Vaccaei
The Vaccaei or Vaccei were a pre-
Origins
Also designated Vaccaenas in the ancient sources,
They often acted in concert with their neighbours, the Celtiberi, suggesting that they may have been part of the
Culture
Archeology has identified the Vaccei with the 2nd
The Vaccei were considered the most cultivated people west of the Celtiberians, and were distinguishable by a special collectivist type social structure, which enabled them to exploit successfully the wheat- and grass-growing areas of the western plateau.[8]
Religion
Like the Arevaci, they also practiced the rite of excarnation by exposing the corpses of warriors slain in battle to the vultures, which were regarded as sacred animals, as described by Claudius Aelianus.[9]
Location
The Vaccean homeland extended throughout the center of the northern Meseta, along both banks of the
Although its borders are difficult to define, and shifted from time to time, it can be said to have occupied all of the
History
A warrior people,[
Allies of the
Romanization
The Vaccaei were later aggregated to the new
Namesake
The Basques came to be called mistakenly Vaccaei and Vacceti by several early medieval chronicles and authors.
Gallery
See also
- Arevaci
- Belgae
- Bellovaci
- Cantabrian Wars
- Celtiberian Wars
- Celtiberian script
- Sertorian Wars
- Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
Notes
- ^ Cremin, The Celts in Europe (1992), p. 57.
- ^ ISBN 0-85115-923-0.
- ^ Strabo, Geographikon, III, 3, 4.
- ^ Martino, Roma contra Cantabros y Astures – Nueva lectura de las fuentes (1982), p. 18, footnote 14.
- ^ Almagro-Gorbea, Martín; Alberto J. Lorrio (2004). "War and Society in the Celtiberian World". Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6.
- ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0.
- ^ Cólera, Carlos Jordán (March 16, 2007). "The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula:Celtiberian" (PDF). E-Keltoi. 6: 749–750. Retrieved 16 June 2010.
- ^ Diodorus Siculus, Bibliothekes Istorikes, V: 34, 3.
- ^ Claudius Aelianus, Varia Historia, X, 22.
- ^ Ptolemy, Geographia, II, 5, 6
- Paulus Orosius, Historiae Adversus Paganos, 5: 5.
- ^ Herodotus, Istoriai, II, 33; IV, 49.
- ^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 21: 5, 7-17.
- ^ Polybius, Istorion, III, 13, 14, 2-9.
- ^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 37: 7, 6.
- ^ Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 40: 35, 39, 44, 47-50.
- ^ Appian, Romaika, 6, 51-52; 54.
- ^ Appian, Iberiké 76.
- ^ Appian, Romaika, 17, 79.
- ^ Appian, Romaika, 6, 81-83.
- ^ Livy, Periochae, 56: 1-2.
- Paulus Orosius, Historiae Adversus Paganos, 5: 5.
- ^ Livy, Fragmenta Librii, 91.
- ^ Appian, Romaika, 1, 112.
- ^ Matyszak, Sertorius and the struggle for Spain (2013), p. 145.
- ^ Frontinus, Stratagemata, II, 11, 2.
- ^ Cassius Dio, Romaïké istoría, 39, 54.
- ^ Cassius Dio, Romaïké istoría, 51: 20; 53: 23.
Bibliography
- Blanco, António Bellido, Sobre la escritura entre los Vacceos, in ZEPHYRUS – revista de prehistoria y arqueologia, vol. LXIX, Enero-Junio 2012, Ediciones Universidad Salamanca, pp. 129–147. ISSN 0514-7336
- Collins, Roger, The Vaccaei, the Vaceti, and the rise of Vasconia, Studia Historica VI. Salamanca, 1988. Reprinted in Roger Collins, Law, Culture and Regionalism in Early Medieval Spain. Variorum (1992). ISBN 0-86078-308-1.
- Cremin, Aedeen, The Celts in Europe, Sydney, Australia: Sydney Series in Celtic Studies 2, Centre for Celtic Studies, University of Sydney (1992) ISBN 0-86758-624-9.
- Duque, Ángel Montenegro et alli, Historia de España 2 – colonizaciones y formacion de los pueblos prerromanos, Editorial Gredos, Madrid (1989) ISBN 84-249-1013-3
- González-Cobos, A.M., Los Vacceos – Estudio sobre los pobladores del valle medio del Duero durante la penetración romana, Universidad Pontificia, Salamanca (1989)
- Harry Morrison Hine, Hannibal's Battle on the Tagus (Polybius 3.14 and Livy 21.5), Latomus: revue d'études latines, Société d'Études Latines de Bruxelles 38 (4), Bruxelles (1979) ISSN 0023-8856
- Lorrio Alvarado, Alberto José, Los Celtíberos, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Murcia (1997) ISBN 84-7908-335-2
- Motoza, Francisco Burillo, Los Celtíberos – Etnias y Estados, Crítica, Grijalbo Mondadori, S.A., Barcelona (1998, revised edition 2007) ISBN 84-7423-891-9
- Leonard A Curchin (5 May 2004). The Romanization of Central Spain: Complexity, Diversity and Change in a Provincial Hinterland. Routledge. pp. 37–. ISBN 978-1-134-45112-8.
- Philip Matyszak, Sertorius and the struggle for Spain, Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley (2013) ISBN 978-1-84884-787-3
Further reading
- Almagro-Gorbea, Martín, Les Celtes dans la péninsule Ibérique, in Les Celtes, Éditions Stock, Paris (1997) ISBN 2-234-04844-3
- Berrocal-Rangel, Luis, Los pueblos célticos del soroeste de la Península Ibérica, Editorial Complutense, Madrid (1992) ISBN 84-7491-447-7
- Berrocal-Rangel, Luis & Gardes, Philippe, Entre celtas e íberos, Fundación Casa de Velázquez, Madrid (2001) ISBN 978-84-95555-10-6
- Martino, Eutimio, Roma contra Cantabros y Astures – Nueva lectura de las fuentes, Breviarios de la Calle del Pez n. º 33, Diputación provincial de León/Editorial Eal Terrae, Santander (1982) ISBN 84-87081-93-2
- Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí, The Celts: A History, The Collins Press, Cork (2002) ISBN 0-85115-923-0
- Koch, John T.(ed.), Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO Inc., Santa Barbara, California (2006) ISBN 1-85109-440-7, 1-85109-445-8
- Zapatero, Gonzalo Ruiz et alli, Los Celtas: Hispania y Europa, dirigido por Martín Almagro-Gorbea, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Editorial ACTAS, S.l., Madrid (1993)
External links
- Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)
- Álvarez-Sanchís, Jesús R. (2005), "Oppida and Celtic society in western Spain". e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies 6: 255-285
- http://www.celtiberia.net