Uttar Pradesh

Coordinates: 26°51′N 80°55′E / 26.85°N 80.91°E / 26.85; 80.91
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Uttar Pradesh
Formation
24 January 1950[1]
State Legislature
Bicameral
 • CouncilUttar Pradesh Legislative Council (100 seats)
 • AssemblyUttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (403 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha31 seats
 • Lok Sabha80 seats
High CourtAllahabad High Court
Area
 • Total243,286 km2 (93,933 sq mi)
 • Rank
Foundation day
Uttar Pradesh Day
BirdSarus crane
FlowerPalash
MammalBarasingha
TreeAshoka
State highway mark
State highway of Uttar Pradesh
UP SH1 - UP SH99
List of Indian state symbols

Uttar Pradesh (

Saryu. The forest cover in the state is 6.1 per cent of the state's geographical area. The cultivable area is 82 per cent of the total geographical area, and the net area sown is 68.5 per cent of the cultivable area.[15]

The state is bordered by

hotel industry, real estate, insurance and financial consultancies. The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the third-largest state economy in India, with 18.63 lakh crore (US$230 billion) in gross domestic product and a per capita GSDP of 68,810 (US$860).[9] President's rule has been imposed in Uttar Pradesh ten times since 1968, for different reasons and for a total of 1,700 days.[16] The state, at present, has three international airports – Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport (Lucknow), Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport (Varanasi) and Kushinagar International Airport (Kushinagar). Prayagraj Junction is the headquarters of the North Central Railway, and Gorakhpur Railway Station serves as the headquarters of the North Eastern Railway. The High Court of the state is located in Prayagraj. The state contributes 80 seats and 31 seats to the lower house Lok Sabha and the upper house Rajya Sabha
, respectively.

Inhabitants of the state are called

princely states in Uttar Pradesh – Ramgadi, Rampur and Benares. The state houses several holy Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres. Along with several historical, natural and religious tourist destinations, including Agra, Aligarh, Ayodhya, Bareilly, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Kushinagar, Lucknow, Mathura, Meerut, Prayagraj, Varanasi, and Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh is also home to three World Heritage sites
.

History

Prehistory

Harappa culture to the Vedic period and extending into the Iron Age.[22][23][24]

Ancient and classical period

Sangha came into existence through the enlightenment of Kondanna
.

Out of the sixteen

Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of the Iron Age in northwest India, around 1000 BCE.[26]

Control over Gangetic plains region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of India's major empires, including the

Rashtrakuta dynasty, from the 8th century to the 10th century.[32][33] After the fall of the Pala empire, the Chero dynasty ruled from the 12th century to the 18th century.[34]

Delhi Sultanate

Uttar Pradesh was partially or entirely ruled by the Delhi Sultanate for 320 years (1206–1526). Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the Mamluk dynasty (1206–90), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), the Sayyid dynasty (1414–51), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526).[35][36]

The first Sultan of Delhi,

Tughlaqabad
.

Medieval and early modern period

In the 16th century,

Vikramāditya adopted from Vedic period) at his formal coronation took place at Purana Qila in Delhi on 7 October 1556. A month later, Hemu died in the Second Battle of Panipat, and Uttar Pradesh came under Emperor Akbar's rule.[42] Akbar ruled from Agra and Fatehpur Sikri.[43]

In the 18th century, after the fall of Mughal authority, the power vacuum was filled by the

British East India Company defeated the Maratha Empire, much of the region came under British suzerainty.[44]

British India era

Timeline of reorganisation and name changes of UP
United Provinces of British India
1 April 1937Renamed United Provinces
1 April 1946Self rule granted
15 August 1947Part of independent India
24 January 1950Renamed Uttar Pradesh
9 November 2000Uttaranchal state, now known as Uttarakhand, created from part of Uttar Pradesh

Starting from

British East India Company accession over the state's territories.[46] Ajmer and Jaipur kingdoms were also included in this northern territory, which was named the "North-Western Provinces" (of Agra). Although UP later became the fifth-largest state of India, NWPA was one of the smallest states of the British Indian empire.[47] Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad.[48]

