Volkswagen Beetle
Volkswagen Type 1 "Beetle" | |
---|---|
Small family car | |
Body style |
|
Layout | Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive |
Powertrain | |
Engine | |
Transmission |
|
Dimensions | |
Kerb weight | 730–930 kg (1,610–2,050 lb) |
Chronology | |
Successor |
The Volkswagen Beetle, officially the Volkswagen Type 1,[a] is a small car produced by the German company Volkswagen from 1938 to 2003.[b] It is one of the most iconic cars in automotive history, recognised for its distinctive shape. Its production period of 65 years is the longest of any single generation of automobile,[c] and its total production of over 21.5 million is the most of any car of a single platform.
The Beetle was conceived in the early 1930s. The leader of Nazi Germany,
Volkswagen implemented designations for the Beetle in the 1960s, including 1200, 1300, 1500, 1600, 1302 and 1303. Volkswagen introduced a series of large luxury models throughout the 1960 and 70s—comprising the Type 3, Type 4 and the K70—to supplement the Beetle, but none of these models achieved the level of success that it did. Rapidly changing consumer preferences toward front-wheel drive compact hatchbacks in Europe prompted Volkswagen's gradual shift away from rear-wheel drive, starting with the Golf in 1974. In the late 1970s and 80s, Japanese automakers began to dominate the market, which contributed to the Beetle's declining popularity.
Over its lifespan, the Beetle's design remained consistent, yet Volkswagen implemented over 78,000 incremental updates. These modifications were often subtle, involving minor alterations to its exterior, interior, colours, and lighting. Some more noteworthy changes included the introduction of new engines, models and systems, such as improved technology or comfort.
History
KdF-Wagen
In May 1934, at a meeting at Berlin's Kaiserhof Hotel, Hitler insisted on a vehicle that could accommodate two adults and three children while not using more than seven litres of fuel per 100 km (32 mpg US/39 mpg UK).[5] All components were designed for a quick and inexpensive part exchange. As Hitler explained, the rationale for opting for an air-cooled engine was the lack of a garage for every country doctor.[6][7] On 22 June 1934, Ferdinand Porsche received a development contract from the Verband der Automobilindustrie (German Association of the Automotive Industry) for the prototype of an inexpensive and economical passenger car after the leader of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler, decided there was a need for a people's car—a car affordable and practical enough for lower-class people to own—to serve the country's new road network, the Reichsautobahn.[8][9] Although the Volkswagen Beetle was primarily the conception of Porsche and Hitler, the idea of a "people's car" is much older than Nazism and has existed since the introduction of automotive mass-producing.[10]
Originally designated as the Type 60 by Porsche, the Beetle project involved a team of designers and engineers comprising Erwin Komenda, who specialised in the bodywork; Josef Kales, responsible for the engine design; Karl Rabe, serving as the chief engineer; and Josef Mickl and Franz Xaver Reimspiess, the latter credited for devising the iconic Volkswagen badge.[11] The project saw significant milestones in October 1935 with the completion of the first two Type-60 prototypes, identified as cars V1 (sedan) and V2 (convertible), denoted with a "V" signifying its status as a test car.[12] The testing of three additional V3 prototypes began on 11 July 1936, the first of which was driven to Obersalzberg and inspected by Hitler. Two V3s were delivered to Berlin in August for examination by other Nazi Party officials, who showed great interest in them. By June 1936, the V3s underwent over 50,000 km (31,000 mi) of testing across various terrains.[13][14] A series of thirty W30 development models, commissioned by Porsche and manufactured by Daimler-Benz, underwent testing in early April 1937,[15] covering a total distance of over 2,900,000 kilometres (1,800,000 mi).[16] All vehicles featured the characteristic rounded design and included air-cooled, rear-mounted engines.[15][17] A further batch of 44 VW38 pre-production cars produced in 1938 introduced split rear windows,[18] and subsequently, Volkswagen introduced fifty VW39 cars, completed in July 1939.[19][20]
The KdF-Wagen was not
Design
The Beetle featured a rear-located, air-cooled four-cylinder,
Design controversies
German-Bohemian Ferdinand Porsche (1875–1951) and his team were generally known as the original designers of the Volkswagen.[32] However, there has been debate over whether he was the original designer. Rumours circulated, suggesting that other designers, such as Béla Barényi, Paul Jaray, Josef Ganz and Hans Ledwinka, may have influenced its design.
