.5%.[167] In terms of "small business friendliness", in 2014 Utah emerged as number one, based on a study drawing upon data from more than 12,000 small business owners.[168]
In eastern Utah petroleum production is a major industry.[169] Near Salt Lake City, petroleum refining is done by several oil companies. In central Utah, coal production accounts for much of the mining activity.
According to Internal Revenue Service tax returns, Utahns rank first among all U.S. states in the proportion of income given to charity by the wealthy. This is due to the standard ten percent of all earnings that Mormons give to the LDS Church.[136] According to the Corporation for National and Community Service, Utah had an average of 884,000 volunteers between 2008 and 2010, each of whom contributed 89.2 hours per volunteer. This figure equates to $3.8 billion of service contributed, ranking Utah number one for volunteerism in the nation.[170]
Taxation
Utah collects personal income tax; since 2008 the tax has been a flat five percent for all taxpayers.[171] The state sales tax has a base rate of 6.45 percent,[172] with cities and counties levying additional local sales taxes that vary among the municipalities. Property taxes are assessed and collected locally. Utah does not charge intangible property taxes and does not impose an inheritance tax.
Tourism
Tourism is a major industry in Utah. With five
The Moab area, in the southeastern part of the state, is known for its challenging mountain biking trails, including Slickrock. Moab also hosts the famous Moab Jeep Safari semiannually.
Utah has seen an increase in tourism since the 2002 Winter Olympics. Park City is home to the United States Ski Team. Utah's ski resorts are primarily located in northern Utah near Salt Lake City, Park City, Ogden, and Provo. Between 2007 and 2011 Deer Valley Park City, has been ranked the top ski resort in North America in a survey organized by Ski Magazine.[173]
Utah has many significant ski resorts. The 2009 Ski Magazine reader survey concluded that six of the top ten resorts deemed most "accessible", and six of the top ten with the best snow conditions, were located in Utah.[174] In Southern Utah, Brian Head Ski Resort is located in the mountains near Cedar City. Former Olympic venues including Utah Olympic Park and Utah Olympic Oval are still in operation for training and competition and allow the public to participate in numerous activities including ski jumping, bobsleigh, and speed skating.
Utah features many cultural attractions such as
Other attractions include Monument Valley, the Great Salt Lake, the Bonneville Salt Flats, and Lake Powell.
Branding
The state of Utah relies heavily on income from tourists and travelers visiting the state's parks and ski resorts, and thus the need to "brand" Utah and create an impression of the state throughout the world has led to several state slogans, the most famous of which is "The Greatest Snow on Earth", which has been in use in Utah officially since 1975 (although the slogan was in unofficial use as early as 1962) and now adorns nearly 50 percent of the state's license plates. In 2001, Utah Governor Mike Leavitt approved a new state slogan, "Utah! Where Ideas Connect", which lasted until March 10, 2006, when the Utah Travel Council and the office of Governor Jon Huntsman announced that "Life Elevated" would be the new state slogan.[176]
Mining
Beginning in the late 19th century with the state's mining boom (including the
These settlements were characteristic of the boom and bust cycle that dominated mining towns of the American West. Park City, Utah, and Alta, Utah were boom towns in the early twentieth century. Rich silver mines in the mountains adjacent to the towns led to many people flocking to the towns in search of wealth. During the early part of the Cold War era, uranium was mined in eastern Utah. Today mining activity still plays a major role in the state's economy. Minerals mined in Utah include copper, gold, silver, molybdenum, zinc, lead, and beryllium. Fossil fuels including coal, petroleum, and natural gas continue to play a large role in Utah's economy, especially in the eastern part of the state in counties such as Carbon, Emery, Grand, and Uintah.[177]
Incidents
In 2007, nine people were killed at the Crandall Canyon Mine collapse.
