Utrecht
Utrecht | |
---|---|
municipality | |
Dom Tower of the St. Martin's Cathedral City hall Jaarbeursplein Uithof centre in Utrecht Science Park Het Spoorwegmuseum Nieuwegracht Neude | |
UTC+2 (CEST) | |
Postcode | 3450–3455, 3500–3585 |
Area code | 030 |
Website | www |
Click on the map for a fullscreen view |
Utrecht (
Utrecht's ancient city centre features many buildings and structures, several dating as far back as the High Middle Ages. It has been the religious centre of the Netherlands since the 8th century. In 1579, the Union of Utrecht was signed in the city to lay the foundations for the Dutch Republic. Utrecht was the most important city in the Netherlands until the Dutch Golden Age, when it was surpassed by Amsterdam as the country's cultural centre and most populous city.
Utrecht is home to Utrecht University, the largest university in the Netherlands, as well as several other institutions of higher education. Due to its central position within the country, it is an important hub for both rail and road transport; it has the busiest train station in the Netherlands, Utrecht Centraal. It has the second-highest number of cultural events in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam.[9] In 2012, Lonely Planet included Utrecht in the top 10 of the world's unsung places.[10]
History
Origins (before 650 CE)
Although there is some evidence of earlier inhabitation in the region of Utrecht, dating back to the
In Roman times, the name of the Utrecht fortress was simply Traiectum, denoting its location at a possible Rhine crossing. Traiectum became Dutch Trecht; with the U from Old Dutch "uut" (downriver) added to distinguish U-trecht from Maas-tricht,[13][14] on the river Meuse. In 11th-century official documents, it was Latinized as Ultra Traiectum. Around the year 200, the wooden walls of the fortification were replaced by sturdier tuff stone walls,[15] remnants of which are still to be found below the buildings around Dom Square.
From the middle of the 3rd century,
Centre of Christianity in the Netherlands (650–1579)
By the mid-7th century, British, English and Irish
Prince-bishops
When the Frankish rulers established the system of
Religious buildings
Several churches and monasteries were built inside, or close to, the city of Utrecht. The most dominant of these was the
Besides these buildings which belonged to the bishopric, an additional four
City of Utrecht
Its location on the banks of the river Rhine allowed Utrecht to become an important trade centre in the Northern Netherlands. The growing town was granted
The end of independence
In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht—which included the city of Utrecht—to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union. This ended the prince-bishopric of Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop, although Charles V had gained the right to appoint new bishops. In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious centre of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen Provinces.
The transition from independence to a relatively minor part of a larger union was not easily accepted. To quell uprisings, Charles V struggled to exert his power over the city's citizens who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops and were not willing to cede this to their new lord. The heavily fortified castle
Republic of the Netherlands (1579–1806)
In 1579 the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic. In 1580, the new and predominantly Protestant state abolished the bishoprics, including the archbishopric of Utrecht. The stadtholders disapproved of the independent course of the Utrecht bourgeoisie and brought the city under much more direct control of the republic, shifting the power towards its dominant province Holland. This was the start of a long period of stagnation of trade and development in Utrecht. Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic being about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more so among the elite groups, who included many rural nobility and gentry with town houses there.[29]
The fortified city temporarily fell to the French invasion in 1672 (the
Modern history (1815–present)
In the early 19th century, the role of Utrecht as a fortified town had become obsolete. The fortifications of the
During
The area surrounding Utrecht Centraal railway station and the station itself were developed following modernist ideas of the 1960s, in a brutalist style. This development led to the construction of the shopping mall Hoog Catharijne , the music centre Vredenburg (Hertzberger, 1979), and conversion of part of the ancient canal structure into a highway ( Catherijnebaan). Protest against further modernisation of the city centre followed even before the last buildings were finalised. In the early 21st century, the whole area is undergoing change again. The redeveloped music centre TivoliVredenburg opened in 2014 with the original Vredenburg and Tivoli concert and rock and jazz halls brought together in a single building.
Geography
Climate
Utrecht experiences a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb) similar to all of the Netherlands.