Due to dissatisfaction with British rule, a serious rebellion erupted in various parts of North India, which became known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857; Bengal regiment's sepoy stationed at Meerut cantonment, Mangal Pandey, is widely considered as its starting point.[49] After the revolt failed, the British divided the most rebellious regions by reorganising their administrative boundaries, splitting the Delhi region from 'NWFP of Agra' and merging it with Punjab Province, while the AjmerMarwar region was merged with Rajputana and Oudh was incorporated into the state. The new state was called the North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which in 1902 was renamed as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh.[50] It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP.[51][52]

In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to

zamindari landlords attacks on their occupancy rights, thus sparking the Farmers movements in India.[57] During the Quit India Movement of 1942, Ballia district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an independent administration under Chittu Pandey. Ballia became known as "Baghi Ballia" (Rebel Ballia) for this significant role in India's independence movement.[58]

Post-independence

After India's independence, the United Provinces were renamed "Uttar Pradesh" (lit.'northern province'), preserving UP as the acronym,[59][60] with the change coming into effect on 24 January 1950.[1] The new state was formed after the merger of several princely states and territories, including the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, and the Delhi territory. The state has provided nine of India's prime ministers which is more than any other state and is the source of the largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha. Despite its political influence since ancient times, its poor record in economic development and administration, poor governance, organised crime and corruption have kept it among India's backward states. The state has been affected by repeated episodes of caste-related and communal violence.[61] In December 1992 the disputed Babri Mosque located in Ayodhya was demolished by Hindu activists, leading to widespread violence across India.[62] In 2000, northern districts of the state were separated to form the state of Uttarakhand.[63]

Geography

A part of the Gangetic Plain

Uttar Pradesh, with a total area of 240,928 square kilometres (93,023 sq mi), is India's fourth-largest state in terms of land area and is roughly of same size as United Kingdom. It is situated on the northern spout of India and shares an international boundary with Nepal. The Himalayas border the state on the north,

Betwa, and Ghaghara are larger and of religious importance in Hinduism.[73]

torrents during the monsoon.[78]

Climate

Monsoon clouds over Indirapuram

Uttar Pradesh has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four seasons.

western disturbances and north-east monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall precipitation of the state.[79][83]

Climate data for Uttar Pradesh
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.9
(85.8)
31.9
(89.4)
35.4
(95.7)
37.7
(99.9)
36.9
(98.4)
31.7
(89.1)
28.4
(83.1)
27.4
(81.3)
29.4
(84.9)
31.4
(88.5)
30.1
(86.2)
28.9
(84.0)
31.6
(88.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 11.0
(51.8)
12.1
(53.8)
15.8
(60.4)
19.9
(67.8)
22.4
(72.3)
22.9
(73.2)
22.2
(72.0)
21.6
(70.9)
20.8
(69.4)
18.5
(65.3)
14.4
(57.9)
11.5
(52.7)
17.8
(64.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 0
(0)
3
(0.1)
2
(0.1)
11
(0.4)
40
(1.6)
138
(5.4)
163
(6.4)
129
(5.1)
155
(6.1)
68
(2.7)
28
(1.1)
4
(0.2)
741
(29.2)
Average precipitation days 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.1 3.3 10.9 17.0 16.2 10.9 5.0 2.4 0.3 67.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 291.4 282.8 300.7 303.0 316.2 186.0 120.9 111.6 177.0 248.44 270.0 288.3 2,896.34
Source: [84]

The rain in Uttar Pradesh can vary from an annual average of 170 cm (67 inches) in hilly areas to 84 cm (33 inches) in Western Uttar Pradesh.[79] Given the concentration of most of this rainfall in the four months of the monsoon, excess rain can lead to floods and shortage to droughts. As such, these two phenomena, floods and droughts, commonly recur in the state. The climate of the Vindhya Range and plateau is subtropical with a mean annual rainfall between 1,000 and 1,200 mm (39 and 47 inches), most of which comes during the monsoon.[80] Typical summer months are from March to June, with maximum temperatures ranging from 30–38 °C (86–100 °F). There is a low relative humidity of around 20% and dust-laden winds blow throughout the season. In summer, hot winds called loo blow all across Uttar Pradesh.[79]

Flora and fauna

State symbols of Uttar Pradesh[85][86]
State animal
Swamp deer
(Rucervus duvaucelii)
State bird Sarus crane (Antigone antigone)
State tree Ashoka (Saraca asoca)
State flower Palash (Butea monosperma)
State dance Kathak
State sport Field hockey

