Valeria gens

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Valerius
)
Denarius of Lucius Valerius Flaccus, consul in 100 BC, and later magister equitum to the dictator Sulla.

The gens Valeria was a patrician family at ancient Rome, prominent from the very beginning of the Republic to the latest period of the Empire. Publius Valerius Poplicola was one of the consuls in 509 BC, the year that saw the overthrow of the Tarquins, and the members of his family were among the most celebrated statesmen and generals at the beginning of the Republic. Over the next ten centuries, few gentes produced as many distinguished men, and at every period the name of Valerius was constantly to be found in the lists of annual magistrates, and held in the highest honour. Several of the emperors claimed descent from the Valerii, whose name they bore as part of their official nomenclature.[1]

A number of unusual privileges attached to this family, including the right to burial within the city walls,[2][3] and a special place for its members in the Circus Maximus, where the unique honour of a throne was granted them.[4] The house built by Poplicola at the foot of the Velian Hill was the only one whose doors were permitted to open into the street.[5][6] The historian Barthold Georg Niebuhr conjectured that, during the transition from the monarchy to the Republic, the Valerii were entitled to exercise royal power on behalf of the Titienses, one of the three Romulean tribes that made up the Roman people.[7]

Although one of the most noble and illustrious families of the Roman aristocracy, from the very beginning the Valerii were notable for their advocacy of

plebeian causes, and many important laws protecting the rights of the plebeians were sponsored by the Valerii.[8] As with many other ancient patrician houses, the family also acquired plebeian branches, which must have been descended either from freedmen of the Valerii, or from members of the family who, for one reason or another, had gone over to the plebeians.[1]

Origin

According to tradition, the Valerii were of Sabine descent, having come to Rome with Titus Tatius, shortly after the founding of the city.[9][10] However, their nomen, Valerius, is a patronymic surname derived from the Latin praenomen Volesus or Volusus, which in turn is derived from valere, to be strong.[11][12] Volesus, or Volesus Valerius, the eponymous ancestor of the gens, is said to have been a powerful warrior in the retinue of the Sabine king. Several generations later, another Volesus Valerius was the father of Publius, Marcus, and Manius, three brothers from whom the oldest branches of the family claimed descent.[13]

Praenomina

The earliest of the Valerii known to history bore the praenomen Volesus, which continued to enjoy occasional use among the Valerii of the early Republic. However, most stirpes of the Valerii favoured Publius, Marcus, Manius, and Lucius. Several branches of the family also used Gaius, while the Valerii Faltones employed Quintus, and the Valerii Asiatici of imperial times used Decimus. Other names are seldom found among the Valerii, although in one instance Potitus, an ancient surname of the gens, was revived as a praenomen by the Valerii Messallae during the first century. Examples of Aulus, Numerius, Sextus, Tiberius, and Titus are found in inscriptions.

Branches and cognomina

The oldest branches of the Valerii bore the surnames Poplicola, Potitus, and Maximus, with Volusus being used by the first generations of the Potiti and Maximi. Later families bore various cognomina, including Corvus or Corvinus, Falto, Flaccus, Laevinus, Messalla, Tappo, and Triarius. Most other surnames found in Republican times belonged to freedmen or clientes of the Valerii. The surnames Acisculus, Catullus, Flaccus, and Barbatus appear on coins. A few Valerii are known without any cognomina, but they achieved little of significance.[1]

Poplicola, also found as Publicola and Poplicula, belongs to a class of surnames referring to the character of the bearer. Derived from populus and colo, the name might best be explained as "one who courts the people."[14][15] The cognomen first appears in history as the surname given to Publius Valerius, one of the consuls chosen in 509 BC to serve alongside Lucius Junius Brutus. Despite his patrician background, he made a considerable effort to win the support of the plebeians, averting a breach between the two orders at the inception of the Republic.[16] Poplicola seems to have been the original form, while in inscriptions Publicola is more common, and Poplicula is occasionally found.[17] Publicola is found in literary sources from the end of the Republic, including Livy and Cicero.[14]

The Valerii Potiti were descended from Marcus Valerius Volusus, the brother of Poplicola, who fell in battle at Lake Regillus. The surname Potitus seems to be derived from potio, to place someone under one's power, and might be translated as "leader".[15] This family flourished from the early years of the Republic down to the Samnite Wars, when the cognomen seems to have been replaced by Flaccus, a surname first borne by one of the Potiti, who must have been flabby or had floppy ears.[18] Potitus was later revived as a praenomen by the Valerii Messallae, a practice that was common in aristocratic families toward the end of the Republic. As a distinct family, the Valerii Flacci continued down to the first century AD.[19]

Maximus, the superlative of magnus, "great",

The first to bear this name received it after relieving Messana from a Carthaginian blockade in 264 BC. The Valerii Messallae held numerous consulships and other high offices in the Roman state, remaining prominent well into imperial times. Some of them had additional surnames, including Barbatus, "bearded", as well as Niger and Rufus, originally referring to someone with black or red hair. The names Valerius Maximus and Valerius Messalla occur as late as the third century, but the consular family of that age may have been descended from the Valerii through the female line, and more properly belonged to the Vipstani.[20][21]

The branch of the Valerii Maximi that gave rise to the Messallae also bore the surname Corvinus, a diminutive of Corvus, a raven. The first of this family was Marcus Valerius Corvus, who in his youth earned everlasting renown for his combat against a giant Gaul in 349 BC. Corvus defeated his adversary with the help of a raven that repeatedly flew in the barbarian's face. He held the consulship six times, was dictator twice, and reached the age of one hundred. The two forms of this surname are interchangeable, but the hero is usually referred to as Corvus, while Corvinus generally refers to his descendants.[22][23]

Another branch of the Valerii Maximi bore the surname Lactucinus, derived from Lactuca, lettuce, the cognomen of an early member of the family. Such names, referring to objects, were quite common at Rome. The first of this family was a son of the first Valerius Maximus, but the surname was of brief duration; the last mention of the Valerii Lactucinae is early in the fourth century BC.[24][23]

The cognomen Laevinus, meaning "left-handed", belonged to a family of the Valerii that was prominent for about a century, beginning with the Pyrrhic War, in 280 BC. This family may have been another offshoot of the Valerii Maximi, as the surname first appears in connection with the trial of Spurius Cassius Vecellinus in 485 BC. They continued long after they had ceased to have any importance in the Roman state, and the family is mentioned as late as the end of the first century AD.[25][26][27][18]

