Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh | ||
---|---|---|
Formation 24 January 1950[1] | | |
State Legislature | Bicameral | |
• Council | Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council (100 seats) | |
• Assembly | Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (403 seats) | |
National Parliament | Parliament of India | |
• Rajya Sabha | 31 seats | |
• Lok Sabha | 80 seats | |
High Court | Allahabad High Court | |
Area | ||
• Total | 243,286 km2 (93,933 sq mi) | |
• Rank | Foundation day Uttar Pradesh Day | |
Bird | Sarus crane | |
Flower | Palash | |
Mammal | Barasingha | |
Tree | Ashoka | |
State highway mark | ||
State highway of Uttar Pradesh UP SH1 - UP SH99 | ||
List of Indian state symbols |
Uttar Pradesh (
The state is bordered by
Inhabitants of the state are called
History
Prehistory
Ancient and classical period
Out of the sixteen
Control over Gangetic plains region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the
Delhi Sultanate
Uttar Pradesh was partially or entirely ruled by the Delhi Sultanate for 320 years (1206–1526). Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the Mamluk dynasty (1206–90), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), the Sayyid dynasty (1414–51), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526).[35][36]
The first Sultan of Delhi,
Medieval and early modern period
In the 16th century,
In the 18th century, after the fall of Mughal authority, the power vacuum was filled by the
British India era
Timeline of reorganisation and name changes of UP United Provinces of British India | |
---|---|
1 April 1937 | Renamed United Provinces |
1 April 1946 | Self rule granted |
15 August 1947 | Part of independent India |
24 January 1950 | Renamed Uttar Pradesh |
9 November 2000 | Uttaranchal state, now known as Uttarakhand, created from part of Uttar Pradesh |
Starting from
Due to dissatisfaction with British rule, a serious rebellion erupted in various parts of North India, which became known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857; Bengal regiment's sepoy stationed at Meerut cantonment, Mangal Pandey, is widely considered as its starting point.[49] After the revolt failed, the British divided the most rebellious regions by reorganising their administrative boundaries, splitting the Delhi region from 'NWFP of Agra' and merging it with Punjab Province, while the Ajmer–Marwar region was merged with Rajputana and Oudh was incorporated into the state. The new state was called the North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which in 1902 was renamed as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.[50] It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP.[51][52]
In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to
Post-independence
After India's independence, the United Provinces were renamed "Uttar Pradesh" (lit. 'northern province'), preserving UP as the acronym,[59][60] with the change coming into effect on 24 January 1950.[1] The new state was formed after the merger of several princely states and territories, including the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, and the Delhi territory. The state has provided nine of India's prime ministers which is more than any other state and is the source of the largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha. Despite its political influence since ancient times, its poor record in economic development and administration, poor governance, organised crime and corruption have kept it among India's backward states. The state has been affected by repeated episodes of caste-related and communal violence.[61] In December 1992 the disputed Babri Mosque located in Ayodhya was demolished by Hindu activists, leading to widespread violence across India.[62] In 2000, northern districts of the state were separated to form the state of Uttarakhand.[63]
Geography
Uttar Pradesh, with a total area of 240,928 square kilometres (93,023 sq mi), is India's fourth-largest state in terms of land area and is roughly of same size as United Kingdom. It is situated on the northern spout of India and shares an international boundary with Nepal. The Himalayas border the state on the north,
Climate
Uttar Pradesh has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four seasons.