On March 22, 2013, one miner died and another was injured after they became trapped in a cave-in at a part of the Castle Valley Mining Complex, about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) west of the small mining town of Huntington in Emery County.[178]
Energy
Utah extracts more coal and generates more electricity than it consumes.[179] The state has the potential to generate 31.6 TWh/year from 13.1 GW of wind power, and 10,290 TWh/year from solar power using 4,048 GW of photovoltaic (PV), including 5.6 GW of rooftop photovoltaic, and 1,638 GW of concentrated solar power.[180] The Blue Castle Project is working toward building the state's first nuclear power plant near Green River, Utah, originally projected to be completed in 2030.[181]
Utah Associated Municipal Power Systems (UAMPS) is a subdivision of the State of Utah, providing non-profit wholesale electricity, transmission, and other energy services to community-owned power systems in the Intermountain West geographical area.[182]
Transportation
Road
Rail and transit
Utah's
The
The UTA's bus system stretches from the Salt Lake Valley west to Grantsville and east to Park City. Beyond UTA, the cities of Cedar City, Logan, Park City, and St. George is served by local bus operators. In the winter, the UTA and several private bus companies operate shuttle routes to Utah's ski resorts.
Air
Law and government
Utah government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The
The
The Utah Supreme Court is the court of last resort in Utah. It consists of five justices, who are appointed by the governor, and then subject to retention election. The Utah Court of Appeals handles cases from the trial courts.[190] Trial level courts are the district courts and justice courts. All justices and judges, like those on the Utah Supreme Court, are subject to retention election after appointment.
In a 2020 study, Utah was ranked as the 3rd easiest state for citizens to vote in.[191]
Counties
Utah is divided into political jurisdictions designated as counties. Since 1918 there have been 29 counties in the state, ranging from 298 to 7,819 square miles (772 to 20,300 km2).
County name | County seat | Year founded | 2020 U.S. census | Largest County City | Percent of total | Area | % of state |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beaver | Beaver | 1856 | 7,072 | Beaver | 0.22% | 2,589 sq mi (6,710 km2) | 3.2% |
Box Elder | Brigham City | 1856 | 57,666 | Brigham City | 1.76% | 5,745 sq mi (14,880 km2) | 7.0% |
Cache | Logan | 1856 | 133,154 | Logan | 4.07% | 1,164 sq mi (3,010 km2) | 1.4% |
Carbon | Price | 1894 | 20,412 | Price | 0.62% | 1,478 sq mi (3,830 km2) | 1.8% |
Daggett | Manila | 1918 | 935 | Manila | 0.03% | 696 sq mi (1,800 km2) | 0.8% |
Davis | Farmington | 1852 | 362,679 | Layton | 11.09% | 298 sq mi (770 km2) | 0.4% |
Duchesne | Duchesne | 1915 | 19,596 | Roosevelt | 0.60% | 3,240 sq mi (8,400 km2) | 3.9% |
Emery | Castle Dale | 1880 | 9,825 | Huntington | 0.30% | 4,462 sq mi (11,560 km2) | 5.4% |
Garfield | Panguitch | 1882 | 5,051 | Panguitch | 0.15% | 5,175 sq mi (13,400 km2) | 6.3% |
Grand | Moab | 1890 | 9,669 | Moab | 0.30% | 3,671 sq mi (9,510 km2) | 4.5% |
Iron | Parowan | 1852 | 57,289 | Cedar City | 1.75% | 3,296 sq mi (8,540 km2) | 4.0% |
Juab | Nephi | 1852 | 11,786 | Nephi | 0.36% | 3,392 sq mi (8,790 km2) | 4.1% |
Kane | Kanab | 1864 | 7,667 | Kanab | 0.23% | 3,990 sq mi (10,300 km2) | 4.9% |
Millard | Fillmore | 1852 | 12,975 | Delta | 0.40% | 6,572 sq mi (17,020 km2) | 8.0% |
Morgan | Morgan | 1862 | 12,295 | Morgan | 0.38% | 609 sq mi (1,580 km2) | 0.7% |
Piute | Junction | 1865 | 1,438 | Circleville | 0.04% | 757 sq mi (1,960 km2) | 0.9% |
Rich | Randolph | 1868 | 2,510 | Garden City | 0.08% | 1,028 sq mi (2,660 km2) | 1.3% |
Salt Lake | Salt Lake City | 1852 | 1,185,238 | Salt Lake City, State Capital. | 36.23% | 742 sq mi (1,920 km2) | 0.9% |