Climate data for De Bilt | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 15.1 (59.2) |
18.9 (66.0) |
23.9 (75.0) |
28.9 (84.0) |
33.6 (92.5) |
36.8 (98.2) |
37.5 (99.5) |
35.3 (95.5) |
34.2 (93.6) |
26.7 (80.1) |
18.7 (65.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
37.5 (99.5) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
10.5 (50.9) |
14.8 (58.6) |
18.3 (64.9) |
20.9 (69.6) |
23.1 (73.6) |
22.9 (73.2) |
19.5 (67.1) |
14.8 (58.6) |
9.9 (49.8) |
6.7 (44.1) |
14.6 (58.3) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 3.6 (38.5) |
3.9 (39.0) |
6.5 (43.7) |
9.9 (49.8) |
13.4 (56.1) |
16.1 (61.0) |
18.2 (64.8) |
17.8 (64.0) |
14.7 (58.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
4.2 (39.6) |
10.6 (51.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 0.9 (33.6) |
0.7 (33.3) |
2.4 (36.3) |
4.5 (40.1) |
8.0 (46.4) |
10.8 (51.4) |
13.0 (55.4) |
12.5 (54.5) |
10.0 (50.0) |
7.1 (44.8) |
3.9 (39.0) |
1.6 (34.9) |
6.3 (43.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −24.8 (−12.6) |
−21.6 (−6.9) |
−14.4 (6.1) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
0.2 (32.4) |
3.2 (37.8) |
3.8 (38.8) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
−7.8 (18.0) |
−14.4 (6.1) |
−16.6 (2.1) |
−24.8 (−12.6) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 70.3 (2.77) |
62.7 (2.47) |
57.4 (2.26) |
41.1 (1.62) |
58.9 (2.32) |
70.1 (2.76) |
84.8 (3.34) |
83.1 (3.27) |
77.5 (3.05) |
80.7 (3.18) |
79.7 (3.14) |
83.4 (3.28) |
849.7 (33.45) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) | 12 | 10 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 12 | 131 |
Average snowy days | 6 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 5 | 25 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
87 | 84 | 81 | 75 | 75 | 76 | 77 | 79 | 84 | 86 | 89 | 89 | 82 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 66.6 | 89.6 | 139.4 | 189.2 | 217.5 | 207.1 | 213.9 | 196.3 | 152.8 | 119.3 | 67.4 | 55.5 | 1,714.6 |
Source 1: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (1991–2020 normals, snowy days normals for 1971–2000)[30] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (1901–present extremes)[31] |
Population
Demographics
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Source: Lourens & Lucassen 1997, pp. 87–88 (1400–1795) |
Utrecht city had a population of 361,924 in 2022. It is a growing municipality and projections are that the population will surpass 392,000 by 2025.[32] As of November 2019, the city of Utrecht has a population of 357,179.[8]
Utrecht has a young population, with many inhabitants in the age category from 20 and 30 years, due to the presence of a large university. About 52% of the population is female, 48% is male. The majority of households (52.5%) in Utrecht are single-person households. About 29% of people living in Utrecht are either married, or have another legal partnership. About 3% of the population of Utrecht is divorced.[32]
Inhabitants by origin
2020[33] | Numbers | % |
---|---|---|
Without recent migration background | 228,502 | 63.9% |
Western migration background | 43,511 | 12.17% |
Non-Western migration background | 85,584 | 23.93% |
Morocco | 31,429 | 8.79% |
Turkey | 14,210 | 3.97% |
Indonesia | 7,923 | 2.22% |
Suriname | 7,771 | 2.17% |
Netherlands Antilles and Aruba | 2,907 | 0.81% |
Total | 357,597 | 100% |
For 62,8% of the population of Utrecht both parents were born in the Netherlands. Approximately 12.4% of the population consists of people with a recent migration background from Western countries, while 24.8% of the population has at least one parent who is of 'non-Western origin' (8.8% from Morocco, 4% Turkey, 3% Surinam and Dutch Caribbean and 9.1% of other countries).[32]
Population of the city of Utrecht by country of birth of the parents of citizens (2022). Those with a mixed background are counted in the 'non Dutch' groupings. [34] | |
---|---|
Country/Territory | Population |
Netherlands | 227,343 (62,8%) |
Morocco | 30,656 (8.8%) |
Turkey | 13,988 (4.%) |
Indonesia | 8,014 (2.3%) |
Suriname | 7,827 (3%) |
Other | 59,655 (20,7%) |
Religion
Utrecht has been the religious centre of the Netherlands since the 8th century. Currently it is the see of the Metropolitan Archbishop of Utrecht, the most senior Dutch Roman Catholic leader.[35][36] His ecclesiastical province covers the whole kingdom.
Utrecht is also the see of the archbishop of the Old Catholic Church, titular head of the Union of Utrecht, and the location of the offices of the Protestant Church in the Netherlands, the main Dutch Protestant church.
As of 2013, the largest religion is Christianity with 28% of the population being Christian, followed by Islam with 9.9% in 2016 and Hinduism with 0.8%.
Population centres and agglomeration
The city of Utrecht is subdivided into 10 city quarters, all of which have their own neighbourhood council and service centre for civil affairs.