Climate data for Uttar Pradesh | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.9 (85.8) |
31.9 (89.4) |
35.4 (95.7) |
37.7 (99.9) |
36.9 (98.4) |
31.7 (89.1) |
28.4 (83.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
29.4 (84.9) |
31.4 (88.5) |
30.1 (86.2) |
28.9 (84.0) |
31.6 (88.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.0 (51.8) |
12.1 (53.8) |
15.8 (60.4) |
19.9 (67.8) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.9 (73.2) |
22.2 (72.0) |
21.6 (70.9) |
20.8 (69.4) |
18.5 (65.3) |
14.4 (57.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
17.8 (64.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0 (0) |
3 (0.1) |
2 (0.1) |
11 (0.4) |
40 (1.6) |
138 (5.4) |
163 (6.4) |
129 (5.1) |
155 (6.1) |
68 (2.7) |
28 (1.1) |
4 (0.2) |
741 (29.2) |
Average precipitation days | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 3.3 | 10.9 | 17.0 | 16.2 | 10.9 | 5.0 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 67.8 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 291.4 | 282.8 | 300.7 | 303.0 | 316.2 | 186.0 | 120.9 | 111.6 | 177.0 | 248.44 | 270.0 | 288.3 | 2,896.34 |
Source: [84] |
The rain in Uttar Pradesh can vary from an annual average of 170 cm (67 inches) in hilly areas to 84 cm (33 inches) in Western Uttar Pradesh.[79] Given the concentration of most of this rainfall in the four months of the monsoon, excess rain can lead to floods and shortage to droughts. As such, these two phenomena, floods and droughts, commonly recur in the state. The climate of the Vindhya Range and plateau is subtropical with a mean annual rainfall between 1,000 and 1,200 mm (39 and 47 inches), most of which comes during the monsoon.[80] Typical summer months are from March to June, with maximum temperatures ranging from 30–38 °C (86–100 °F). There is a low relative humidity of around 20% and dust-laden winds blow throughout the season. In summer, hot winds called loo blow all across Uttar Pradesh.[79]
Flora and fauna
State animal | Swamp deer (Rucervus duvaucelii) |
|
State bird | Sarus crane (Antigone antigone) | |
State tree | Ashoka (Saraca asoca) | |
State flower | Palash (Butea monosperma) | |
State dance | Kathak | |
State sport | Field hockey |
Uttar Pradesh has an abundance of natural resources.
Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive
Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards, cobras, kraits, and gharials. Among the wide variety of fishes, the most common ones are mahaseer and trout. Some animal species have gone extinct in recent years, while others, like the lion from the Gangetic Plain, the rhinoceros from the Terai region, Ganges river dolphin primarily found in the Ganges have become endangered.[102] Many species are vulnerable to poaching despite regulation by the government.[103]
-
Anandabodhi tree in Jetavana Monastery,Sravasti
-
A hybrid nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) showing nectar spur, found mainly in Hardoi district
-
An endangered Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica) lives in the Ganges river
-
View of the Terai region
-
The threatenedGanges River
Divisions, districts and cities
Uttar Pradesh is divided into 75 districts under these 18 divisions:[104]
The following is a list of top districts from state of Uttar Pradesh by population, ranked in respect of all India.[105]
Rank (in India) | District | Population | Growth Rate (%) | Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males) | Literacy Rate (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
13 | Prayagraj | 5,954,391 | 20.63 | 901 | 72.32 |
26 | Moradabad | 4,772,006 | 25.22 | 906 | 56.77 |
27 | Ghaziabad | 4,681,645 | 42.27 | 881 | 78.07 |
30 | Azamgarh | 4,613,913 | 17.11 | 1019 | 70.93 |
31 | Lucknow | 4,589,838 | 25.82 | 917 | 77.29 |
32 | Kanpur Nagar | 4,581,268 | 9.92 | 862 | 79.65 |
41 | Agra | 4,418,797 | 22.05 | 868 | 71.58 |
50 | Bareilly | 4,448,359 | 22.93% | 887 | 58.5 |
Million Plus Cities of Uttar Pradesh by population (2011 Census) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Population | Name | Population | ||||
Lucknow | 2,817,105 | Kanpur | 2,767,348 | ||||
Ghaziabad | 2,358,525 | Agra | 1,585,704 | ||||
Prayagraj | 1,540,544 | Meerut | 1,424,908 | ||||
Varanasi | 1,201,815 |
Each district is governed by a District Magistrate, who is an
Uttar Pradesh has more
In 2011, state's cabinet ministers headed by the then Chief Minister Mayawati announced the separation of Uttar Pradesh into four different states of Purvanchal, Bundelkhand, Avadh Pradesh and Paschim Pradesh with twenty-eight, seven, twenty-three and seventeen districts, respectively, later the proposal was turned down when the Akhilesh Yadav–lead Samajwadi Party came to power in the 2012 election.[116]
Demographics
Uttar Pradesh has a very large population and a high population growth rate. From 1991 to 2001 its population increased by over 26 per cent.
