Václav Havel
Václav Havel | |
---|---|
President of the Czech Republic | |
In office 2 February 1993 – 2 February 2003 | |
Prime Minister | Václav Klaus Josef Tošovský Miloš Zeman Vladimír Špidla |
Preceded by | Office established |
Succeeded by | Václav Klaus |
President of Czechoslovakia | |
In office 29 December 1989 – 20 July 1992 | |
Prime Minister | Marián Čalfa Jan Stráský |
Preceded by | Gustáv Husák |
Succeeded by | Office abolished |
Personal details | |
Born | Prague, Czechoslovakia (present-day Czech Republic) | 5 October 1936
Died | 18 December 2011 Vlčice, Czech Republic | (aged 75)
Resting place | Vinohrady Cemetery |
Political party | OF (1989–1991) |
Spouses |
|
Signature | |
Václav Havel (Czech pronunciation:
His educational opportunities having been limited by his
Havel's
Havel's political philosophy was one of
Early life
Havel was born in Prague on 5 October 1936[8] into a wealthy family celebrated in Czechoslovakia for its entrepreneurial and cultural accomplishments. His grandfather, Vácslav Havel, a real estate developer, built a landmark entertainment complex on Prague's Wenceslas Square. His father, Václav Maria Havel, was the real estate developer behind the suburban Barrandov Terraces, located on the highest point of Prague—next door to which his uncle, Miloš Havel, built one of the largest film studios in Europe.[9] Havel's mother, Božena Vavrečková,[10] also came from an influential family; her father was a Czechoslovak ambassador and a well-known journalist.
In the early 1950s, because of his class background, Havel entered into a four-year apprenticeship as a chemical laboratory assistant and simultaneously took evening classes at a gymnasium. He completed his secondary education in 1954.
For political reasons, he was not accepted into any post-secondary school with a humanities program; therefore, he opted for studies at the Faculty of Economics of the Czech Technical University in Prague but dropped out after two years.[11] On 9 July 1964, Havel married Olga Šplíchalová.[9]
Early theatre career
The intellectual tradition of his family was essential for Havel's lifetime adherence to the humanitarian values of the Czech culture.
Political dissident
During the first week of the
He was known for his essays, most particularly The Power of the Powerless (1978), in which he described a societal paradigm in which citizens were forced to "live within a lie" under the Communist regime.[19] In describing his role as a dissident, Havel wrote in 1979: "we never decided to become dissidents. We have been transformed into them, without quite knowing how, sometimes we have ended up in prison without precisely knowing how. We simply went ahead and did certain things that we felt we ought to do, and that seemed to us decent to do, nothing more nor less."[20]
Samuel Beckett's 1982 short play, Catastrophe, was dedicated to Havel while he was held as a political prisoner in Czechoslovakia.[21] Havel wrote the short play Mistake in response to Beckett.[citation needed] Both plays were published by Index on Censorship, which in 2022 requested a followup play on similar themes from the Iranian playwright Reza Shirmarz.[22]
Presidency
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2019) |
On 29 December 1989, while he was leader of the
In 1990, Czechoslovakia held
Despite increasing political tensions between the Czechs and the Slovaks in 1992, Havel supported the retention of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic prior to the dissolution of the country. Havel sought re-election in 1992. Although no other candidate filed, when the vote came on 3 July, he failed to get a majority due to a lack of support from Slovak deputies. The largest Czech political party, the Civic Democratic Party, let it be known that it would not support any other candidate. After the Slovaks issued their Declaration of Independence, he resigned as president on 20 July, saying that he would not preside over the country's breakup.[26]
However, when the Czech Republic was created as one of two successor states, he stood for election as its first president on 26 January 1993, and won. Although he was nominally the new country's chief executive, the framers of the Constitution of the Czech Republic intended to vest most of the real power in the prime minister. However, owing to his prestige, he still commanded great moral authority, and the presidency acquired a greater role than the framers intended. For instance, largely due to his influence, the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia (KSCM), successor to the KSC's branch in the Czech Lands, was kept on the margins for most of his presidency. Havel suspected that the KSCM was still an unreformed Stalinist party.[27]