San Juan | Monticello | 1880 | 14,518 | Blanding | 0.44% | 7,819 sq mi (20,250 km2) | 9.5% |
Sanpete | Manti | 1852 | 28,437 | Ephraim | 0.87% | 1,590 sq mi (4,100 km2) | 1.9% |
Sevier | Richfield | 1865 | 21,522 | Richfield | 0.66% | 1,910 sq mi (4,900 km2) | 2.3% |
Summit | Coalville | 1854 | 42,357 | Park City | 1.29% | 1,871 sq mi (4,850 km2) | 2.3% |
Tooele | Tooele | 1852 | 72,698 | Tooele | 2.22% | 6,941 sq mi (17,980 km2) | 8.4% |
Uintah | Vernal | 1880 | 35,620 | Vernal | 1.09% | 4,479 sq mi (11,600 km2) | 5.5% |
Utah | Provo | 1852 | 659,399 | Provo, third largest city in UT. | 20.16% | 2,003 sq mi (5,190 km2) | 2.4% |
Wasatch | Heber |
1862 | 34,788 | Heber City | 1.06% | 1,175 sq mi (3,040 km2) | 1.4% |
Washington | St. George | 1852 | 180,279 | St. George | 5.51% | 2,426 sq mi (6,280 km2) | 3.0% |
Wayne | Loa | 1892 | 2,486 | Loa | 0.08% | 2,460 sq mi (6,400 km2) | 3.0% |
Weber | Ogden | 1852 | 262,223 | Ogden | 8.02% | 576 sq mi (1,490 km2) | 0.7% |
- Total Counties: 29
- Total 2020 population: 3,271,616[192]
- Total state area: 82,154 sq mi (212,780 km2)
Women's rights
Utah granted full
Utah is one of the 15 states that have not ratified the U.S. Equal Rights Amendment.[194]
Free-range parenting
In March 2018, Utah passed the United States' first "free-range parenting" bill. The bill was signed into law by Republican Governor Gary Herbert and states that parents who allow their children to engage in certain activities without supervision are not considered neglectful.[195][196]
Constitution
The constitution of Utah was enacted on May 8, 1895.[197] Notably, the constitution outlawed polygamy, as requested by Congress when Utah had applied for statehood, and reestablished the territorial practice of women's suffrage. Utah's Constitution has been amended many times since its inception.[198]
Capital punishment
Under Utah law, aggravated murder is the only crime subject to the penalty of death.
Alcohol, tobacco, and gambling laws
Utah's laws regarding
Same-sex marriage
Same-sex marriage became legal in Utah on December 20, 2013, when
LGBT rights
The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the
Politics
Party registration as of February 26, 2024[212] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Total voters | Percentage | |||
Republican | 979,620 | 50.17% | |||
Unaffiliated | 577,980 | 29.60% | |||
Democratic | 272,642 | 13.96% | |||
Other | 122,422 | 6.27% | |||
Total | 1,952,574 | 100.00% |
In the late 19th century, the federal government took issue with polygamy in the LDS Church. The LDS Church discontinued plural marriage in 1890, and in 1896 Utah gained admission to the Union. Many new people settled in the area soon after the Mormon pioneers. Relations have often been strained between the LDS population and the non-LDS population.[213] These tensions have played a large part in Utah's history (Liberal Party vs. People's Party).
Utah votes predominantly Republican. Self-identified Latter-day Saints are more likely to vote for the Republican ticket than non-Mormons. Utah is one of the most Republican states in the nation.
Both of Utah's U.S. Senators, Mitt Romney and Mike Lee, are Republican, as are all four of its U.S. Representatives. Ben McAdams is the most recent Democrat to represent Utah in Congress, representing the 4th congressional district, based in Salt Lake City, from 2019 to 2021. He lost re-election to Burgess Owens, a Republican, in 2020. After Jon Huntsman Jr. resigned to serve as U.S. Ambassador to China in 2009, Gary Herbert was sworn in as governor on August 11, 2009. Herbert was elected to serve out the remainder of the term in a special election in 2010, defeating Democratic nominee Salt Lake County Mayor Peter Corroon with 64% of the vote. He won election to a full four-year term in 2012, defeating the Democrat Peter Cooke with 68% of the vote.