The sex ratio in 2011, at 912 women to 1000 men, was lower than the national figure of 943.[11] The low sex ratio in Uttar Pradesh, is a result of various factors, such as sex-selective abortion, female infanticide, and discrimination against girls and women.[124][125] The state's 2001–2011 decennial growth rate (including Uttrakhand) was 20.1 per cent, higher than the national rate of 17.64 per cent.[126][127] It has a large number of people living below the poverty line.[128] As per a World Bank document released in 2016, the pace of poverty reduction in the state has been slower than the rest of the country.[129] Estimates released by the Reserve Bank of India for the year 2011–12 revealed that the state had 59 million (59819,000) people below the poverty line, the most for any state in India.[128][130] The central and eastern districts in particular have very high levels of poverty. The state is also experiencing widening consumption inequality. As per the report of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation released in 2020, the state per capita income is below ₹80,000 (US$1,000) per annum.[131]
As per
Hindi is the primary official language and is spoken by the majority of the population.[8] Bhojpuri is the second most spoken language of the state,[139] it is spoken by almost 11 per cent of the population. Most people speak regional languages classified as dialects of Hindi in the census. These include Awadhi spoken in Awadh in central Uttar Pradesh, Bhojpuri spoken in Purvanchal in eastern Uttar Pradesh, and Braj Bhasha spoken in the Braj region in Western Uttar Pradesh. These languages have also been recognised by the state government for official use in their respective regions. Urdu is given the status of a second official language, spoken by 5.4 per cent of the population.[8][140] English is used as a means of communication for education, commerce, and governance. It is commonly spoken and employed as a language of instruction in educational institutions, as well as for conducting business transactions and managing administrative affairs. Other notable languages spoken in the state include Punjabi (0.3 per cent) and Bengali (0.1 per cent).[140]
Governance and administration
The state is governed by a
The
For administration, the state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts.
The judiciary in the state consists of the Allahabad High Court in Prayagraj, the Lucknow Bench of Allahabad High Court, district courts and session courts in each district or Sessions Division, and lower courts at the tehsil level.[147][152] The president of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Uttar Pradesh judiciary on the advice of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India as well as the governor of Uttar Pradesh.[147][153] Subordinate Judicial Service, categorised into two divisions viz. Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services and Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service are another vital part of the judiciary of Uttar Pradesh.[147][154] While the Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services comprise the Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and civil judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial Magistrate, the Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service comprises civil and sessions judges.[147] The Subordinate judicial service (viz. The district court of Etawah and the district court of Kanpur Dehat) of the judiciary at Uttar Pradesh is controlled by the District Judge.[147][154][155]
Politics in Uttar Pradesh has been dominated by four political parties – the Samajwadi Party, the Bahujan Samaj Party, the Bharatiya Janata Party, and the Indian National Congress. Uttar Pradesh has provided India with eight Prime Ministers.[156]
Crime and accidents
According to the
Uttar Pradesh also reported the highest number of deaths – 23,219 – due to road and rail accidents in 2015, according to NCRB data.[170][171] This included 8,109 deaths due to careless driving.[172] Between 2006 and 2010, the state has been hit with three terrorist attacks, including explosions in a landmark holy place, a court and a temple. The 2006 Varanasi bombings were a series of bombings that occurred across the Hindu holy city of Varanasi on 7 March 2006. At least 28 people were killed and as many as 101 others were injured.[173][174]
In the afternoon of 23 November 2007, within a span of 25 minutes, six consecutive serial blasts occurred in the Lucknow, Varanasi, and Faizabad courts, in which 28 people were killed.[175][176][177] Another blast occurred on 7 December 2010, the blast occurred at Sheetla Ghat in Varanasi in which more than 38 people were killed.[178][179] In February 2016, a series of bomb blasts occurred at the Jhakarkati Bus Station in Kanpur, killing 2 people and injuring more than 30.[180]
Economy
Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (2011–12 Base)
figures in crores of Indian rupees | |
Year | Net State Domestic Product[181] |
---|---|
2011–12 | 532,218 |
2015–16 | 1,137,808 |
2016–17 | 1,288,700 |
2017–18 | 1,446,000[182] (est.) |
In terms of net state domestic product (NSDP), Uttar Pradesh is the second-largest economy in India after Maharashtra, with an estimated gross state domestic product of ₹14.89 lakh crore (US$190 billion),[182] contributing 8.4% of India's gross domestic product. According to the report generated by India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), in 2014–15, Uttar Pradesh has accounted for 19% share in the country's total food grain output.[183] About 70% of India's sugar comes from Uttar Pradesh. Sugarcane is the most important cash crop as the state is country's largest producer of sugar.[183] As per the report generated by Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA), total sugarcane production in India was estimated to be 28.3 million tonnes in the fiscal ending September 2015 which includes 10.47 million tonnes from Maharashtra and 7.35 million tonnes from Uttar Pradesh.[184]