Uttar Pradesh has an abundance of natural resources.

babool are mostly found in the southwestern parts of the state.[94]

Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive

Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards, cobras, kraits, and gharials. Among the wide variety of fishes, the most common ones are mahaseer and trout. Some animal species have gone extinct in recent years, while others, like the lion from the Gangetic Plain, the rhinoceros from the Terai region, Ganges river dolphin primarily found in the Ganges have become endangered.[102] Many species are vulnerable to poaching despite regulation by the government.[103]

Divisions, districts and cities

Divisions of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is divided into 75 districts under these 18 divisions:[104]

The following is a list of top districts from state of Uttar Pradesh by population, ranked in respect of all India.[105]

Rank (in India) District Population Growth Rate (%) Sex Ratio (Females per 1000 Males) Literacy Rate (%)
13 Prayagraj 5,954,391 20.63 901 72.32
26 Moradabad 4,772,006 25.22 906 56.77
27 Ghaziabad 4,681,645 42.27 881 78.07
30 Azamgarh 4,613,913 17.11 1019 70.93
31 Lucknow 4,589,838 25.82 917 77.29
32 Kanpur Nagar 4,581,268 9.92 862 79.65
41 Agra 4,418,797 22.05 868 71.58
50 Bareilly 4,448,359 22.93% 887 58.5
Million Plus Cities of Uttar Pradesh by population (2011 Census)
Name Population Name Population
Lucknow 2,817,105 Kanpur 2,767,348
Ghaziabad 2,358,525 Agra 1,585,704
Prayagraj 1,540,544 Meerut 1,424,908
Varanasi 1,201,815

Each district is governed by a District Magistrate, who is an

census towns and rural units called gram panchayat.[106]

Uttar Pradesh has more

Municipal Corporations,[112][113] while Noida and Greater Noida in Gautam Budha Nagar district are specially administered by statutory authorities under the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Development Act, 1976.[114][115]

In 2011, state's cabinet ministers headed by the then Chief Minister Mayawati announced the separation of Uttar Pradesh into four different states of Purvanchal, Bundelkhand, Avadh Pradesh and Paschim Pradesh with twenty-eight, seven, twenty-three and seventeen districts, respectively, later the proposal was turned down when the Akhilesh Yadav–lead Samajwadi Party came to power in the 2012 election.[116]

Demographics

Uttar Pradesh is the largest subdivision by population in the world. The red area has a smaller population than Uttar Pradesh.

Uttar Pradesh has a very large population and a high population growth rate. From 1991 to 2001 its population increased by over 26 per cent.

scheduled caste population whereas scheduled tribes are less than 1 per cent of the total population.[122][123]

The sex ratio in 2011, at 912 women to 1000 men, was lower than the national figure of 943.[11] The low sex ratio in Uttar Pradesh, is a result of various factors, such as sex-selective abortion, female infanticide, and discrimination against girls and women.[124][125] The state's 2001–2011 decennial growth rate (including Uttrakhand) was 20.1 per cent, higher than the national rate of 17.64 per cent.[126][127] It has a large number of people living below the poverty line.[128] As per a World Bank document released in 2016, the pace of poverty reduction in the state has been slower than the rest of the country.[129] Estimates released by the Reserve Bank of India for the year 2011–12 revealed that the state had 59 million (59819,000) people below the poverty line, the most for any state in India.[128][130] The central and eastern districts in particular have very high levels of poverty. The state is also experiencing widening consumption inequality. As per the report of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation released in 2020, the state per capita income is below 80,000 (US$1,000) per annum.[131]

Religion in Uttar Pradesh (2011)[132]

  Hinduism (79.7%)
  Islam (19.3%)
  Sikhism (0.3%)
  Christianity (0.2%)
  Jainism (0.1%)
  Buddhism (0.10%)
  Other (0.01%)
  Not religious (0.29%)

As per

2011 census, Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in India, is home to the highest numbers of both Hindus and Muslims.[133] The literacy rate of the state at the 2011 census was 67.7 per cent, which was below the national average of 74 per cent.[134][135] The literacy rate for men is 79 per cent and for women 59 per cent. In 2001 the literacy rate in the state stood at 56 per cent overall, 67 per cent for men and 43 per cent for women.[136] A report based on a National Statistical Office (NSO) survey[a] revealed that Uttar Pradesh's literacy rate is 73 per cent, less than the national average of 77.7 per cent. According to the report, in the rural region, the literacy rate among men is 80.5 per cent and women is 60.4 per cent, while in urban areas, the literacy rate among men is 86.8 per cent and women is 74.9 per cent.[137]
Additionally, the report indicates that the state still faces significant challenges in improving literacy rates, particularly among women and girls, and in certain regions with lower levels of development.