The LDS Church maintains an official policy of neutrality about political parties and candidates.[153]
In the 1970s, then-Apostle Ezra Taft Benson was quoted by the Associated Press that it would be difficult for a faithful Latter-day Saint to be a liberal Democrat.[216] Although the LDS Church has officially repudiated such statements on many occasions, Democratic candidates—including LDS Democrats—believe Republicans capitalize on the perception that the Republican Party is doctrinally superior.[217] Political scientist and pollster Dan Jones explains this disparity by noting that the national Democratic Party is associated with liberal positions on gay marriage and abortion, both of which the LDS Church is against.[218] The Republican Party in heavily Mormon Utah County presents itself as the superior choice for Latter-day Saints. Even though Utah Democratic candidates are predominantly LDS, socially conservative, and pro-life, no Democrat has won in Utah County since 1994.[219]
David Magleby, dean of Social and Behavioral Sciences at Brigham Young University, a lifelong Democrat and a political analyst, asserts that the Republican Party has more conservative positions than the LDS Church. Magleby argues that the locally conservative Democrats are in better accord with LDS doctrine.[220] For example, the Republican Party of Utah opposes almost all abortions while Utah Democrats take a more liberal approach, although more conservative than their national counterparts. On Second Amendment issues, the state GOP has been at odds with the LDS Church's position opposing concealed firearms in places of worship and public spaces.
In 1998, the church expressed concern that Utahns perceived the Republican Party as an LDS institution and authorized lifelong Democrat and
Utah is much more conservative than the United States as a whole, primarily on social issues. Compared to other Republican-dominated states in the Mountain West such as Idaho and Wyoming, Utah politics have a more moralistic and less libertarian character, according to David Magleby.[221]
About 80% of Utah's Legislature are members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints,[222] while members account for 61 percent of the population.[223] Since becoming a state in 1896, Utah has had only two non-Mormon governors.[224]
In 2006, the legislature passed legislation aimed at banning joint custody for a non-biological parent of a child. The custody measure passed the legislature and was vetoed by the governor, a reciprocal benefits supporter.
Carbon County's Democrats are generally made up of members of the large
The state's most Republican areas tend to be Utah County, which is the home to Brigham Young University (BYU) in the city of Provo, and nearly all the rural counties.[226][227] These areas generally hold socially conservative views in line with that of the national Religious Right. The most Democratic areas of the state lie currently in and around Salt Lake City proper.
The state has not voted for a Democrat for president since 1964. Historically, Republican presidential nominees score one of their best margins of victory here. Utah was the Republicans' best state in the 1976,[228] 1980,[229] 1984,[230] 1988,[231] 1996,[232] 2000,[233] 2004[234] and 2012 elections. In 1992, Utah was the only state in the nation where Democratic candidate Bill Clinton finished behind both Republican candidate George HW Bush and Independent candidate Ross Perot.[235] In 2004, Republican George W. Bush won every county in the state and Utah gave him his largest margin of victory of any state. He won the state's five electoral votes by a margin of 46 percentage points with 71.5% of the vote. In the 1996 Presidential elections the Republican candidate received a smaller 54% of the vote while the Democrat earned 34%.[236]
In 2020, the Associated Press wrote a piece profiling Utah's political culture during that year's presidential election. The article noted a more bipartisan and cooperative environment, along with conservative support of liberal causes such as LGBT rights and marijuana use, despite the Republican dominance in the state and the political polarization seen in other parts of the U.S. at the time.[237]
Major cities and towns
Utah's population is concentrated in two areas, the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state, with over 2.6 million residents; and Washington County, in southwestern Utah, locally known as "Dixie", with more than 175,000 residents in the metropolitan area.
According to the 2010 census, Utah was the second fastest-growing state (at 23.8 percent) in the United States between 2000 and 2010 (behind Nevada). St. George, in the southwest, is the second fastest-growing metropolitan area in the United States, trailing Greeley, Colorado.