With 359 manufacturing clusters, cement is the top sector of SMEs in Uttar Pradesh.[186] The Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation (UPFC) was established in 1954 under the SFCs Act of 1951 mainly to develop small- and medium-scale industries in the state.[187] The UPFC also provides working capital to existing units with a soundtrack record and to new units under a single window scheme.[188] In July 2012, due to financial constraints and directions from the state government, lending activities were suspended except for State Government Schemes.[189] The state has reported total private investment worth over Rs. 25,081 crores during the years of 2012 and 2016.[190] According to a recent report of the World Bank on Ease of Doing Business in India, Uttar Pradesh was ranked among the top 10 states and first among Northern states.[191]
According to the Uttar Pradesh Budget Documents (2019–20), Uttar Pradesh's debt burden is 29.8 percent of the
In 2009–10, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 44.8 percent of the state domestic product compared to 44 percent from the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, and tourism) and 11.2 percent from the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).[198][199] Western Uttar Pradesh dominates the state's economy, contributing 51 percent of revenues to the government. Leading economic centers in this region include Noida, Meerut, Ghaziabad, and Agra.
Noida, Meerut, and Agra rank as the top 3 districts with the highest per capita income, whereas Lucknow and Kanpur rank 7th and 9th in per capita income.[200] During the 11th five-year plan (2007–2012), the average gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was 7.3 percent, lower than 15.5 percent, the average for all states of the country.[201][202] The state's per capita GSDP was ₹29,417 (US$370), lower than the national per capita GSDP of ₹60,972 (US$760).[203] Labor efficiency is higher at an index of 26 than the national average of 25. Textiles and sugar refining, both long-standing industries in Uttar Pradesh, employ a significant proportion of the state's total factory labor. The economy also benefits from the state's tourism industry.[204]
Income Distribution
District | Per Capita Income (2019–20) [205] |
---|---|
Noida | Rs. 612,617 |
Meerut | Rs. 127306 |
Agra | Rs. 106354 |
Etah | Rs. 101878 |
Hamirpur | Rs. 100673 |
Amroha | Rs. 97175 |
Lucknow | Rs. 95990 |
Hapur | Rs. 91764 |
Kanpur | Rs. 86709 |
Mahboba | Rs. 83593 |
The state has attracted
Transportation
The state has the largest railway network in the country but in relative terms has only sixth-highest railway density despite its plain topography and largest population. As of 2011[update], there were 8,546 km (5,310 mi) of rail in the state.
The state has a large, multimodal transportation system with the largest road network in the country.[219] It has 42 national highways, with a total length of 4,942 km (3,071 miles) comprising 9.6% of the total NH length in India. The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation was established in 1972 to provide transportation in the state with connecting services to adjoining states.[220] All cities are connected to state highways, and all district headquarters are being connected with four lane roads which carry traffic between major centres within the state. One of them is Agra–Lucknow Expressway, which is a 302 km (188 miles) controlled-access highway constructed by UPEIDA.[221] Uttar Pradesh has the highest road density in India – 1,027 km (638 miles) per 1,000 km2 (390 square miles) – and the largest surfaced urban-road network in the country – 50,721 km (31,517 miles).[222] The Lucknow Metro and Kanpur Metro (Orange line) has been operational.
By passenger traffic in India,
Sports
Traditional sports, now played mostly as a pastime, include wrestling, swimming, kabaddi, and track-sports or water-sports played according to local traditional rules and without modern equipment. Some sports are designed to display martial skills such as using a sword or 'Pata' (stick).[230] Due to a lack of organised patronage and requisite facilities, these sports survive mostly as individuals' hobbies or local competitive events. Among modern sports, field hockey is popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced top-level players in India, such as Nitin Kumar. and Lalit Kumar Upadhyay.[231]
Recently, cricket has become more popular than field hockey.[232] Uttar Pradesh won its first Ranji Trophy tournament in February 2006, beating Bengal in the final.[233] Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex is another newly built international cricket stadium with a capacity of around 20,000 spectators.[234]
The Buddh International Circuit hosted India's inaugural F1 Grand Prix race on 30 October 2011.[235] Races were only held three times before being cancelled due to falling attendance and lack of government support. The government of Uttar Pradesh considered Formula One to be entertainment and not a sport, and thus imposed taxes on the event and participants.[236]
Education
Uttar Pradesh has a prolonged tradition of education, although historically it was primarily confined to the elite class and religious schools.