The Valerii Faltones flourished at the end of the third century BC, first appearing at the end of the First Punic War. Their relationship to the other Valerii is not immediately apparent, as none of the older stirpes of the gens used the praenomen Quintus, but they may have been a cadet branch of the Valerii Maximi, whose surname disappears around this time. The surname Falto is another form of Falco, referring to a falcon, and was commonly given to someone with inward-pointing toes, resembling talons.[ii][28][18][29]

The plebeian Valerii Triarii belong to the time of Cicero, in the first century BC. None of them rose higher than the rank of praetor, and the family was of brief duration. Their surname, Triarius, seems to allude to their military service; in the Roman army of this period, a triarius was a soldier of the third rank, the heavily armed reserve infantry, often consisting of older, wealthier men, and the last line of defense in battle.[30][31]

Catullus seems to be another orthography of Catulus, a surname of the Lutatia gens, referring to a whelp, cub, or puppy. The Valerii Catulli appear in the first century BC, beginning with the renowned poet, and their surname continued through the first century of the Empire. One of the Catulli bore the additional surname of Messalinus, previously associated with the Valerii Messallae, but it is unclear whether the Catulli were descended from the Messallae, or whether the surname entered the family at a later time. The pairing of Catullus Messalinus was also borne by one of the Valerii Asiatici, but again the nature of the relationship between these families is unknown.[23][32]

Asiaticus, the surname of the only major family of the Valerian gens to emerge in imperial times, belongs to a class of cognomina typically derived from the locations of military exploits.[33] In this instance the source of the name is not apparent, although it might allude to some connection with the Cornelii Scipiones; Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus was the younger brother of Scipio Africanus, and his surname was passed down in his family for several generations. The Valerii Asiatici were closely connected with the imperial family from the time of Caligula to that of Hadrian, and accounted for several consulships.[34]

Members

This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.

Early Valerii

Valerii Poplicolae

Valerii Potiti

  • Marcus Valerius Vol. f. Volusus, the brother of Poplicola, was one of the Roman commanders against Lars Porsenna in 508 BC. As consul in 505 BC, he and his colleague triumphed over the Sabines. He was one of the ambassadors to the Latin League in 501, and fell at the Battle of Lake Regillus, in 499.[61][62][6][63]
  • Lucius Valerius M. f. Vol. n. Potitus, one of the quaestors who prosecuted Spurius Cassius Vecellinus in 485 BC. He was consul in 483 and 470 BC, and fought against the Aequi during his second consulship. He was praefectus urbi in 464.[64][65][66]
  • Volesus Valerius Potitus, the grandfather of Gaius Valerius Potitus Volusus, consular tribune three times from 415 to 404 BC, according to the Fasti Capitolini. Münzer suggests that his praenomen should be Publius.[36][67][68]
  • Publius Valerius Potitus, the grandfather of Lucius Valerius Potitus, consular tribune five times from 414 to 398 BC, may be the same person as Volesus Valerius Potitus.[36][67][68]
  • Lucius Valerius Vol. f. Potitus,[iii] the father of Gaius Valerius Potitus Volusus, and perhaps also of his contemporary, Lucius Valerius Potitus.[36][67][68]
  • Lucius Valerius P. f. Potitus, the father of Lucius Valerius Potitus, twice consul and five times consular tribune, and perhaps also of Gaius Valerius Potitus Volusus.[36][67][68]
  • Gaius Valerius L. f. Vol. n. Potitus Volusus, consular tribune in 415, 407, and 404 BC, and consul in 410. As consul, he opposed the agrarian law of Marcus Maenius, and recovered the Arx Carventana from the Volsci, in consequence of which he was granted an ovation.[69][70]
  • Lucius Valerius L. f. P. n. Potitus, consular tribune in 414, 406, 403, 401, and 398 BC, and consul in 393 and 392; triumphed over the Aequi. Interrex for the purpose of holding the comitia in 392, and magister equitum under the dictator Marcus Furius Camillus in 390, the year in which Rome was taken by the Gauls.[71][72][73]
  • Publius Valerius L. f. L. n. Potitus Poplicola, consular tribune in 386, 384, 380, 377, 370, and 367 BC.[74][75]
  • Gaius Valerius (C. f. L. n.) Potitus, consular tribune in 370 BC.[76]
  • Gaius Valerius L. f. L. n. Potitus Flaccus, consul in 331 BC. He is probably the progenitor of the Valerii Flacci.[77]
  • Lucius Valerius (L. f. L. n.) Potitus, magister equitum in 331 BC.[77]

Valerii Maximi

Valerii Laevini

  • Manius Valerius Laevinus, said to have numbered among a group of former military tribunes who were burned alive near the Circus Maximus in 485 BC, by the tribune of the plebs Publius Mucius Scaevola, allegedly for having conspired with Spurius Cassius Vecellinus.[99][100]
  • Publius Valerius Laevinus, consul in 280 BC, during the war with Pyrrhus. Although defeated by Pyrrhus, he escaped with much of his army intact, defended Capua, and successfully harried the Epirote army.[101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112]
  • Publius Valerius P. f. Laevinus, father of Marcus Valerius Laevinus, consul in 220 and 210 BC.
  • Marcus Valerius P. f. P. n. Laevinus, elected consul in 220 BC, but probably resigned together with his colleague due to a fault in the elections. He was praetor peregrinus in 215, and afterward propraetor for several years, and consul for the second time in 210. He led a number of successful campaigns against Hannibal's allies during the Second Punic War, recovering much territory.[113][114][115][116][117][118]
  • Marcus Valerius M. f. P. n. Laevinus, son of Marcus Valerius Laevinus, consul in 220 and 210 BC. Together with his brother, Publius, he staged funeral games to commemorate the death of their father in 200. Might be the same person as Marcus Valerius Laevinus, praetor in 182 BC.[119]
  • Publius Valerius M. f. P. n. Laevinus, along with his brother Marcus, staged funeral games in 200 BC to commemorate the death of their father, Marcus Valerius Laevinus, consul in 220 and 210 BC.[120]
  • Marcus Valerius Laevinus, praetor peregrinus in 182 BC.[121]
  • Gaius Valerius M. f. P. n. Laevinus, half-brother of Marcus Fulvius Nobilior, consul in 189 BC, whom he accompanied to Greece. He was praetor in 179, with Sardinia as his province. Consul suffectus in 176 BC, he fought against the Ligures, and received a triumph the following year. He afterward served on ambassadorial missions to Greece and Egypt.[122][123]
  • Publius Valerius C. f. M. n. Laevinus, praetor in 177 BC, was assigned a portion of Cisalpine Gaul.[124]