The three fastest-growing counties from 2000 to 2010 were Wasatch County (54.7%), Washington County (52.9%), and Tooele County (42.9%). However, Utah County added the most people (148,028). Between 2000 and 2010, Saratoga Springs (1,673%), Herriman (1,330%), Eagle Mountain (893%), Cedar Hills (217%), South Willard (168%), Nibley (166%), Syracuse (159%), West Haven (158%), Lehi (149%), Washington (129%), and Stansbury Park (116%) all at least doubled in population. West Jordan (35,376), Lehi (28,379), St. George (23,234), South Jordan (20,981), West Valley City (20,584), and Herriman (20,262) all added at least 20,000 people.[238]
Utah Rank |
City | Population (2020) within city limits |
Land area |
Population density (/mi2) |
Population density (/km2) |
County |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Salt Lake City | 199,723 | 109.1 sq mi (283 km2) | 1,830.6 | 706 | Salt Lake |
2 | West Valley City | 140,230 | 35.4 sq mi (92 km2) | 3,961.3 | 1,524 | Salt Lake |
3 | West Jordan | 116,961 | 30.9 sq mi (80 km2) | 3,785.1 | 1,462 | Salt Lake |
4 | Provo | 115,162 | 39.6 sq mi (103 km2) | 2,908.1 | 1,118 | Utah County |
5 | Orem | 98,129 | 18.4 sq mi (48 km2) | 5,333.1 | 2,044 | Utah County |
6 | Sandy | 96,904 | 22.3 sq mi (58 km2) | 4,345.5 | 1,671 | Salt Lake |
7 | St. George | 95,342 | 64.4 sq mi (167 km2) | 1,480.5 | 571 | Washington |
8 | Ogden | 87,321 | 26.6 sq mi (69 km2) | 3,282.7 | 1,266 | Weber |
9 | Layton | 81,773 | 22.0 sq mi (57 km2) | 3,717 | 1,434 | Davis |
10 | South Jordan | 77,487 | 22.05 sq mi (57 km2) | 3,514.1 | 1,359 | Salt Lake |
11 | Lehi | 75,907 | 26.3 sq mi (68 km2) | 2,886.2 | 1,116 | Utah |
12 | Millcreek | 63,380 | 13.7 sq mi (35 km2) | 4,626.3 | 1,811 | Salt Lake |
13 | Taylorsville | 60,448 | 10.7 sq mi (28 km2) | 5,649.3 | 2,159 | Salt Lake |
Combined statistical area | Population (2010) |
---|---|
Salt Lake City-Ogden-Clearfield comprises: Salt Lake City and Ogden-Clearfield Metropolitan Areas and Brigham City and Heber Micropolitan Areas (as listed below) |
1,744,886 |
Utah Rank |
Metropolitan area | Population (2017) |
Counties |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Salt Lake City* | 1,203,105 | Salt Lake, Tooele, Summit |
2 | Ogden-Clearfield* | 665,358 | Weber, Davis, Morgan |
3 | Provo-Orem | 617,675 | Utah |
4 | St. George | 165,662 | Washington |
5 | Logan | 138,002 | Cache, Franklin (Idaho) |
- Until 2003, the Salt Lake City and Ogden-Clearfield metropolitan areas were considered as a single metropolitan area.[citation needed]
Utah Rank |
Micropolitan area | Population (2010) |
---|---|---|
1 | Brigham City | 49,015 |
2 | Cedar City | 44,540 |
3 | Vernal | 29,885 |
4 | Heber |
21,066 |
5 | Price | 19,549 |
6 | Richfield | 18,382 |
Colleges and universities
- Bridgerland Technical College in Logan
- Broadview College in West Jordan
- Brigham Young University in Provo (satellite campus in Salt Lake City)
- Davis Technical College in Kaysville
- Eagle Gate College in Murray and Layton
- Ensign College (formerly LDS Business College) in Salt Lake City
- Joyce University of Nursing and Health Sciences (formerly Ameritech College of Healthcare) in Draper
- Mountainland Technical College in Lehi
- Neumont College of Computer Science in South Jordan
- Noorda College of Osteopathic Medicine in Provo
- Ogden–Weber Technical College in Ogden
- Provo College in Provo
- Rocky Mountain University of Health Professions in Provo
- Roseman University in South Jordan, Utah
- Salt Lake Community College in Taylorsville
- Snow College in Ephraim and Richfield
- Southern Utah University in Cedar City
- Southwest Technical College in Cedar City
- Tooele Technical College in Tooele
- Uintah Basin Technical College in Roosevelt
- University of Phoenix at various locations statewide
- University of Utah in Salt Lake City
- Utah State University in Logan (satellite campuses at various state locations)
- Utah State University Eastern in Price
- Utah Tech University in St. George (formerly Dixie State University) as of May 2022, and legal effect in July 2022.[239])
- Utah Valley University in Orem
- Weber State University in Ogden
- Western Governors University an online only university, headquartered in Salt Lake City
- Westminster College in Salt Lake City
Culture
Sports
Utah is the second-least populous U.S. state to have a major professional sports league franchise after the Vegas Golden Knights joined the National Hockey League in 2017. The Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association play at the Delta Center[240] in Salt Lake City. The team moved to the city from New Orleans in 1979 and has been one of the most consistently successful teams in the league (although they have yet to win a championship). Salt Lake City was previously host to the Utah Stars, who competed in the ABA from 1970 to 1976 and won one championship, and to the Utah Starzz of the WNBA from 1997 to 2003.