Uttar Pradesh has more than 45 universities,
Tourism
Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals among all states of India.
Religious tourism plays a significant role in the state's economy. Varanasi is a major religious hub and one of the seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri) in Hinduism and Jainism.[256][257][258] Vrindavan is considered to be a holy place for Vaishnavism.[259][260]
Owing to the belief as to the birthplace of Rama, Ayodhya (Awadh) has been regarded as one of the seven most important pilgrimage sites.[261][262][263] Millions gather at Prayagraj to take part in the Magh Mela festival on the banks of the Ganges.[264] This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbh Mela, where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate in one of the largest gatherings of people in the world.[265]
Buddhist attractions in Uttar Pradesh include
Healthcare
Uttar Pradesh has a mix of
A newborn in Uttar Pradesh is expected to live four years fewer than in the neighbouring state of
Culture
Language and literature
Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar Pradesh. Renowned Indian writers who have resided in Uttar Pradesh were Kabir, Ravidas, and Tulsidas, who wrote much of his Ram Charit Manas in Varanasi. The festival of Guru Purnima is dedicated to Sage Vyasa, and also known as Vyasa Purnima as it is the day which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas.[279]
Music and dance
With each district of Uttar Pradesh having its unique music and tradition, traditional folk music in Uttar Pradesh has been categorised in three different ways including music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and music performed by custom. The popular folk music of Uttar Pradesh includes
Kathak, a classical dance form, owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh.[285] Ramlila is one of the oldest dramatic folk dances; it depicts the life of the Hindu deity Rama and is performed during festivals such as Vijayadashami.[286] In the gharana dance form, both the Lucknow and the Benares gharanas are situated in the state.[287] Charkula is popular dance of the Braj region.[288]
Fairs and festivals
Cuisine
Mughlai cuisine is a style of cooking developed in the Indian subcontinent by the imperial kitchens of the Mughal Empire. It represents the cooking styles used in North India, especially Uttar Pradesh, and has been strongly influenced by Central Asian cuisine. Awadhi cuisine from the city of Lucknow consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. It has been greatly influenced by Mughlai cuisine.[294]
Bhojpuri cuisine is a style of food preparation common among the Bhojpuri people of Uttar Pradesh. Bhojpuri foods are mostly mild and tend to be less hot in terms of spices used. The cuisine consists of both vegetable and meat dishes.[295]
See also
Explanatory notes
- ^ National Sample Survey from July 2017 to June 2018 provides state-wise details of literacy rates among persons aged seven and above.
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- ^ a b c "Annual Health Survey 2012–13 Fact Sheet – Uttar Pradesh" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
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- ^ "Rural Health Statistics 2014–15" (PDF). Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
- ISBN 978-8175974340. Archivedfrom the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2012.
- ^ "Uttar Pradesh Legislature". U.P assembly. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
- ^ "The Uttar Pradesh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 1989" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2019. Retrieved 7 May 2020.
- ^ "Ethnologue report for language code: bfy". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-19-513977-8.
- ^ a b "What are the of Folk Music of Uttar Pradesh". Unacademy. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
- ISBN 978-1-317-11737-7.
- JSTOR 1145152.
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- ^ "Charkula Dance". Charkula. Archived from the original on 26 January 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
- ^ "Chhath puja and the centrality of the Purvanchal community in Delhi politics". Hindustan Times. 18 October 2021. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
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- ^ "How is Awadhi Cuisine different from Mughlai Cuisine". The Times of India. 16 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2023.
- ^ "All about Bhojpuri Cuisine - Bhojpuri Rasoi - Top Bhojpuri Foods". www.awesomecuisine.com. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
External links
- Government
- Official website
- Official tourism site Archived 27 January 2023 at the Wayback Machine
- Uttar Pradesh web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
- Uttar Pradesh at the Encyclopædia Britannica
- Uttar Pradesh at Curlie
- Wikimedia Atlas of Uttar Pradesh
- Geographic data related to Uttar Pradesh at OpenStreetMap