Valerii Flacci

Valerii Messallae

Valerii Faltones

  • Publius Valerius, grandfather of Quintus and Publius Valerius Falto, the consuls of 239 and 238 BC.[36]
  • Quintus Valerius P. f. (Falto), father of the consuls Quintus and Publius Valerius Falto.[36]
  • Battle of the Aegates, and triumphed over the Carthaginians.[36][259][260][261]
  • Publius Valerius Q. f. P. n. Falto, consul in 238 BC, he suffered a defeat at the hands of the Boii and Ligures, but counterattacked and routed them. He was refused a triumph in consequence of his earlier defeat, and because his counterattack before reinforcements could arrive was considered rash.[262][263][264]
  • Marcus Valerius Falto, one of the senatorial envoys sent to Attalus I of Pergamon in 205 BC. As curule aedile in 203, he and his colleague secured a large supply of Spanish grain, which they were able to sell to the poor for one sestertius per bushel. He was praetor in 201, with Bruttium as his province.[265][266]

Valerii Tappones

  • Lucius Valerius Tappo, tribune of the plebs in 195 BC, opposed the repeal of the Lex Oppia with Cato the Censor. He was praetor in 192, he obtained Sicily as his province. In 190 he was one of the triumvirs for settling new colonists at Placentia and Cremona.[267][268]
  • Gaius Valerius Tappo, tribune of the plebs in 188 BC, proposed that the franchise be extended to the Formiani, Fundani, and Arpinates.[269]

Valerii Triarii

  • Lucius Valerius Triarius, perhaps the same person as Gaius Valerius Triarius, the legate of Lucullus.[270]
  • Gaius Valerius Triarius, praetor circa 78 BC, and propraetor in Sardinia in 77, subsequently served as a legate under Lucullus in the war against Mithridates. In 68 and 67, he put Mithridates on the defensive, but overextended himself, and was attacked at a disadvantage. His forces were utterly defeated with great loss of life, and Triarius was only saved by the arrival of Lucullus.[271][272][273][274][275][276][277]
  • Publius Valerius C. f. Triarius, in 54 BC accused Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, first of repetundae (extortion) and then of ambitus (bribery). Cicero defended Scaurus on both occasions.[278][279]
  • Gaius Valerius (C. f.) Triarius, a friend of Cicero, and a supporter of Pompeius during the Civil War. At the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC, Pompeius, acting on Triarius' advice, ordered his troops to stand fast against Caesar's charge. Triarius apparently died during the war, leaving Cicero as the guardian of his children.[280][281][282][283]
  • Valeria (C. f.) Paula, sister of Cicero's friend Gaius Valerius Triarius, was divorced in 50 BC, and subsequently married Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus.[284][285]

Valerii Catulli

Valerii Asiatici

Others

Imperial Valerii

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ While Maximus might be taken to mean that Manius was the "greatest" of the brothers, either physically or because of his reputation, it could also mean that he was the eldest brother; according to tradition he was already elderly at the time of his dictatorship in 494 BC.
  2. ^ The modern expression is "pigeon-toed".
  3. ^ The Capitoline Fasti give Gaius' filiation as L. f. Vol. n., and Lucius' as L. f. P. n., but Münzer suggests that "Volesus" is a mistake for "Publius", in which case Gaius and Lucius would probably be brothers.
  4. ^ John Briscoe says "it is unlikely in the extreme" that Valerius Maximus belonged to the patrician Valerii, and suggests he descended from the plebeian Valerii Tapones or Triarii.
  5. ^ Or Teidius; both spellings are found for Valerius.