Languages of Uttar Pradesh from 2011 census[138]

  Hindi (80.16%)
  Bhojpuri (10.93%)
  Urdu (5.42%)
  Awadhi (1.9%)
  Punjabi (0.3%)
  Bengali (0.1%)
  Others (1.19%)

Hindi is the primary official language and is spoken by the majority of the population.[8] Bhojpuri is the second most spoken language of the state,[139] it is spoken by almost 11 per cent of the population. Most people speak regional languages classified as dialects of Hindi in the census. These include Awadhi spoken in Awadh in central Uttar Pradesh, Bhojpuri spoken in Purvanchal in eastern Uttar Pradesh, and Braj Bhasha spoken in the Braj region in Western Uttar Pradesh. These languages have also been recognised by the state government for official use in their respective regions. Urdu is given the status of a second official language, spoken by 5.4 per cent of the population.[8][140] English is used as a means of communication for education, commerce, and governance. It is commonly spoken and employed as a language of instruction in educational institutions, as well as for conducting business transactions and managing administrative affairs. Other notable languages spoken in the state include Punjabi (0.3 per cent) and Bengali (0.1 per cent).[140]

Governance and administration

Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha), the lower house of the bicameral legislature

The state is governed by a

Indian Parliament, and 31 seats to Rajya Sabha, the upper house.[144][145]

The

For administration, the state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts.

Superintendent of Police, an IPS officer assisted by the officers of the Uttar Pradesh Police Service, is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district. The Divisional Forest Officer, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service
manages the forests, environment, and wildlife of the district, assisted by the officers of Uttar Pradesh Forest Service and Uttar Pradesh Forest Subordinate Service.

Allahabad High Court

The judiciary in the state consists of the Allahabad High Court in Prayagraj, the Lucknow Bench of Allahabad High Court, district courts and session courts in each district or Sessions Division, and lower courts at the tehsil level.[147][152] The president of India appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Uttar Pradesh judiciary on the advice of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India as well as the governor of Uttar Pradesh.[147][153] Subordinate Judicial Service, categorised into two divisions viz. Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services and Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service are another vital part of the judiciary of Uttar Pradesh.[147][154] While the Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services comprise the Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and civil judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial Magistrate, the Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service comprises civil and sessions judges.[147] The Subordinate judicial service (viz. The district court of Etawah and the district court of Kanpur Dehat) of the judiciary at Uttar Pradesh is controlled by the District Judge.[147][154][155]

Politics in Uttar Pradesh has been dominated by four political parties – the Samajwadi Party, the Bahujan Samaj Party, the Bharatiya Janata Party, and the Indian National Congress. Uttar Pradesh has provided India with eight Prime Ministers.[156]

Crime and accidents

According to the

Allahabad (19) and Varanasi (9). National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data from 2011 says, the state has the highest number of crimes among any state in India, but due to its high population, the actual per capita crime rate is low.[160] The state also continues to top the list of states with maximum communal violence incidents. An analysis of Ministers of State of Home Affairs states (2014), 23% of all incidents of communal violence in India took place in the state.[161][162] According to a research assembled by State Bank of India, Uttar Pradesh failed to improve its Human Development Index (HDI) ranking over a period of 27 years (1990–2017).[163] Based on sub-national human development index data for Indian states from 1990 to 2017, the report also stated that the value of human development index has steadily increased over time from 0.39 in 1990 to 0.59 in 2017.[164][165][166] The Uttar Pradesh Police, governed by the Department of Home and Confidential, is the largest police force in the world.[167][168][169]