Havel's popularity abroad surpassed his popularity at home,
In an interview with Karel Hvížďala (included in To the Castle and Back), Havel expressed his feeling that it was his most important accomplishment as president to have contributed to the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact. According to his statement the dissolution was very complicated. The infrastructure created by the Warsaw Pact was part of the economies of all member states, and the Pact's dissolution necessitated restructuring that took many years to complete. Furthermore, it took time to dismantle the Warsaw Pact's institutions; for example, it took two years for Soviet troops to fully withdraw from Czechoslovakia.[citation needed]
Following a legal dispute with his sister-in-law Dagmar Havlová (wife of his brother Ivan M. Havel), Havel decided to sell his 50% stake in the
His close friend was Ivan Medek, who became the chief of the president's office.[38]
In January 1996,
Havel was among those influential politicians who contributed most to the transition of NATO from being an anti-Warsaw Pact alliance to its present form. Havel advocated vigorously for the inclusion of former-Warsaw Pact members, like the Czech Republic, into the Western alliance.[41][42]
Havel was re-elected president in 1998. He had to undergo a colostomy in Innsbruck when his colon ruptured while he was on holiday in Austria.[43]
On 30 January 2003, Havel signed The letter of the eight supporting planned U.S. invasion of Iraq.[44][45]
Havel left office after his second term as Czech president ended on 2 February 2003.
Post-presidential career
Beginning in 1997, Havel hosted Forum 2000, an annual conference to "identify the key issues facing civilisation and to explore ways to prevent the escalation of conflicts that have religion, culture or ethnicity as their primary components". In 2005, the former president occupied the Kluge Chair for Modern Culture at the
Havel was greatly admired by Czech citizens. In the poll taken for the 2005 TV show Největší Čech (the Czech spin-off of the BBC 100 Greatest Britons), Havel placed third.
Havel's memoir of his experience as president, To the Castle and Back, was published in May 2007. The book mixes an interview in the style of Disturbing the Peace with actual memoranda he sent to his staff and modern diary entries and recollections.[57]
On 4 August 2007, Havel met with members of the
Havel went on a hunger strike in 2007 to support Kurdish doctor and human rights activist Yekta Uzunoglu in his legal battle. A former president going on a hunger strike to support the legal battle of a foreigner in his country was a first in world history.[60][61]
Havel's first new play in almost two decades,
Other works included the short sketch Pět Tet, a modern sequel to Unveiling, and The Pig, or Václav Havel's Hunt for a Pig, which was premiered in Brno at Theatre Goose on a String and had its English language premiere at the 3LD Art & Technology Center in New York, in a production from Untitled Theater Company No. 61, in a production workshopped in the Ice Factory Festival in 2011[66][67] and later revived as a full production in 2014, becoming a New York Times Critic's Pick.[68]
In 2008, Havel became a Member of the European Council on Tolerance and Reconciliation. He met U.S. President Barack Obama in private before Obama's departure after the end of the European Union (EU) and United States (US) summit in Prague in April 2009.[69] Havel was the chair of the Human Rights Foundation's International Council and a member of the international advisory council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation.[70]
Havel was a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which campaigns for democratic reformation of the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.[71] From the 1980s, Havel supported the green politics movement, partly due to his friendship with the co-founder of the German Alliance 90/The Greens party Milan Horáček.[72][73] From 2004 until his death, he supported the Czech Green Party.[74][75][76][77]
Death
Havel died in the morning of 18 December 2011, at the age of 75, at his country home in Hrádeček.[78][79][80]
A week before his death, he met with his longtime friend, the
Reactions