References

  1. ^ a b c Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, pp. 1215, 1216 ("Valeria Gens").
  2. ^ Cicero, De Legibus ii. 23.
  3. ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Publicola", 23.
  4. ^ Livy, ii. 31.
  5. ^ Dionysius, v. 39.
  6. ^ a b Plutarch, "The Life of Publicola", 20.
  7. ^ Niebuhr, History of Rome, vol. i. p. 538.
  8. ^ Dictionary of Antiquities, s. v. Leges Valeriae.
  9. ^ a b Dionysius of Halicarnassus, ii. 46.
  10. ^ a b Plutarch, "The Life of Numa", 5, "The Life of Publicola", 1.
  11. ^ Chase, pp. 127, 129–132, 147, 148.
  12. ^ New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. valeo.
  13. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 1001 ("Valerius Maximus" no. 1), vol. III, pp. 514 ("Valerius Potitus", no. 2), 600–602 ("Publicola", "Valerius Publicola" no. 1), 1283 ("Volusus").
  14. ^ a b Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 600 ("Publicola"),
  15. ^ a b Chase, pp. 110, 111.
  16. ^ Livy, ii. 7, 8.
  17. ^ Orelli, Inscriptionum Latinarum Selectarum Collectio n. 547.
  18. ^ a b c Chase, pp. 109, 110.
  19. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 514 ("Valerius Potitus").
  20. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, pp. 1001 ("Valerius Maximus"), 1049 ("Messalla").
  21. ^ Chase, pp. 109, 110 ("Barbatus, Niger, Rufus"), 111 ("Maximus"), 113, 114 ("Messala").
  22. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, pp. 861, 862 ("Corvus", Nos. 2, 3).
  23. ^ a b c Chase, pp. 112, 113.
  24. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 1001 ("Valerius Maximus", Nos. 2, 3).
  25. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 709 ("Laevinus").
  26. ^ Horace, Satirae, 1, 6, 12, Schol. Vet.
  27. ^ Martial, i. 62, vi. 9.
  28. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, p. 135 ("Falto").
  29. ^ New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. Falco.
  30. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, pp. 1172, 1173 ("Valerius Triarius").
  31. ^ New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. triarii.
  32. ^ New College Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. catulus.
  33. ^ Chase, pp. 113, 114.
  34. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 1218 ("Valerius Asiaticus").
  35. ^ Livy, i. 24.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Fasti Capitolini, AE 1900, 83; 1904, 114; AE 1927, 101; 1940, 59, 60.
  37. ^ Dionysius, viii. 55.
  38. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 19.
  39. ^ Livy, i. 58, 59, ii. 2, 6–8, 11, 15, 16.
  40. ^ Dionysius iv. 67, v. 12 ff, 20, 21, 40 ff.
  41. ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Publicola".
  42. ^ Cicero, De Republica, ii. 31.
  43. ^ Niebuhr, History of Rome, i. 498 ff, 525, 529 ff, 558, 559.
  44. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 2, 5–7.
  45. ^ Dionysius, vi. 12.
  46. ^ Livy, ii. 52, 53, iii. 15-19.
  47. ^ Dionysius, vi. 12, ix. 28, x. 14-17.
  48. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 17, 27, 36, 37.
  49. ^ Livy, iii. 39–41, 49–55, 61–64.
  50. ^ Dionysius, xi. 4 ff, 45 ff.
  51. ^ Cicero, De Republica, ii. 31, Brutus, 14.
  52. ^ Tacitus, Annales, xi. 22.
  53. ^ Niebuhr, History of Rome, vol. ii, pp. 345–376.
  54. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 47, 51.
  55. ^ Livy, v. 26, vi. 1, 5, 21, 27.
  56. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 90, 95, 96, 99, 103, 105.
  57. ^ a b Broughton, vol. I, pp. 125, 128.
  58. ^ Livy, vii. 12, 17–19.
  59. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 122, 124, 125.
  60. ^ Livy, vii. 21, 23, 28, viii. 17.
  61. ^ Livy, ii. 16, 20.
  62. ^ Dionysius, v. 37.
  63. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 5, 7, 9, 11.
  64. ^ Livy, ii. 41, 42, 61, 62.
  65. ^ Dionysius, viii. 77, 87, ix. 51, 55.
  66. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 22, 23, 31, 34.
  67. ^ a b c d Münzer, De Gente Valeria, p. 36.
  68. ^ a b c d Broughton, vol. I, p. 74 (note 1).
  69. ^ Livy, iv. 49, 57, 61.
  70. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 74, 77, 79, 81, 86.
  71. ^ Livy, iv. 49, 58, v. 1, 10, 14, 31, 48.
  72. ^ Dionysius, i. 74.
  73. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 74, 79, 81, 83–86, 88, 90–93, 95, 100.
  74. ^ Livy, vi. 6, 18, 27, 32, 36, 42.
  75. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 100–102, 105, 107, 110, 113.
  76. ^ Livy, vi. 36.
  77. ^ a b Livy, viii. 18.
  78. ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus, vi. 39-45.
  79. ^ Livy, ii. 30, 31.
  80. ^ Cicero, Brutus, 14.
  81. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 14, 15.
  82. ^ Dionysius, x. 31–33.
  83. ^ Livy, iii. 31.
  84. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 40–42.
  85. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 58.
  86. ^ Livy, v. 14, 24.
  87. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 85, 89.
  88. ^ Livy, vii. 26–42, viii. 16, 17, ix. 7, 40, 41, x. 3–9, 11.
  89. ^ a b Gellius, ix. 11.
  90. ^ Valerius Maximus, viii. 13, § 1, 15. § 5.
  91. ^ Eutropius, ii. 6.
  92. ^ Censorinus, 17.
  93. ^ Cicero, De Senectute, 17.
  94. ^ Pliny the Elder, vii. 48. s. 49.
  95. ^ Niebuhr, vol. iii, p. 124.
  96. ^ Livy, ix. 29, 40, 41, 43.
  97. ^ Pliny the Elder, xvi. 10.
  98. ^ Briscoe, Valerius Maximus, p. 1.
  99. ^ Valerius Maximus, vi. 3. § 2.
  100. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 21.
  101. ^ Livy, Epitome, xiii.
  102. ^ Dionysius, xvii. 15, 16, xviii. 1–4.
  103. ^ Cassius Dio, Fragmenta, xl.
  104. ^ Appian, Bellum Samniticum, Fragmenta, x.
  105. ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Pyrrhus", 16, 17.
