Utraquism
Utraquism (from the
After the Hussite movement split into various factions early in the Hussite Wars, Hussites that emphasized the laity's right to communion under both kinds became known as Moderate Hussites, Utraquist Hussites, or simply Utraquists. The Utraquists were the largest Hussite faction.
History
Utraquism was a
Jacob taught that communion should be provided and taken under both kinds, which as a precept of Christ could not be changed by the church. Only those who received the utraquist (both kinds) communion belong to the church of Christ.[3]: 51 There is disagreement in sources about whether he, or early Utraquists, taught this was necessary for salvation[4]: 180 (as claimed by Catholic detractors such as Andrew of Brod), or necessary to receive the salvific effect of the eucharist[4]: 174 or an obligation.[5]: 518
The 15th century Utraquists were a moderate faction of the
The Utraquists eventually allied themselves with the Catholic forces (following the
An agreement of mutual accommodation was agreed in 1485 between Catholics and Utraquists: the religious peace of Kutná Hora ended the Hussite wars. Following the victory of allied Utraquist and Catholic forces in the Hussite Wars, Utraquists constituted a majority of the Bohemian lands.
In the 16th century much of the population then adopted the pre-Lutheran Protestant Unity of the Brethren and Lutheranism; the Utraquist Church remained strong in the cities.
The Battle of White Mountain, in 1620, marked the end of the Bohemian Revolt and, consequently forced recatholization and the end of almost two hundred years of Protestant predominance in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. In 1627, communion under both kinds was again not made available, until the eventual Hapsburg Patent of Toleration in 1781.
In modern Catholic practice since the Second Vatican Council, it is determined by each local bishop whether communion is available in one or both kinds in their diocese.
See also
References
- ^ a b Wood 1907.
- ^ a b c d e Hughes 1915.
- ISSN 0024-4457.
- ^ a b Levy, Ian Christopher (2017). "Interpreting the Intention of Christ: Roman Responses to Bohemian Utraquism from Constance to Basel". Europe After Wyclif. Fordham University Press: 173–195.
- ISSN 0022-5185.
- Roman rite…(was) an intentional symbol of Utraquism’s self-understanding as a continuing part of the Western Catholic Church." Holeton, David R.; Vlhová-Wörner, Hana; Bílková, Milena (2007). "The Trope Gregorius presul meritis in Bohemian Tradition: Its Origins, Development, Liturgical Function and Illustration"(PDF). Bohemian Reformation and Religious Practice. 6: 215–246. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
Bibliography
- Ogden, C. K.; Richards, I. A. (1989) [1923]. "Chapter VI: The Theory of Definitions". ISBN 0-15-658446-8.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Hughes, Joseph (1915). "Utraquism". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Wood, James, ed. (1907). "Utraquists". The Nuttall Encyclopædia. London and New York: Frederick Warne.