Within hours Havel's death was met with numerous tributes, including from U.S. President Barack Obama, British Prime Minister David Cameron, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and former Polish President Lech Wałęsa. Merkel called Havel "a great European", while Wałęsa said he should have been given the Nobel Peace Prize.[79][84] The Russian Embassy sent an official condolence on behalf of the President Dmitry Medvedev and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin.[85] Slovakia declared December 23 a day of national mourning.[86]
At the news of his death, former U.S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, a native of Czechoslovakia, said, "He was one of the great figures of the 20th Century", while Czech expatriate novelist Milan Kundera said, "Václav Havel's most important work is his own life."[87] Communists took the opportunity to criticize Havel.[clarification needed] The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia's leader Vojtěch Filip stated that Havel was a very controversial person and that his words often conflicted with his deeds. He criticized Havel for having supported the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, repeating the charge that Havel had called the event a "humanitarian bombing",[88] although Havel had expressly and emphatically denied ever using such a phrase.[89]
An online petition organized by one of the best-known Czech and Slovak film directors,
Reviewing a new biography by Michael Žantovský, Yale historian Marci Shore summarized his challenges as president: "Havel's message, 'We are all responsible, we are all guilty,' was not popular. He enacted a general amnesty for all but the most serious criminals, apologized on behalf of Czechoslovakia for the post-World War II expulsion of the Sudeten Germans and resisted demands for a more draconian purge of secret police collaborators. These things were not popular either. And as the government undertook privatization and restitution, Havel confronted pyramid schemes, financial corruption and robber baron capitalism. He saw his country fall apart (if bloodlessly), becoming in 1993 the Czech Republic and Slovakia."[93]
Awards
Havel was elected to the
In 1993, he was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.[95]
On 4 July 1994, Václav Havel was awarded the
Havel was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1995.[97]
In 1997, Havel received ex aequo the
In 1998, the jury of the Europe Theatre Prize awarded him a special prize by the President Jack Lang.[100]
In 2001, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[101]
In 2002, he was the third recipient of the Hanno R. Ellenbogen Citizenship Award presented by the Prague Society for International Cooperation. In 2003, he was awarded the International Gandhi Peace Prize by the government of India for his outstanding contribution towards world peace and upholding human rights in most difficult situations through Gandhian means; he was the inaugural recipient of Amnesty International's Ambassador of Conscience Award for his work in promoting human rights;[102] he received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom;[103] and he was appointed as an honorary Companion of the Order of Canada.[104]
In 2008 he was also awarded the Giuseppe Motta Medal for support for peace and democracy.[105] As a former Czech President, Havel was a member of the Club of Madrid.[106] In 2009 he was awarded the Quadriga Award,[107] but decided to return it in 2011 following the announcement of Vladimir Putin as one of the 2011 award recipients.[108]
Havel also received multiple honorary doctorates from various universities such as the prestigious Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) in 2009,[109] and was a Foreign Associate Member of the French Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques from October 1992 until his death.[110]
On 10 October 2011, Havel was awarded by the Georgian President
State honours and awards
Honours
Country | Honours[113] | Medal Ribbon |
Date | City |
---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | Order of the Liberator San Martin Collar |
September 1996 | Buenos Aires | |
Austria | Decoration for Science and Art[114] | November 2005 | Vienna | |
Brazil | Order of the Southern Cross Grand Collar | October 1990 | Prague | |
Order of Rio Branco Grand Cross | September 1996 | Brasília | ||
Canada | Order of Canada Honorary Companion | March 2004 | Prague | |
Czech Republic | Order of the White Lion 1st Class (Civil Division) with Collar Chain | October 2003 | ||
Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk 1st Class | October 2003 | |||
Estonia | Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana The Collar of the Cross | April 1996 | Tallinn | |
France | Légion d'honneur Grand Cross |
March 1990 | Paris | |
Order of Arts and Letters Commander | February 2001 | |||
Georgia | St. George's Order of Victory | October 2011 | Prague | |
Germany | Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Special class of the Grand Cross | May 2000 | Berlin | |
Hungary | Order of Merit of Hungary Grand Cross with Chain |
September 2001 | Prague | |
Italy | Order of Merit of the Italian Republic Grand Cross with Cordon | April 2002 | Rome | |
Jordan | Order of al-Hussein bin Ali Collar |
September 1997 | Amman | |
Latvia | Order of the Three Stars Commander Grand Cross with Chain | August 1999 | Prague | |
Lithuania | Order of Vytautas the Great Grand Cross | September 1999 | ||
Poland | Order of the White Eagle | October 1993 | Warsaw | |
Portugal | Order of Liberty Grand Collar | December 1990 | Lisbon | |
Taiwan | Order of Brilliant Star with Special Grand Cordon | November 2004 | Taipei | |
Slovakia | Order of the White Double Cross First Class | January 2003 | Bratislava | |
Slovenia | The Golden honorary Medal of Freedom | November 1993 | Ljubljana | |
Spain | Order of Isabella the Catholic Grand Cross with Collar | July 1995 | Prague | |
Turkey | First Class of the Order of the State of Republic of Turkey |
October 2000 | Ankara | |
Ukraine | Order of Yaroslav the Wise |
October 2006 | Prague | |
United Kingdom | Order of the Bath Knight Grand Cross (Civil Division) | March 1996 | ||
United States | Presidential Medal of Freedom | July 2003 | Washington, D.C. | |
Uruguay | Medal of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay | September 1996 | Montevideo |
Awards
- Netherlands: Geuzenpenning (1995), Vlaardingen
- European Union: Europe Theatre Prize - Special Prize (1998), Taormina
- India: Gandhi Peace Prize (08/2003), Delhi
Memorials
Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent
In April 2012, Havel's widow, Dagmar Havlová, authorized the creation of the Václav Havel Prize for Creative Dissent. The prize was created by the New York-based Human Rights Foundation and is awarded at the annual Oslo Freedom Forum. The prize "will celebrate those who engage in creative dissent, exhibiting courage and creativity to challenge injustice and live in truth".[116]
Václav Havel Library
The Václav Havel Library, located in Prague, is a charitable organization founded by Dagmar Havlová, Karel Schwarzenberg and Miloslav Petrusek on 26 July 2004. It maintains a collection of pictorial, audio and written materials and other artefacts linked to Václav Havel.[117][118] The institution gathers these materials for the purpose of digitisation, documentation and research and to promote his ideas. It organises lectures,[119] holds conferences and social and cultural events that introduce the public to the work of Václav Havel and club discussion meetings on current social issues. It runs educational activities for second-level students. It is also involved in the issuing of publications.[citation needed] The library makes accessible Václav Havel's literary, philosophical and political writings, and provides a digital reading room for researchers and students in the Czech Republic and elsewhere.[citation needed]
In May 2012, the library opened a branch in New York City named the Václav Havel Library Foundation. In 2014, the Václav Havel Library moved to larger premises at Ostrovni 13, in the centre of Prague.[120]
Václav Havel Building of the European Parliament
In July 2017, the European Parliament opened a new building on its official Strasbourg site. The building was named after Havel and decorated with a bust of the former Czech president.[121][122]
Václav Havel Memory in Zagreb
On 4 October 2016, the day before what would have been the 80th birthday of Václav Havel, his photograph was presented on a fountain in Croatian capital Zagreb. Croatian-Czech Society proposed the Václav Havel Street in Zagreb.[123]
Václav Havel Boulevard and memorial plaque in Kyiv
In November 2016, Václav Havel Boulevard was opened in Kyiv, Ukraine. The new name has replaced the one given during Soviet era when boulevard was named in honor of the Communist politician Jānis Lepse. In December, First Deputy Chairman Iryna Herashchenko along with Minister of Culture of Czech Republic Daniel Herman and Minister of Culture of Ukraine Yevhen Nyshchuk opened memorial plaque in honor of Václav Havel.