  106. ^ Zonaras, viii. 3.
  107. ^ Justin, xviii. 1.
  108. ^ Orosius, iv. 1.
  109. ^ Frontinus, Strategemata, ii. 4. § 9; iv. 7. § 7.
  110. ^ Aurelius Victor, De Viris Illustribus, 35.
  111. ^ Florus, i. 18.
  112. ^ Eutropius, ii. 11.
  113. ^ Polybius, viii. 3. § 6; ix. 27. § 2; xxii. 12. § 11.
  114. ^ Livy, xxuuu. 24, 30, 32–34, 37, 38, 48, xxiv. 10, 11, 20, 40, 44, xxv. 3, xxvi. 1, 22, 24, 26–30, 32, 36, 40, xxvii. 5, 7, 9, 22, 29, xxviii. 4, 10, 46, xxix. 11, 16, xxx. 23, xxxi. 3, 5, 50.
  115. ^ Florus, ii. 7.
  116. ^ Justin, xxix. 4.
  117. ^ Eutropius, iii. 12.
  118. ^ Claudian, De Bello Gothico, 395.
  119. ^ Livy, xxxi. 50.
  120. ^ Livy, xxxi. 50.
  121. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 382.
  122. ^ Polybius, xxii. 12. § 10; 14. § 2.
  123. ^ Livy, xxxviii. 9, 10, xl. 44, xli. 25, xlii. 6, 17, xliii. 14.
  124. ^ Livy, xxxi. 50, xli. 8.
  125. ^ Livy, ix. 7.
  126. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 151.
  127. ^ a b Broughton, vol. I, p. 204.
  128. ^ Polybius, i. 20.
  129. ^ Aulus Gellius, iv. 3.
  130. ^ Livy, xxi. 6, xxiii. 16, 34, 38, xxvi. 8 Epitome 20.
  131. ^ Cicero, Philippicae, v. 10.
  132. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 229, 237, 251, 257, 261.
  133. ^ Livy, xxv. 14, xxxi. 4, 49, 50, xxxii. 42, 43, xxxiv. 21, 46, xxxvi. 17, 19, xxxvii. 46, xxxix. 40 ff, 52, xl. 42.
  134. ^ Polybius, xx. 9 ff.
  135. ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Cato the Elder"
  136. ^ Cornelius Nepos, "The Life of Cato", 2.
  137. ^ Orosius, iv. 20.
  138. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 269, 272 (note 6), 327, 339, 374, 375.
  139. ^ Livy, xxvii. 8, xxxi. 50, xxxii. 7, xxxix. 54.
  140. ^ Valerius Maximus, vi. 9. § 3.
  141. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 289, 327, 379.
  142. ^ Obsequens, 18.
  143. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 448, 453.
  144. ^ Cicero, Philippicae, xi. 8.
  145. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 490, 491 ff (note 2), 500, 501.
  146. ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Sulla", 33.
  147. ^ Appian, Bellum Civile, i. 97 ff.
  148. ^ Cicero, De Lege Agraria, iii. 2, Epistulae ad Atticum, viii. 3.
  149. ^ Scholia Gronoviana, Pro Roscio, p. 435 (ed. Orelli).
  150. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 563, 574, 577 (note 1); vol. II, pp. 6, 7, 67, 68. 76, 79, 83, 135, 137 (note 13).
  151. ^ Cicero, Pro Balbo, 24, Pro Roscio Comoedo, 7.
  152. ^ Scholia Bobiensia, In Ciceronis Pro Flacco, p. 233 (ed. Orelli).
  153. ^ Appian, Hispanica, 100.
  154. ^ Broughton, vol. II, pp. 9, 10 (note 4), 14, 18, 19 (note 7), 58, 59, 60 (note 3), 61, 64, 70, 77, 78.
  155. ^ Cicero, Pro Flacco, 23, 25, 32, Pro Fonteio, 1–5.
  156. ^ Sallust, Bellum Catilinae, 33.
  157. ^ Velleius Paterculus, ii. 23.
  158. ^ Münzer, De Gente Valeria, p. 42 (No. 27).
  159. ^ Broughton, vol. II, pp. 1, 15, 18, 19, 51, 53 (and note 12), 56 (note 1).
  160. ^ Cicero, Pro Flacco, Epistulae ad Atticum, i. 19, ii. 25, In Pisonem, 23, Pro Plancio, 11.
  161. ^ Scholia Bobiensia, Pro Flacco, p. 228 (ed. Orelli).
  162. ^ Sallust, Bellum Catilinae, 45.
  163. ^ Broughton, vol. II, pp. 71, 87, 91, 94, 123, 129, 140, 147, 156 (and note 3), 167, 177, 178 (note 2), 185, 186, 213.
  164. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, iii. 4, 11.
  165. ^ Broughton, vol. II, p. 232, 239, 245.
  166. ^ Cicero, Pro Flacco, 36, De Oratore, 38.
  167. ^ Caesar, De Bello Civili, iii. 53.
  168. ^ Cicero, De Divinatione, i. 46.
  169. ^ Varro, De Lingua Latina, vi. 21.
  170. ^ Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum, vol. v. p. 333.
  171. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, ix. 21.
  172. ^ Martial, i. 62, 77.
  173. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. II, pp. 159, 160 ("Gaius Valerius Flaccus").
  174. ^ a b c d e f g h i Fasti Ostienses, CIL XIV, 244, 245, 4531–4546, 5354, 5355, AE, 1917/18, 122; 1922, 94; 1924, 111.
  175. ^ Fasti Triumphales.
  176. ^ Asconius Pedianus, In Ciceronis in Pisonem, p. 13 (ed. Orelli).
  177. ^ Pliny the Elder, xxxv. 4. § 7.
  178. ^ Scholia Bobiensia, In Vatinium, p. 318 (ed. Orelli).
  179. ^ Varro, apud Pliny the Elder, vii. 60.
  180. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, s. v. Horologium.
  181. ^ Polybius, i. 16, 17.
  182. ^ Diodorus Siculus, Eclogue xxiii.
  183. ^ Zonaras, viii. 9.
  184. ^ Livy, Epitome, xvi.
  185. ^ Eutropius, ii. 19.
  186. ^ Orosius, iv. 7.
  187. ^ Seneca the Younger, De Brevitate Vitae, 13.
  188. ^ Macrobius, i. 6.
  189. ^ Valerius Maximus, ii. 9. § 7.
  190. ^ Zonaras, viii. 19.
  191. ^ Orosius, iv. 13.
  192. ^ Livy, xxvii. 5, xxxiv 54, 55, xxxviii. 35, 42, xli. 22, xlii. 28.
  193. ^ Aulus Gellius, ii. 24, xv. 11.
  194. ^ Suetonius, De Claris Rhetoribus i.
  195. ^ Valerius Maximus, ii. 9. § 9.
  196. ^ Münzer, De Gente Valeria, p. 52 (No. 55, and note 3).
  197. ^ Appian, Bellum Civile, i. 40.
  198. ^ Münzer, De Gente Valeria, p. 52 (No. 56).
  199. ^ Broughton, vol. II, pp. 30, 32 (note 19).
  200. ^ Valerius Maximus, v. 9. § 2.
  201. ^ Münzer, De Gente Valeria, p. 52 (no. 57).
  202. ^ a b Münzer, De Gente Valeria, p. 52 (no. 58).
  203. ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Sulla", 35, 37.
  204. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, i. 12, 13, 14, De Haruspicum Responsis, 6, Brutus, 70, Pro Sexto Roscio, 51, Pro Sulla, 6, Epistulae ad Familiares, viii. 2, 4.
  205. ^ Asconius Pedianus, In Ciceronis Pro Scauro, p. 20 (ed. Orelli).
  206. ^ Cassius Dio, xxxvii. 46.
  207. ^ Caesar, De Bello Gallico, i. 2.