Uttar Pradesh also reported the highest number of deaths – 23,219 – due to road and rail accidents in 2015, according to NCRB data.[170][171] This included 8,109 deaths due to careless driving.[172] Between 2006 and 2010, the state has been hit with three terrorist attacks, including explosions in a landmark holy place, a court and a temple. The 2006 Varanasi bombings were a series of bombings that occurred across the Hindu holy city of Varanasi on 7 March 2006. At least 28 people were killed and as many as 101 others were injured.[173][174]

In the afternoon of 23 November 2007, within a span of 25 minutes, six consecutive serial blasts occurred in the Lucknow, Varanasi, and Faizabad courts, in which 28 people were killed.[175][176][177] Another blast occurred on 7 December 2010, the blast occurred at Sheetla Ghat in Varanasi in which more than 38 people were killed.[178][179] In February 2016, a series of bomb blasts occurred at the Jhakarkati Bus Station in Kanpur, killing 2 people and injuring more than 30.[180]

Economy

Net State Domestic Product at Factor Cost at Current Prices (2011–12 Base)

figures in crores of Indian rupees

Year Net State Domestic Product[181]
2011–12 532,218
2015–16 1,137,808
2016–17 1,288,700
2017–18 1,446,000[182] (est.)
Sown saplings of rice in a paddy; located in the rich fertile Indo-Gangetic Plain, agriculture is the largest employment generator in the state.

In terms of net state domestic product (NSDP), Uttar Pradesh is the second-largest economy in India after Maharashtra, with an estimated gross state domestic product of 14.89 lakh crore (US$190 billion),[182] contributing 8.4% of India's gross domestic product. According to the report generated by India Brand Equity Foundation (IBEF), in 2014–15, Uttar Pradesh has accounted for 19% share in the country's total food grain output.[183] About 70% of India's sugar comes from Uttar Pradesh. Sugarcane is the most important cash crop as the state is country's largest producer of sugar.[183] As per the report generated by Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA), total sugarcane production in India was estimated to be 28.3 million tonnes in the fiscal ending September 2015 which includes 10.47 million tonnes from Maharashtra and 7.35 million tonnes from Uttar Pradesh.[184]

IT premise in Noida, which is known for infrastructure and services, as well as high-end housing complexes.[185]

With 359 manufacturing clusters, cement is the top sector of SMEs in Uttar Pradesh.[186] The Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation (UPFC) was established in 1954 under the SFCs Act of 1951 mainly to develop small- and medium-scale industries in the state.[187] The UPFC also provides working capital to existing units with a soundtrack record and to new units under a single window scheme.[188] In July 2012, due to financial constraints and directions from the state government, lending activities were suspended except for State Government Schemes.[189] The state has reported total private investment worth over Rs. 25,081 crores during the years of 2012 and 2016.[190] According to a recent report of the World Bank on Ease of Doing Business in India, Uttar Pradesh was ranked among the top 10 states and first among Northern states.[191]

According to the Uttar Pradesh Budget Documents (2019–20), Uttar Pradesh's debt burden is 29.8 percent of the

unemployment rate increased 11.4 percentage points, rising to 21.5 percent in April 2020.[194] Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of net migrants migrating out of the state.[195] The 2011 census data on migration shows that nearly 14.4 million (14.7%) people had migrated out of Uttar Pradesh.[196] Marriage was cited as the predominant reason for migration among females. Among males, the most important reason for migration was work and employment.[197]

In 2009–10, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 44.8 percent of the state domestic product compared to 44 percent from the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, and tourism) and 11.2 percent from the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).[198][199] Western Uttar Pradesh dominates the state's economy, contributing 51 percent of revenues to the government. Leading economic centers in this region include Noida, Meerut, Ghaziabad, and Agra.