Utah's highest level Minor League Baseball team is the Triple-A Salt Lake Bees, who play at Smith's Ballpark in Salt Lake City as a part of the Pacific Coast League. Utah also has one minor league hockey team, the Utah Grizzlies, who play at the Maverik Center and compete in the ECHL.
Utah has seven universities that compete in Division I of the NCAA. Three of the schools have football programs that participate in the top-level Football Bowl Subdivision: Utah in the Pac-12 Conference, Utah State in the Mountain West Conference, and BYU in the Big 12 Conference (although BYU competes in the non-football Mountain Pacific Sports Federation for men's volleyball). In addition, Weber State and Southern Utah (SUU) compete in the Big Sky Conference of the FCS. Utah Tech, with an FCS football program, and Utah Valley, with no football program, are members of the Western Athletic Conference (WAC).
Salt Lake City hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. After early financial struggles and scandals, the 2002 Olympics eventually became among the most successful Winter Olympics in history from a marketing and financial standpoint. Watched by more than two billion viewers, the Games ended up with a profit of $100 million.[247]
Utah has hosted professional golf tournaments such as the Uniting Fore Care Classic and currently the Utah Championship.
Entertainment
Utah is the setting of or the filming location for many books, films,[251] television series,[251] music videos, and video games.
Utah's capitol Salt Lake City is the final location in the video game The Last of Us.[252]
-
Westerns.
-
The otherworldly look of the Bonneville Salt Flats has been used in many movies and commercials.
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
References
This article incorporates public domain material from the website of the Utah Division of State Parks.
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Further reading
- Brown, Adam R. Utah politics and government: American democracy among a unique electorate (U of Nebraska Press, 2018).
- Ching, Jacqueline. Utah: Past and Present (Rosen, 2010).
- May, Dean L. Utah: A people's history (U of Utah Press, 1987).
- Peterson, Charles S. and Brian Q. Cannon. The Awkward State of Utah: Coming of Age in the Nation, 1896–1945. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2015. ISBN 978-1-60781-421-4
- Powell, Allan Kent, ed. (1994), Utah History Encyclopedia, Salt Lake City, Utah: OCLC 30473917
External links
General
- Utah at Curlie
- Gannett, Henry (1888). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. XXIV (9th ed.).
Government
- "State of Utah" (official Web site).
- "Energy Data & Statistics for Utah". US: DoE. Archived from the original on June 20, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2008.
History
Military
- "National Guard". UT: Army. Archived from the original on June 20, 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2011.
- "Air National Guard". UT: Air Force. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
- "Hill Air Force Base". UT: Air Force. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
Maps and demographics
- Gamble, W. H.; Mitchell, S. Augustus (1875). County map of Utah and Nevada (Map). Texas Tech University."Utah State Facts". USDA. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
- "Real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Utah". USGS. Archived from the original on October 21, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015.
- "QuickFacts". The US: Census Bureau. Archived from the original on November 4, 2015. Retrieved November 7, 2015..
- Geographic data related to Utah at OpenStreetMap
Tourism and recreation
- Utah Office of Tourism Official Website Archived February 12, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
- Office of Tourism (requires Adobe Flash)
- Utah State Parks
- Utah Traffic and Road Conditions
Other
- Utah State Chamber of Commerce Archived June 24, 2020, at the Wayback Machine