  208. ^ Pliny the Elder, vii. 26, viii. 36, xxxviii. 2.
  209. ^ Cassius Dio, xl. 17, 45.
  210. ^ Appian, Bellum Civile, ii. 19.
  211. ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Pompeius", 54.
  212. ^ Asconius Pedianus, In Ciceronis Pro Milone, p. 48 (ed. Orelli).
  213. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, i. 13, iv. 9, 15, 16, Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem, iii. 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 16, Brutus, 96, Epistulae ad Familiares, vi. 18, viii. 2, 4.
  214. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, s.v. ambitus.
  215. ^ Scholia Bobiensia, De Aere Alieno Milonis, p. 343 (ed. Orelli).
  216. ^ Caesar, De Bello Africo, 28, 86.
  217. ^ Gellius, xiii. 14, 15.
  218. ^ St. Jerome, In Chronicon Eusebii, 180, 2.
  219. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, xii. 32, xv. 17, xvi. 16.
  220. ^ Horace, Satirae, i. 10, 81–86.
  221. ^ Appian, Bellum Civile, iv. 38, v. 102, 103, 110–113, Bella Illyrica, 17.
  222. ^ Tacitus, Annales, iv. 34, vi. 11, Dialogus de Oratoribus, 17.
  223. ^ Cassius Dio, xlvii. 24, xlix. 16, 38, l. 10, li. 7, liii. 12.
  224. ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Brutus", 40, 41, 45, 53.
  225. ^ Velleius Paterculus, ii. 71.
  226. ^ Strabo, Geographica, iv. p. 189.
  227. ^ Tibullus, i. 3, 7, ii. 1, 33, ii. 5, 117, iv. 1, 8, 5.
  228. ^ Suetonius, "The Life of Augustus", 58, 74.
  229. ^ Pliny the Elder, vii. 24, xxxiv. 13, xxxv. 2.
  230. ^ Martial, Epigrammata, viii. 3, x. 2.
  231. ^ Fasti Albenses, AE 2012, 437.
  232. ^ a b Fasti Magistrorum Vici, CIL VI, 10286, 10287; AE, 1937, 62; 1938, 66; 2002, 206.
  233. ^ Fasti Tauromenitani, AE 1988, 626; 1991, 894; 1996, 788; 2008, 84.
  234. ^ CIL VI, 41061.
  235. ^ Cassius Dio, liv. 28.
  236. ^ Tacitus, Annales, xi. 37.
  237. ^ Tacitus, Annales, iii. 68.
  238. ^ Seneca the Younger, De Ira, ii. 5.
  239. ^ Tacitus, Annales, i. 8, iii. 2.
  240. ^ Fasti Arvalium, AE 1987, 163; 1991, 306, 307.
  241. ^ Tacitus, Annales, 1, 2, 12, 25–38.
  242. ^ Cassius Dio, lx. 14–18, 27–39, 31.
  243. ^ Juvenal, Satirae, vi. 115–135, x. 333–336, xiv. 331.
  244. ^ Suetonius, "The Life of Claudius", 17, 26, 27, 29, 36, 37, 39, "The Life of Nero", 6, "The Life of Vitellius", 2.
  245. ^ Aurelius Victor, "The Life of Caesar", iv.
  246. ^ Pliny the Elder, x. 63.
  247. ^ Seneca the Younger, Apocolocyntosis Divi Claudii.
  248. ^ Josephus, Antiquitates Judaïcae, xx. 8. § 1, Bellum Judaïcum, ii. 12. § 8.
  249. ^ Tacitus, Annales, xiii. 34.
  250. ^ Cassius Dio, lxxvii. 5.
  251. ^ Mennen, pp. 123, 125.
  252. ^ Mennen, pp. 123, 125, 126.
  253. ^ CIL XVI, 145, AE 1930, 25, AE 1948, +00129, CIL XI, 6335
  254. ^ Mennen, pp. 124, 126.
  255. ^ CIL VI, 1531, CIL VI, 1532
  256. ^ Mennen, pp. 124, 126, 127.
  257. ^ Mennen, pp. 125, 127.
  258. ^ AE 1981, 878
  259. ^ Livy, Epitome, xix.
  260. ^ Valerius Maximus, i. 1. § 2, ii. 8. § 2.
  261. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 218, 221.
  262. ^ Zonaras, viii. 18.
  263. ^ Orosius, iv. 12.
  264. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 221.
  265. ^ Livy, xxix. 11, xxx. 40, 41.
  266. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 304, 311, 320.
  267. ^ Livy, xxxv. 10, 20, xxxvii. 46.
  268. ^ Cornell, Fragments, vol. I, pp. 196, 197.
  269. ^ Livy, xxxviii. 36.
  270. ^ Broughton, vol. II, pp. 77, 86, 91, 113.
  271. ^ Appian, Bella Mithridatica, 88, 89, 112, 120.
  272. ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Pompeius", 35.
  273. ^ Cassius Dio, xxxv. 10-12.
  274. ^ Cicero, Pro Lege Manilia, 9.
  275. ^ Livy, Epitome, 98.
  276. ^ Pliny the Elder, vi. 3.
  277. ^ Broughton, vol. II, pp. 77, 86, 91, 113, 120, 125, 130, 134, 141, 148.
  278. ^ Asconius Pedianus, In Ciceronis Pro Scauro, p. 19.
  279. ^ Cicero, Pro Scauro, 1, 2; Epistulae ad Atticum, iv. 16. § 8, iv. 17. § 2; Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem, iii. 2. § 3.
  280. ^ Caesar, De Bello Civili, iii. 5, 92.
  281. ^ Cicero, Brutus, 76, Epistulae ad Atticum, xii. 28, § 3.
  282. ^ Broughton, vol. II, pp. 271, 284.
  283. ^ Volkmann H. Valerius 365 // Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft (RE). — 1975. — Bd. VIII А, 1. — Sp. 234.
  284. ^ Marcus Caelius Rufus, apud Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, viii. 7.
  285. ^ Volkmann H. Valerius 394 // RE. - 1975. - Bd. VIII A, 1. - Sp. 244.
  286. ^ a b Salomies, Adoptive and Polyonymous Nomenclature, p. 26.
  287. ^ CIL X, 5405.
  288. ^ Josephus, Bellum Judaïcum, vii. 11. § 3.
  289. ^ Pliny the Younger, Epistulae Morales, iv. 22.
  290. ^ Juvenal, Satirae, iv. 113–122.
  291. ^ Gallivan, "The Fasti for A.D. 70–96", p. 188, 190.
  292. ^ Cassius Dio, lix. 30, lx. 27, 29, 31.
  293. ^ Seneca the Younger, De Constantia Sapientis, 18.
  294. ^ Tacitus, Annales, xi. 1–3, xiii. 43.
  295. ^ Fasti Teanenses, AE 1905, 192; 1909, 78; 1939, 172; 2008, 385.
  296. ^ PIR, vol. III, pp. 352, 353.
  297. ^ Gallivan, "The Fasti for the Reign of Claudius", pp. 408, 413.
  298. ^ Tacitus, Historiae, i. 59, iv. 4, 6.
  299. ^ a b PIR, vol. III, p. 353.
  300. ^ PIR, vol. II, p. 296.
  301. ^ a b c Gallivan, "The Fasti for A.D. 70–96", pp. 191, 218.
  302. ^ PIR, vol. III, p. 378.
  303. ^ CIL V, 7592.
  304. ^ Pliny the Elder, xxxvi. 15. s. 24.
  305. ^ Sillig, Catalogus Artificium, Appendix, s.v. Artema.
  306. ^ a b c Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, p. 422, 2nd ed.
  307. ^ Muratori, Novus Thesaurus Veterum Inscriptionum, vol. i. p. xii. 12, p. xiv. 6.
  308. ^ Aulus Gellius, xix. 9.
  309. ^ Latin Anthology, iii. 242, 243, ed. Burmann, or Nos. 27, 28, ed. Meyer.