- Béla Barényi
In 1925, Austro-Hungarian automotive engineer Béla Barényi designed a car similarly shaped to the Beetle, more than five years before Porsche unveiled his initial "People's Car" design.[33] Through a court ruling in 1953, Barényi successfully asserted his authorship and associated claims. He explained that he had previously elucidated the concept of the Beetle, which was already formulated in the 1920s, to Porsche in great detail. However, this concept was not protected sufficiently by patents. Key elements of this concept included the air-cooled four-cylinder boxer engine at the rear, the transmission positioned in front of the rear axle, and the distinctive roundish shape. Dieter Landenberger, the head of Porsche's historical archive, later affirmed that Barényi played a "decisive role in the authorship of the later VW Beetle".[34] Since then, he has been known for conceiving the original car design.[35]
- Paul Jaray
Many assume that Paul Jaray shaped the car's body design through his aerodynamics calculations.[36] According to a November 2021 update of research mentioned in the fifteenth report by the German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Jaray's findings influenced the design of "Hitler's streamlined KdF car", later known as the 'beetle', which became the best-selling car globally post-war.[37] Jaray's research results in fluid mechanics for ground-bound vehicles extended beyond the VW Beetle, impacting the Tatra 77 and other vehicles. His initial patents and publications date back to the early 1920s. The engineer Christian Binnebesel scientifically presented Jaray's significant contribution to streamline form in his 2008 dissertation.[38]
- Josef Ganz
Josef Ganz's potential early contributions to the original Beetle's development remained controversial for years and lacked clear clarification. Research suggests that his idea and the concept of a compact car played a significant role in the VW Beetle's development and its prototypes.
- Hans Ledwinka
The Austrian automobile designer
Just before the outbreak of
Tenure
World War II and military production, 1938–1945
The name Volkswagen was officially substituted by the term KdF (
During the war, the factory predominantly built the
Planned for September 1939,
Post-war production and success, 1945–1970
Following the war, the Beetle experienced a significant growth in success.
There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the
pastoral state". It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it.[83]
Major Ivan Hirst (1916–2000), a British Army officer, has been widely acknowledged for the reopening of the factory.[84][85] Hirst was ordered to take control of the heavily bombed factory, which the Americans had captured.[86] Recognising the scarcity of occupations in Germany and the shortage of vehicles in the British Army, Hirst persuaded the British military to order 20,000 cars, stating that it "was the limit set by the availability of materials". By March 1946, production capacity was rated at approximately 1,000 units per month.[87] Based on an eight-hour shift in mid-1946, production was around 2,500 per month. At the time, about 1,800 machine tools were in operation, of which 200 were used exclusively for the key components.[88]
Once Heinrich Nordhoff assumed management at Volkswagenwerk, manufacturing capacity increased significantly. Production in 1946 and 1947 was rated at 9,878 and 8,973 examples, respectively, but in Nordhoff's first year, 1948, manufacture doubled to approximately 19,244 units. On 6 August 1955, the millionth example was assembled and by 1959, production capacity was rated at 700,000 units per year.[89][90][91] By mid-1948, the Forces of Occupation received 20,991 cars, leaving less than 10,000 for export or domestic consumption. The number of employees increased from 6,033 by the end of 1945 to almost 57,000 in 1957. After the war, over 10,000 apartments were built to house the workers in Wolfsburg, which then had a population of nearly 60,000.[89] In 1959, Volkswagen invested more than DM500 million to increase daily production by 1,000, reaching a final target of 3,000 per day. During 1960, the company occasionally increased production by around 100; by the end of 1960, Volkswagen planned to produce 4,000 examples daily. Nordhoff stated, "Then we believe we shall have reached a balance between supply and demand so that we can finally deliver Volkswagens to customers without a waiting period".[92]
By the early 1960s, the Wolfsburg facility was massive. It accommodated about 10,000 production machines and covered 10.8 million
We shall some day speak of the Golden Fifties. We are now moving away from them and we must recognise that fact and use the time given us. The wheel of history never turns back! Whatever opportunities you miss today will never return! The new year will have 366 days this time; every day, we will cross one off—and soon there will be only four left. No power of heaven or earth will bring those days back. Let us use this time, as long as we are free to do so, as we are now, and as we shall still be for a few years.[96]
The Emden facility represented an expenditure exceeding DM154.4 million, with Beetle operations beginning there on 1 December 1964.