Noida, Meerut, and Agra rank as the top 3 districts with the highest per capita income, whereas Lucknow and Kanpur rank 7th and 9th in per capita income.[200] During the 11th five-year plan (2007–2012), the average gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth rate was 7.3 percent, lower than 15.5 percent, the average for all states of the country.[201][202] The state's per capita GSDP was 29,417 (US$370), lower than the national per capita GSDP of 60,972 (US$760).[203] Labor efficiency is higher at an index of 26 than the national average of 25. Textiles and sugar refining, both long-standing industries in Uttar Pradesh, employ a significant proportion of the state's total factory labor. The economy also benefits from the state's tourism industry.[204]

Income Distribution

Per Capita Income of Top 10 Districts of Uttar Pradesh
District Per Capita Income (2019–20) [205]
Noida Rs. 612,617
Meerut Rs. 127306
Agra Rs. 106354
Etah Rs. 101878
Hamirpur Rs. 100673
Amroha Rs. 97175
Lucknow Rs. 95990
Hapur Rs. 91764
Kanpur Rs. 86709
Mahboba Rs. 83593

The state has attracted

comprehensive development program known as the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT).[211] A package of 260 billion (US$3.3 billion) was declared for the cities to develop service level improvement plan (SLIP), a plan for better functioning of the local urban bodies in the cities.[212]

Transportation

The state has the largest railway network in the country but in relative terms has only sixth-highest railway density despite its plain topography and largest population. As of 2011, there were 8,546 km (5,310 mi) of rail in the state.

Varanasi Junction are included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world-class railway stations.[218]

A section of Delhi–Noida Direct Flyway

The state has a large, multimodal transportation system with the largest road network in the country.[219] It has 42 national highways, with a total length of 4,942 km (3,071 miles) comprising 9.6% of the total NH length in India. The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation was established in 1972 to provide transportation in the state with connecting services to adjoining states.[220] All cities are connected to state highways, and all district headquarters are being connected with four lane roads which carry traffic between major centres within the state. One of them is Agra–Lucknow Expressway, which is a 302 km (188 miles) controlled-access highway constructed by UPEIDA.[221] Uttar Pradesh has the highest road density in India – 1,027 km (638 miles) per 1,000 km2 (390 square miles) – and the largest surfaced urban-road network in the country – 50,721 km (31,517 miles).[222] The Lucknow Metro and Kanpur Metro (Orange line) has been operational.

By passenger traffic in India,

Allahabad, Bareilly, Ghaziabad, Gorakhpur and Kanpur.[224][225] The state has also proposed creating the Noida International Airport at Kurikupa near Hirangaon, Tundla in Firozabad district.[226][227] Two more international airports have been proposed to be built at Kushinagar and Jewar, Greater Noida.[228][229]

Sports

BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium in Lucknow

Traditional sports, now played mostly as a pastime, include wrestling, swimming, kabaddi, and track-sports or water-sports played according to local traditional rules and without modern equipment. Some sports are designed to display martial skills such as using a sword or 'Pata' (stick).[230] Due to a lack of organised patronage and requisite facilities, these sports survive mostly as individuals' hobbies or local competitive events. Among modern sports, field hockey is popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced top-level players in India, such as Nitin Kumar. and Lalit Kumar Upadhyay.[231]

Recently, cricket has become more popular than field hockey.[232] Uttar Pradesh won its first Ranji Trophy tournament in February 2006, beating Bengal in the final.[233] Shaheed Vijay Singh Pathik Sports Complex is another newly built international cricket stadium with a capacity of around 20,000 spectators.[234]

The Buddh International Circuit hosted India's inaugural F1 Grand Prix race on 30 October 2011.[235] Races were only held three times before being cancelled due to falling attendance and lack of government support. The government of Uttar Pradesh considered Formula One to be entertainment and not a sport, and thus imposed taxes on the event and participants.[236]

Education

JRHU is a private university for people with disabilities in Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh.

Uttar Pradesh has a prolonged tradition of education, although historically it was primarily confined to the elite class and religious schools.

La Martinière Girls' College (Lucknow), and Step by Step School (Noida) have been ranked among the best schools in the country.[240]

Central Drug Research Institute, an autonomous multidisciplinary research institute

Uttar Pradesh has more than 45 universities,

AIIMS Rae Bareli, an IIM in Lucknow[242][243][244][245][246]

.

Tourism

2013 Kumbh Mela at Sangam, Allahabad

Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals among all states of India.