Václav Havel Bench
The Václav Havel Bench (Havel's Place) is an artistic and urban utility project, created by Czech architect and designer Bořek Šípek.[124] It is composed of two wooden garden chairs connected by a round table, which has a hole inside. A linden, the Czech national tree, is growing through this hole. These benches can be found in many Czech towns as well as in some foreign locations such as Washington, D.C., Dublin, Lisbon, and Barcelona.
Sculptures and busts
On 19 November 2014, a bust of Havel, created by Czech-American artist Lubomír Janečka, was unveiled at the
On 22 June 2017 a statue of Václav Havel created by Georgian sculptor Jumber Jikia was unveiled in Tbilisi, Georgia.[127]
The Václav Havel Library Foundation donated a bust of Havel to
Works
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2017) |
Collections of poetry
- Čtyři rané básně (Four Early Poems)
- Záchvěvy I & II, 1954 (Quivers I & II)
- První úpisy, 1955 (First promissory notes)
- Prostory a časy, 1956 (Spaces and times)
- Na okraji jara (cyklus básní), 1956 (At the edge of spring (poetry cycle))
- Antikódy, 1964 (Anticodes)
Plays
- Life Ahead/You Have Your Whole Life Ahead of You, 1959, (Život před sebou) with Karel Brynda
- Motomorphosis/Motormorphosis, 1960/1961, (Motomorfóza), a sketch from Autostop
- Ela, Hela, and the Hitch, 1960/1961, (Ela, Hela a stop), a sketch for Autostop; discarded from the play, lost; found in 2009; published in 2011
- An Evening with the Family, 1960, (Rodinný večer)
- The Best Years of Missis Hermanová, 1962, (Nejlepší rocky paní Hermanové) with Miloš Macourek
- The Garden Party (Zahradní slavnost), 1963
- The Memo), 1965, (Vyrozumění)
- The Increased Difficulty of Concentration, 1968, (Ztížená možnost soustředění)
- Butterfly on the Antenna, 1968, (Motýl na anténě)
- Guardian Angel, 1968, (Anděl strážný)
- Conspirators, 1971, (Spiklenci)
- The Beggar's Opera, 1975, (Žebrácká opera)
- Vanӗkplay
- Vanӗkplay
- Mountain Hotel 1976, (Horský hotel)
- Vanӗkplay
- Mistake, 1983, (Chyba)
- Largo desolato 1984, (Largo desolato)
- Temptation, 1985, (Pokoušení)
- Redevelopment, 1987, (Asanace)
- The Pig, or Václav Havel's Hunt for a Pig (Prase, aneb Václav Havel's Hunt for a Pig), 1987; published in 2010; premiered in 2010, co-authored by Vladimír Morávek
- Tomorrow, 1988, (Zítra to spustíme)
- Leaving (Odcházení), 2007
- Vanӗkplay, a short sketch/sequel to Unveiling
Nonfiction books
- The Power of the Powerless (1985) [Includes 1978 titular essay. Online]
- Living in Truth (1986)
- Letters to Olga (Dopisy Olze) (1988)
- Disturbing the Peace (1991)
- Open Letters (1991)
- Summer Meditations (Letní přemítání) (1992/93)
- Toward a Civil Society (1994)
- The Art of the Impossible (1998)
- To the Castle and Back (2007)
Fiction books for children
- Pizh'duks
Films
- Odcházení, 2011
Music
- Havel was a major supporter of The Plastic People of the Universe, and close friend of its leader, Milan Hlavsa, its manager, Ivan Martin Jirous, and its guitarist/vocalist, Paul Wilson (who later became Havel's English translator and biographer) and a great fan of the rock band The Velvet Underground, sharing mutual respect with the principal singer-songwriter Lou Reed, and was also a lifelong Frank Zappa fan.[129][130]
- Havel was also a great supporter and fan of jazz and frequented such Prague clubs as Radost FX and the Reduta Jazz Club, where U.S. President Bill Clinton played the saxophone when Havel brought him there.[129]
- Havel befriended Joan Baez after he evaded arrest by pretending to be her roadie.[131]
Cultural references
Václav Havel has been portrayed, as himself or a character based on him, in a number of feature and television films:
- Czech Century is a 2013 historical television series chronicling Czech history from 1989. Havel is portrayed by Marek Daniel.