Decline and end of German production, 1970–1990
While it was largely successful in the 1960s,
In the 1960s and 70s, Volkswagen augmented its product portfolio with several models to supplement the Type 1—the
The number of Beetle units sold by Volkswagen was at its lowest in the 1980s. The Beetle faced competition from Japanese automakers such as Toyota and Honda, whose cars were uprated in reliability and performance. The closure of Volkswagen's Pennsylvania factory was due to high costs, subpar quality, and poor sales. In the United States, Volkswagen introduced the Rabbit and Corrado, both of which had little success. The overall sales suffered a significant downturn, leading to the loss of many dealerships for the company.[103]
New Beetle and end of production, 1990–2003
In 1991, the planning of a new car began once
It took a year for Volkswagen to officially confirm the production of the concept in its final form, which was slated for completion by the end of the century. To help gauge public demand of the forthcoming automobile in the United States, Volkswagen implemented a free-access telephone line to allow members to express their thoughts on the car. The line quickly became inundated with calls, with many saying, "You build it, I'll buy it!"
On 30 July 2003 at 9:05 a.m., at the Puebla plant in Mexico, Volkswagen produced the final Type 1, after 21,529,464 examples were produced globally during its tenure.[130][131] Its production span of 65 years is the longest of any single generation of automobile,[132] and its total production of over 21.5 million is the most of any car of a single platform.[133] To celebrate the occasion, Volkswagen marketed a series of 3,000 Beetles as "Última Edición" (Final Edition).[134][131][135]
Models and history of design
While the design of the Beetle changed little over its lifespan, Volkswagen implemented over 78,000 incremental updates.
Initial and successful models, 1946–1974
The Type 11 standard limousine, initially designated as the Type 60 before 1946, received the dub "Pretzel Beetle" due to its distinctive oval-shaped, vertically divided rear window.
"The 1961 Volkswagen sedan provides the kind of happy surprise that comes when an excellent motor vehicle is made even better."
Motor Trend, August 1960[149]
In 1960, Volkswagen introduced a series of technical alterations. The front
In the mid-1960s, the traditional labels "standard" and "export" for the Beetle's model variants were superseded by numerical designations, approximately correlating with the engine displacements. In the October 1961 issue of Motor Trend, Don Werner noted, "Five years ago, out of every ten imported cars sold, six were Volkswagens. [The] latest figures show the ratio is now down to about every four [Volkswagens] out of every ten. If the current VW starts to slip, the new [Type 3]—soon to be introduced—probably will be imported to justify the [company's] more than 600 [Volkswagen] dealerships and the $100 million investment in facilities". He continued by expressing that the Type 3 had failed to leave a positive impression on industry executives in both Europe and North America. The new engine essentially possessed identical specifications as the previous model;[149] it was a horizontally opposed, overhead valve, four-cylinder air-cooled engine. It generated 40 kilowatts (54 PS; 54 hp) at 3,900 rpm and produced 83 newton-metres (61 lbf⋅ft) at 2,000 rpm.[151]
The 1961 Beetle introduced a full-synchronised four-speed
Volkswagen introduced the 1300 in August 1965, equipped with a 1.3-litre engine producing 29.5 kW (39.6 hp). Although featuring an identical design, the 6 horsepower (4.5 kW) increase was achieved through the adoption of the crankshaft from the Type 3. This extended the stroke from 64 mm (2.5 in) to 69 mm (2.7 in), resulting in an engine displacement of approximately 78 cubic inches (1,280 cm3).[155] 1965 also marked the Beetle's most extensive design change when its body stampings were extensively revised. It allowed for significantly larger windows, a departure from previous designs. The windshield increased by 11% in area and adopted a slight curvature, replacing its flat configuration. Door windows also expanded by 6%, with a slight backward canting of door vent window edges. Rear side windows increased by 17.5%, and the rear window by 19.5%.[156]
In 1967, updates comprised shortened front and rear bonnets, box-profile bumpers with a railway rails design that were installed at a higher position, vertically oriented scattering discs for the headlights and larger rear lights with an iron design. Volkswagen introduced external fuel filler flap, eliminating the need to open the front bonnet for refuelling.
In 1971, the 1200 received a larger windscreen, while the 1300 received a power increase to 32 kW (43 hp) and larger brakes, effectively replacing the 1500.[154][159] Volkswagen replaced the 1300 with the 1300A "economy version" in 1973 for the 1974 model year, possessing the same specifications as the 1300 but maintaining the same overall design as the 1200.[154]
Mid-life and declining models, 1970–1986
The VW 1302, introduced in August 1970,
The 1302 possessed the same 32.4 kW (44 PS) output as the 1300, whereas the 1302S saw an increase to 36.8 kW (50 PS). This was facilitated by a twin-port
In August 1972, the 1303 range superseded the 1302 model, which featured a curved windshield. This design change elicited mixed opinions; some favoured it, while others expressed dissatisfaction. Despite the effort to infuse the Beetle with a modernised design, this did not resonate with consumers, resulting in declining Beetle sales.[165][f] In 1975, the 1303 and 1303S received rack and pinion steering, but in July of that year, Volkswagen discontinued both of them.[166] The long-serving 1200 was renamed the "1200L" in 1976, with the additional deluxe features incorporated into the car's interior.[154] In July 1984, Volkswagen eliminated the engine lid louvres.[167]
Final models, 1986–2003
Starting in 1986, for the 1987
From 1997, front
Markets and assembly
Over its 65-year tenure, Volkswagen produced the Volkswagen Type 1 in numerous locations worldwide. The following list encompasses all the locations in which it was manufactured.