  310. ^ a b Caesar, De Bello Gallico, i. 19, 47, 53.
  311. ^ Asconius Pedianus, In Ciceronis Pro Milone, p. 35.
  312. ^ Cicero, Post Reditum in Senatu, 23, Epistulae ad Familiares, xiii. 6.
  313. ^ Broughton, vol. II, pp. 201, 212, 270.
  314. ^ Caesar, De Bello Gallico, iii. 20.
  315. ^ Valerius Maximus, viii. 1. abs. 8.
  316. ^ Cassius Dio, lx. 23.
  317. ^ Cassius Dio, liii. 23, 24.
  318. ^ Josephus, Antiquitates Judaïcae, xvii. 10. § 6, 7; xviii. 2. § 2, Bellum Judaïcum, ii. 4. § 2, 3; ii. 5. § 2.
  319. ^ Tacitus, Annales, iv. 56.
  320. ^ Tacitus, Annales, xiv. 12.
  321. ^ Tacitus, Annales, xiv. 41.
  322. ^ Tacitus, Annales, xiv. 40.
  323. ^ Julius Paulus, Receptarum Sententiarum, v. tit. 25.
  324. ^ Suetonius, De Illustribus Grammaticis, 24.
  325. ^ Tacitus, Historiae, ii. 71.
  326. ^ Tacitus, Historiae, iii. 42, 43.
  327. ^ Josephus, Bellum Judaïcum, iii. 7. § 1.
  328. ^ Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, ii. 2, iv. 16, v. 19, ix. 3, 37.
  329. ^ Tacitus, Historiae, ii. 98.
  330. ^ "The Fasti for A.D. 70–96", pp. 187, 213.
  331. ^ Suda, Valerius Theon.
  332. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 1081 ("Theon, literary" No. 6).
  333. ^ Gallivan, "The Fasti for A.D. 70–96", pp. 194, 211, 216.
  334. ^ Eck, "Epigraphische Untersuchungen zu Konsuln und Senatoren des 1.–3. Jh. n. Chr.", pp. 51-54
  335. ^ a b c Fasti Potentini, AE 1949, 23; 2003, 588; 2005, 457.
  336. ^ Pliny the Younger, Epistulae, iv. 11.
  337. ^ Suetonius, "The Life of Domitian", 8.
  338. ^ a b c Smallwood, Principates of Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian.
  339. ^ Muratori, Novus Thesaurus Veterum Inscriptionum, vol. ii. p. cmlxxxi. 9.
  340. ^ a b Suda, s. v. Πωλίων.
  341. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I p. 1015 ("Diodorus, literary", No. 2).
  342. ^ CIL XIV, 2957.
  343. ^ Bastianini, "Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto", p. 289.
  344. ^ Julius Capitolinus, "The Life of Antoninus Pius", 11, "The Life of Marcus Aurelius", 6.
  345. ^ a b AE 1975, 404.
  346. ^ Aelius Lampridius, "The Life of Commodus", 7.
  347. ^ Aelius Spartianus, "The Life of Didius Julianus", 5, "The Life of Severus", 13.
  348. ^ Cassius Dio, lxxviii. 31, 32, 39, lxxix. 3, 4, 21.
  349. ^ Aelius Lampridius, "The Life of Elagabalus", 12.
  350. ^ Herodian, v. 7.
  351. ^ Julius Capitolinus, "The Lives of Maximinus and Balbinus", 4.
  352. ^ PLRE, vol. I, p. 158.
  353. ^ PLRE, vol. I, p. 152.
  354. ^ PLRE, Valerius, No. 6.
  355. ^ PLRE, vol. II, pp. 8, 9.
  356. ^ Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus and Epitome de Caesaribus, 39.
  357. ^ Eutropius, ix. 13. ff.
  358. ^ Zonaras, xii. 31.
  359. ^ Zosimus, ii. 7, 8, 10, 11.
  360. ^ Zonaras, xii. 31–33.
  361. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, 8, 29, 30.
  362. ^ Aurelius Vctor, Epitome de Caesaribus, 39, 40.
  363. ^ Eutropius, ix. 14, 16, x. 1, 2.
  364. ^ Orosius vii. 25, 28.
  365. ^ Zosimus, ii. 8, 10, 11.
  366. ^ Zonaras, xii. 32–34.
  367. ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, viii. 5, 17, Vita Constantini, 18.
  368. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, 18 ff, 33 ff.
  369. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, xiv. 11. § 10.
  370. ^ Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus and Epitome de Caesaribus, 39, 40.
  371. ^ Eutropius, ix. 15, x. 1–3.
  372. ^ Orosius, vii. 26, 28.
  373. ^ Jornandes, Getica, 21.
  374. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, cc. 12, 15, 35, 39–42, 50, 51.
  375. ^ Zosimus, ii. 8.
  376. ^ Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus, 40.
  377. ^ Orosius, vii. 24.
  378. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, 5, 32, 36, 38, 45 ff.
  379. ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, viii. 14, ix. 2. ff.
  380. ^ Eutropius, ix. 14–23.
  381. ^ Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus and Epitome de Caesaribus, 39 ff.
  382. ^ Zosimus, ii. 7 ff.
  383. ^ Theophanes the Confessor, pp. 4–8 (ed. Paris).
  384. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini, i. 13–21.
  385. ^ Trebellius Pollio, "The Life of Claudius Gothicus", 3, 13.
  386. ^ Aelius Spartianus, "The Life of Aelius Verus", 2.
  387. ^ Flavius Vopiscus, "The Life of Carinus", 16, 17, "The Life of Aurelian", 44, "The Life of Probus", 22.
  388. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, xix. 2.
  389. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, 18–20, 25, 26.
  390. ^ Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus and Epitome de Caesaribus, 40.
  391. ^ Eutropius, x. 2.
  392. ^ Zosimus, ii. 8, 10.
  393. ^ Zosimus, ii. 9–18.
  394. ^ Zonaras, xii. 33, xiii. 1.
  395. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, cc. 26, 28, 44.
  396. ^ Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica, viii. 14, Vita Constantini, i. 26, 33 ff.
  397. ^ Eusebius, Vita Constantini.
  398. ^ Eutropius, x.
  399. ^ Festus, Breviarum Rerum Gestarum Populi Romani, 26.
  400. ^ a b Aurelius Victor, De Caesaribus and Epitome de Caesaribus, 40, 41.
  401. ^ Zosimus, ii.
  402. ^ Zonaras, xiii.
  403. ^ Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum, 24–52.
  404. ^ Orosius, vii.
  405. ^ Ammianus Marcellinus, xiv. ff.
  406. ^ Zosimus, ii. 7, 11, 17–28.
  407. ^ Zonaras, xiii. 1.
  408. ^ Eutropius, x. 3, 4.
  409. ^ Orosius, vii. 28.
  410. ^ Sidonius Apollinaris, Panegyrici, "Majorian", i. 1.
  411. ^ Procopius, De Bello Vandalico, i. 7, 8.
  412. ^ Gregory of Tours, ii. 7.
  413. Excerpta de Legationibus
    , p. 42.
  414. ^ Evagrius, ii. 7.
  415. ^ Hydatius, Chronicon.
  416. ^ Marcellinus, Chronicon.