- Binnenstad
- Oost
- Leidsche Rijn
- West
- Overvecht
- Zuid
- Noordoost
- Zuidwest
- Noordwest
- Vleuten-De Meern
Utrecht is the centre of a densely populated area, a fact which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary. The smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built-up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen. It is sometimes argued that the close by municipalities De Bilt, Zeist, Houten, Vianen, Driebergen-Rijsenburg (Utrechtse Heuvelrug), and Bunnik should also be counted towards the Utrecht agglomeration, bringing the total to 640,000 inhabitants. The larger region, including slightly more remote cities such as Woerden and Amersfoort, counts up to 820,000 inhabitants.[38]
Cityscape
Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the
Another landmark is the old centre and the canal structure in the inner city. The Oudegracht is a curved canal, partly following the ancient main branch of the Rhine. It is lined with the unique wharf-basement structures that create a two-level street along the canals.[41] The inner city has largely retained its medieval structure,[42] and the moat ringing the old town is largely intact.[43] In the 1970s part of the moat was converted into a motorway. It was then converted back into a waterway, the work being finished in 2020.[44][45]
Because of the role of Utrecht as a fortified city, construction outside the medieval centre and its city walls was restricted until the 19th century. Surrounding the medieval core there is a ring of late-19th- and early-20th-century neighbourhoods, with newer neighbourhoods positioned farther out.
Due to the past importance of Utrecht as a religious centre, several monumental churches were erected, many of which have survived.
Transport
Public transport
Because of its central location, Utrecht is well connected to the rest of the Netherlands and has a well-developed public transport network.
Heavy rail
Utrecht is the location of the headquarters of Nederlandse Spoorwegen (English: Dutch Railways), the largest rail operator in the Netherlands, and ProRail, the state-owned company responsible for the construction and maintenance of the country's rail infrastructure.
Light rail
The
Bus transport
The main local and regional bus station of Utrecht is located adjacent to Utrecht Centraal railway station, at the East and West entrances. Due to large-scale renovation and construction works at the railway station, the station's bus stops are changing frequently. As a general rule, westbound buses depart from the bus station on the west entrance, other buses from the east side station. Local
The Utrecht Centraal railway station is also served by the pan-European services of Eurolines. Furthermore, it acts as departure and arrival place of many coach companies serving holiday resorts in Spain and France—and during winter in Austria and Switzerland.
Cycling
Like most Dutch cities, Utrecht has an extensive network of
Road transport
Utrecht is well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht: the
Shipping
Utrecht has an industrial port located on the
Economy
Production industry constitutes a small part of the economy of Utrecht. The economy of Utrecht depends for a large part on the several large institutions located in the city. It is the centre of the Dutch railway network and the location of the head office of Nederlandse Spoorwegen. ProRail is headquartered in De Inktpot (The Inkwell), the largest brick building in the Netherlands[60] (the "UFO" featured on its façade stems from an art program in 2000). Rabobank, a large bank, has its headquarters in Utrecht.[61]
Utrecht is also informally considered[who?] the "capital" of the Dutch games industry.[62] It was named by Business Finland in 2023 as one of several capitals for the European games industry as a whole.[63] Utrecht's influence in this field was caused by video game development courses at its universities, which were the first such courses in Europe when launched in 2002. Since 2008 Utrecht has also been home to the studio incubator program Dutch Game Garden, which has launched a number of studios in the area.[64][65] By 2014 the program had created 200 jobs.[66] Utrecht is also home to Nixxes Software (a PlayStation Studios subsidiary) as well as Sokpop Collective.
Education
Utrecht hosts several large institutions of higher education. The most prominent of these is
Utrecht is home of one of the locations of
Utrecht is also home to two other large institutions of higher education: the vocational university
There are many schools for primary and secondary education, allowing parents to select from different philosophies and religions in the school as is inherent in the Dutch school system.
Culture
Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam.
There are many art galleries in Utrecht. There are also several foundations to support art and artists. Training of artists is done at the Utrecht School of the Arts. The Centraal Museum has many exhibitions on the arts, including a permanent exhibition on the works of Utrecht resident illustrator Dick Bruna, who is best known for creating Miffy ("Nijntje", in Dutch). BAK, [Dutch: "Basis voor Actuele Kunst," Basis for Contemporary Art] offers contemporary art exhibitions and public events, as well as a Fellowship program for practitioners involved in contemporary arts, theory and activisms. Although street art is illegal in Utrecht, the Utrechtse Kabouter, a picture of a gnome with a red hat, became a common sight in 2004.[71] Utrecht also houses one of the landmarks of modern architecture, the 1924 Rietveld Schröder House, which is listed on UNESCO's World Heritage Sites.
Every Saturday, a paviour adds another letter to The Letters of Utrecht, an endless poem in the cobblestones of the Oude Gracht in Utrecht. With the Letters, Utrecht has a social sculpture as a growing monument created for the benefit of future people.