- Emden, Germany[111][97]
- Hanover, Germany[168][169]
- Ingolstadt, Germany[170]
- Osnabrück, Germany[171][g]
- Wolfsburg, Germany[172][173]
- Melbourne, Australia[174]
- Brussels, Belgium[168]
- São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil[175][176]
- Heinola, Finland[163][177]
- Jakarta, Indonesia[169]
- Shah Alam, Malaysia[180]
- Puebla, Mexico[181][182]
- Auckland, New Zealand[183]
- Lagos, Nigeria[184]
- Uitenhage, South Africa[185][187]
- Bangkok, Thailand[188]
- Caracas, Venezuela[186]
- Sarajevo, Yugoslavia[189]
Specific markets
Brazil
Official exportation of the Beetle to the Brazilian market began on 23 March 1953, with its parts imported from Germany.[190] For the local market, the Type 1 was officially known "Volkswagen Fusca".[191] In January 1959, Volkswagen shifted assembly to the new São Bernardo do Campo plant, initially maintaining 60 per cent of its German parts. However, by the mid-1960s, the cars had about 99.93 per cent Brazilian-made components.[192] Production persisted until 1986, after over 3.3 million examples were produced there.[193] But manufacture resumed in 1992, extending until 1996.[194]
Mexico
The production of the Beetle was possible through agreements with companies like Chrysler in Mexico and the Studebaker-Packard Corporation, who assembled cars imported in complete knock-down form.[181] The Beetle was introduced to the Mexican market in 1954,[195] and began official production ten years later.[196] The local market referred to the Beetle as the "Vocho".[197] The introduction of a new taxi regulation in Mexico City, requiring only four-door vehicles to be permitted to prevent robberies, influenced Volkswagen's decision to the end of the production of the Beetle in 2003.[198][h]
Australia
Formal introduction of the Volkswagen Beetle to the Australian market took place in 1953, followed by local assembly operations at the Clayton, Victoria facility in the subsequent year.[199] The establishment of Volkswagen Australia Ltd took place in 1957,[200][201] and by 1960, locally manufactured body panels were integrated for the first time.[199] Despite the introduction of larger windows for the European Type One body in 1965, Volkswagen Australia opted to maintain production of the smaller-windowed bodies with features tailored for Australian models. This decision was influenced by the constraints of the market size and the expenses associated with retooling. By this juncture, Australian content had surged to nearly 95 per cent.[202] The final Australian-assembled Beetle rolled off the production line in July 1976.[202]
Retrofit program
Volkswagen entered into partnership with eClassics, enabling Beetle owners to electrify their vehicles. The electric conversion kit includes a battery with a capacity of 36.8 kWh, providing an estimated range of 200 kilometres (120 mi). The converted Beetle can achieve a top speed of 150 kilometres per hour (93 mph), and an hour of charging can store sufficient energy for a journey exceeding 150 kilometres (93 mi).[203]
See also
References
Notes
- ^ It is known informally in German as der Käfer (meaning "beetle"), in parts of the English-speaking world as the Bug,[1] and by many other nicknames in other languages.
- series productiondid not commence until 1945.
- ^ It is the longest-running automobile without significant changes in design;[3] the Chevrolet Suburban is the longest-running nameplate.[4]
- ^ An inexpensive, simple, mass-produced car
- automotive brand he established. The correct term for the company is Porsche AG, or "Porsche" followed by the specific model name (e.g., Porsche Cayenne).
- ^ For more information about its decline, see § Decline and end of German production
- ^ The convertibles were constructed at this location, not the coupes.
- ^ For a complete overview of the discontinuation of the Beetle, see § New Beetle and end of production
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External links
- Beetle – A brief history of a well-loved icon, published by Volkswagen Group, archived from the original on 14 January 2024.
- An Ode to the Bug, published by Volkswagen Group, archived from the original on 3 March 2024.