World Heritage Sites: the Taj Mahal,[253] Agra Fort,[254] and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri.[255]

Religious tourism plays a significant role in the state's economy. Varanasi is a major religious hub and one of the seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri) in Hinduism and Jainism.[256][257][258] Vrindavan is considered to be a holy place for Vaishnavism.[259][260]

Owing to the belief as to the birthplace of Rama, Ayodhya (Awadh) has been regarded as one of the seven most important pilgrimage sites.[261][262][263] Millions gather at Prayagraj to take part in the Magh Mela festival on the banks of the Ganges.[264] This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbh Mela, where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate in one of the largest gatherings of people in the world.[265]

Buddhist attractions in Uttar Pradesh include

Lord Cornwallis, the 18th-century Governor of East India Company ruled Bengal Presidency. The tomb is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.[267] Jhansi Fort, located in the city of Jhansi, is closely associated with the "First War of Indian Independence", also known as the "Great Rebellion" or the Indian Rebellion of 1857.[268] The fort is constructed in accordance with medieval Indian military architecture, featuring thick walls, bastions, and various structures within its complex. The architecture reflects a blend of Hindu and Islamic styles.[269]

Healthcare

District Hospital, Kanpur Dehat

Uttar Pradesh has a mix of

medical colleges. Although an extensive network of public and private sector healthcare providers has been built, the available health infrastructure is inadequate to meet the demand for health services in the state.[270] In 15 years to 2012–13, the population increased by more than 25 per cent. The public health centres, which are the frontline of the government's health care system, decreased by 8 per cent.[271] Smaller sub-centres, the first point of public contact, increased by no more than 2 per cent over the 25 years to 2015, a period when the population grew by more than 51 per cent.[271] The state is also facing challenges such as a shortage of healthcare professionals, increasing cost of healthcare, a lack of essential medicines and equipment, the mushrooming of private healthcare and a lack of planning.[272] As of 2017, the number of government hospital in rural and urban areas of Uttar Pradesh stood at 4,442 with 39,104 beds and 193 with 37,156 beds respectively.[273]

A newborn in Uttar Pradesh is expected to live four years fewer than in the neighbouring state of

neonatal mortality rate to the under-five mortality rate of 64 children who die per 1,000 live births before five years of age, 35 die within a month of birth, and 50 do not complete a year of life.[278]

Culture

Language and literature

battle of Kurukshetra
, folio from the Mahabharata

Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar Pradesh. Renowned Indian writers who have resided in Uttar Pradesh were Kabir, Ravidas, and Tulsidas, who wrote much of his Ram Charit Manas in Varanasi. The festival of Guru Purnima is dedicated to Sage Vyasa, and also known as Vyasa Purnima as it is the day which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas.[279]

Kannauji, and Hindustani.[282] Bhojpuri, an Eastern Indo Aryan language, is also spoken in the state.[283]

Music and dance

With each district of Uttar Pradesh having its unique music and tradition, traditional folk music in Uttar Pradesh has been categorised in three different ways including music transmitted orally, music with unknown composers and music performed by custom. The popular folk music of Uttar Pradesh includes

Khayal is a form of semi-classical singing which comes from the courts of Awadh. Other forms of music are Biraha, Chaiti, Chowtal, Alha, and Sawani.[284]

Kathak, a classical dance form, owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh.[285] Ramlila is one of the oldest dramatic folk dances; it depicts the life of the Hindu deity Rama and is performed during festivals such as Vijayadashami.[286] In the gharana dance form, both the Lucknow and the Benares gharanas are situated in the state.[287] Charkula is popular dance of the Braj region.[288]

Fairs and festivals

Devotees inside Krishna temple during Lathmar Holi

Kartik Purnima, is celebrated fifteen days after Diwali.[293]

Cuisine

Uttar Pradeshi thali with naan, sultani dal, raita, and shahi paneer

Mughlai cuisine is a style of cooking developed in the Indian subcontinent by the imperial kitchens of the Mughal Empire. It represents the cooking styles used in North India, especially Uttar Pradesh, and has been strongly influenced by Central Asian cuisine. Awadhi cuisine from the city of Lucknow consists of both vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. It has been greatly influenced by Mughlai cuisine.[294]

Bhojpuri cuisine is a style of food preparation common among the Bhojpuri people of Uttar Pradesh. Bhojpuri foods are mostly mild and tend to be less hot in terms of spices used. The cuisine consists of both vegetable and meat dishes.[295]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ National Sample Survey from July 2017 to June 2018 provides state-wise details of literacy rates among persons aged seven and above.

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