To promote culture, Utrecht city organizes cultural Sundays. During a thematic Sunday, several organisations create a program which is open to everyone without, or with a substantially reduced, admission fee. There are also initiatives for amateur artists. The city subsidises an organisation for amateur education in arts aimed at all inhabitants (Utrechts Centrum voor de Kunsten), as does the university for its staff and students. Additionally there are also several private initiatives. The city council provides coupons for discounts to inhabitants who receive welfare to be used with many of the initiatives.
In 2017, Utrecht was named as a UNESCO
Sports
Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht, which plays in Stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard. It is also the home of Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members), SV Kampong.[72] Kampong features field hockey, association football, cricket, tennis, squash and boules. Kampong's men and women top hockey squads play in the highest Dutch hockey league, the Rabohoofdklasse. Utrecht is also home to baseball and softball club UVV, which plays in the highest Dutch baseball league: de Hoofdklasse. Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs. Viking is a large club open to the general public, and the student clubs Orca and Triton compete in the Varsity each year.
In July 2013, Utrecht hosted the European Youth Olympic Festival, in which more than 2,000 young athletes competed in nine different Olympic sports. In July 2015, Utrecht hosted the Grand Départ and first stage of the Tour de France.[73]
Museums
Utrecht has several smaller and larger museums. Many of those are located in the southern part of the old town, the Museumkwartier.
- Aboriginal Art Museum ,[74] located at the Oudegracht and closed since 15 June 2017, this museum had a small exhibit of Australian Aboriginal Art
- BAK, basis voor actuele kunst, an international platform for theoretically-informed, politically driven art and experimental research
- Centraal Museum, located in the MuseumQuarter, this municipal museum has a large collection of art, design, and historical artifacts;
- Dick Bruna huis ,[75] art of Centraal Museum on this separate location is dedicated to Miffy creator Dick Bruna.
- Duitse Huis has a collection of historical items including many charters with seals dating from as far back as the early 13th century and a collection of medieval coins.[76]
- Museum Catharijneconvent, Museum of the Catholic Church shows the history of Christian culture and arts in the Netherlands;
- Museum Speelklok National Museum in the centre of the city, displays several centuries of mechanical musical instruments;
- Railway Museum (Nederlands Spoorwegmuseum) Railway sponsored museum on the history of the Dutch railways;
- Utrecht Archives,[77] are located at Hamburgerstraat 28 in Utrecht;
- Utrecht university museum[78] Utrecht University museum includes the ancient botanical garden;
- Volksbuurtmuseum Wijk C[79]
- Sonnenborgh Observatory[80] observatory and museum that regularly hosts lectures on astronomy, located at Zonnenburg 2 in Utrecht;
- Betje Boerhave Museum[81] museum for the grocer's shop where people can buy old-fashioned food and non-food items, located at Hoogt 6 in Utrecht.
Music and events
The city has several music venues such as
Theatre
There are two main theatres in the city, the Theater Kikker[84] and the Stadsschouwburg Utrecht .[85] De Parade, a travelling theatre festival, performs in Utrecht in summer. The city also hosts the yearly Festival aan de Werf which offers a selection of contemporary international theatre, together with visual arts, public art and music.
Notable people from Utrecht
- See also the category People from Utrecht
Over the ages famous people have been born and/or raised in Utrecht. Among the most famous Utrechters are:
- Pope Adrian VI (1459–1523), head of the Catholic Church
- Louis Andriessen (1939–2021), composer
- Marco van Basten (born 1964), football player
- Dick Bruna (1927–2017), writer and illustrator (Miffy)
- Buys-Ballot's law)
- Theo van Doesburg (1883–1931), painter and artist (De Stijl movement)
- Karel Doorman (1889–1942), Rear Admiral (Battle of the Java Sea)
- Paul Fentener van Vlissingen (1941–2006), businessman and philanthropist
- judoka, first non-Japanese worldchampion Judo
- Rijk de Gooyer (1925–2011), actor, writer, comedian and singer
- Sylvia Kristel (1952–2012), actress (Emmanuelle)
- Gerrit Rietveld (1888–1964), designer and architect (De Stijl movement)
- Dafne Schippers (born 1992), sprinter/heptathlon Olympian
- Herman van Veen (born 1945), actor, musician, singer-songwriter and author of Alfred J. Kwak
- Wil Velders-Vlasblom (1930–2019), first female alderman in Utrecht
- Jason Wilnis (born 1990), mixed martial artist and former kickboxing Glory middleweight champion
International relations
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2015) |
Twin towns
Utrecht is
- León, Nicaragua
- Brno, Czech Republic[86][87]
- Pekanbaru, Indonesia
- previously Hannover, Germany, between 1970 and 1976
Other relations
- Portland, Oregon, United States as a friendship city[88]
See also
Notes
- ^ See Utrecht sodomy trials § Legacy for the history of these demonyms.
- ^ Almost all other canal cities in The Netherlands (such as Amsterdam and Delft) have the water in canals bordering directly to the road surface
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