- Marek Daniel also portrayed Havel in a satirical web series, Kancelář Blaník.
- Havel is a 2020 historical film about Havel's (Viktor Dvořák) life before 1989.
- The Prog-related Art-rock band, Toy Matinee, recorded a song about Havel, entitled "Remember My Name" from their 1990 eponymous album released by Reprise Records.[citation needed]
- Havel is mentioned in the song "La Vie Bohème" from the 1996 musical Rent.[citation needed]
- Havel is an incredibly strong, heavily armored, dragon-tooth-wielding NPC character in the Dark Souls series.[citation needed]
See also
- Civil resistance
- Hrad (politics)
- List of peace activists
- Nonviolent resistance
- Mlýny, Czech comedy play
- Václav Havel Human Rights Prize
References
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Primary sources
Works by Václav Havel
- Commentaries and Op-eds by Václav Havel and in conjunction between Václav Havel and other renowned world leaders for Project Syndicate.
- "Excerpts from The Power of the Powerless (1978)", by Václav Havel. "Excerpts from the Original Electronic Text provided by Bob Moeller, of the University of California, Irvine."
- "The Need for Transcendence in the Postmodern World" (Speech republished in THE FUTURIST magazine). Retrieved 19 December 2011
- Václav Havel: 'We are at the beginning of momentous changes' at the Wayback Machine (archived 22 June 2008). Czech.cz (Official website of the Czech Republic), 10 September 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2007. On personal responsibility, freedom and ecological problems.
- Two Messages Václav Havel on the Kundera affair, English, salon.eu.sk, October 2008
Media interviews with Václav Havel
- After the Velvet, an Existential Revolution? dialogue between Václav Havel and Adam Michnik, English, salon.eu.sk, November 2008
- PBS, broadcast 16 May 1997. Retrieved 21 December 2007. (NewsHour transcript.)
Biographies
- PDF formats] is linked on the author's website, "Books" Archived 18 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine.)
- Kriseová, Eda. Václav Havel. Trans. Caleb Crain. New York: ISBN 0-312-10317-4.
- Pontuso, James F. Václav Havel: Civic Responsibility in the Postmodern Age. New York: ISBN 0-7425-2256-3.
- Rocamora, Carol. Acts of Courage. New York: Smith & Kraus, 2004. ISBN 1-57525-344-5.
- Symynkywicz, Jeffrey. Václav Havel and the Velvet Revolution. Parsippany, New Jersey: Dillon Press, 1995. ISBN 0-87518-607-6.
- Williams, Kieran. Václav Havel. London: Reaktion Books, 2016. ISBN 978-1-78023-665-0.
- ISBN 978-0802123152.
- Barton, David Gilbreath (2021) ISBN 9780822966777
External links
- Václav Havel Library, Prague
- Knihovna Vaclava Havla (Vaclav Havel Library) at Google Cultural Institute
- Encyclopædia Britannica's biography of Václav Havel
- Watch Citizen Havel, a film about Václav Havel, at www.dafilms.com
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Václav Havel at IMDb
- Václav Havel collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Václav Havel collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Václav Havel archive from The New York Review of Books
- Havel at Columbia: Bibliography: Human Rights Archive
- Radio Prague's detailed account of Havel's life
- Bio of Václav Havel
- New York Times obit
- The Havel Festival Archived 8 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- The Dagmar and Václav Havel Foundation
- Last interview, given to The European Strategist
- Václav Havel Archived 2 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine Freedom Collection interview