Bibliography

  • Polybius, Historiae (The Histories).
  • Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem, In Pisonem, Philippicae, Post Reditum in Senatu, Pro Balbo, Pro Flacco, Pro Lege Manilia, Pro Scauro, Pro Sexto Roscio Amerino
    , Pro Quinto Roscio Comoedo, Pro Sulla.
  • Gaius Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Civili (Commentaries on the Civil War), Commentarii de Bello Gallico (Commentaries on the Gallic War), De Bello Africo (On the African War, attributed).
  • Gaius Sallustius Crispus (Sallust), Bellum Catilinae (The Conspiracy of Catiline).
  • Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica (Library of History).
  • Marcus Terentius Varro, De Lingua Latina (On the Latin Language), Rerum Rusticarum (Rural Matters).
  • Cornelius Nepos, De Viris Illustribus (On the Lives of Famous Men).
  • Quintus Horatius Flaccus (Horace), Satirae (Satires).
  • Albius Tibullus, Elegiae (Elegies).
  • Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Romaike Archaiologia (Roman Antiquities).
  • Titus Livius (
    History of Rome
    .
  • Strabo, Geographica.
  • Marcus Velleius Paterculus
    , Compendium of Roman History.
  • Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium (Memorable Facts and Sayings).
  • Lucius Annaeus Seneca (
    Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium (Moral Letters to Lucilius), De Constantia Sapientis
    (On the Firmness of the Wise).
  • Quintus Asconius Pedianus, Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis In Pisonem (Commentary on Cicero's Oration In Pisonem), Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis Pro Milone (Commentary on Cicero's Oration Pro Milone), Commentarius in Oratio Ciceronis Pro Scauro (Commentary on Cicero's Oration Pro Scauro).
  • Scholia Gronoviana, In Ciceronis Pro Roscio Amerino (Commentary on Cicero’s Oration Pro Roscio Amerino).
  • Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Historia Naturalis (Natural History).
  • Gaius Plinius Caecilius Secundus (Pliny the Younger), Epistulae (Letters).
  • Flavius Josephus, Antiquitates Judaïcae (Antiquities of the Jews), Bellum Judaïcum (The Jewish War).
  • Sextus Julius Frontinus
    , Strategemata (Stratagems).
  • Marcus Valerius Martialis (Martial), Epigrammata (Epigrams).
  • Satirae
    (Satires).
  • Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Annales, Historiae, Dialogus de Oratoribus (Dialogue on Oratory).
  • Plutarchus, Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans.
  • Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, De Vita Caesarum (Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars), De Claris Rhetoribus (On the Eminent Orators), De Illustribus Grammaticis (On the Illustrious Grammarians).
  • Lucius Annaeus Florus, Epitome de T. Livio Bellorum Omnium Annorum DCC (Epitome of Livy: All the Wars of Seven Hundred Years).
  • Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus (Justin), Epitome de Cn. Pompeio Trogo Historiarum Philippicarum et Totius Mundi Originum et Terrae Situs (Epitome of Trogus' Philippic History and Origin of the Whole World and all of its Lands).
  • Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian), Bella Mithridatica (The Mithridatic Wars), Bella Illyrica (The Illyrian Wars), Bellum Civile (The Civil War), Bellum Samniticum (History of the Samnite War), Hispanica (The Spanish Wars).
  • Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae (Attic Nights).
  • Julius Paulus, Receptarum Sententiarum, or Pauli Sententiae (Received Judgments, or the Judgments of Paulus).
  • Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus (Cassius Dio), Roman History.
  • Herodianus, History of the Empire from the Death of Marcus.
  • Censorinus, De Die Natali.
  • Lucius Caecilius Firmianus Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum (On the Deaths of the Persecutors).
  • (The Life of Constantine).
  • Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, Historia Augusta
    (Augustan History).
  • Flavius Claudius Julianus (Julian), Orations.
  • Festus, Breviarum Rerum Gestarum Populi Romani (Summary of the History of the Roman People).
  • Libanius, Orations.
  • Julius Obsequens, Liber de Prodigiis (The Book of Prodigies).
  • Eutropius, Breviarium Historiae Romanae (Abridgement of the History of Rome).
  • De Viris Illustribus
    (On Famous Men).
  • Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae.
  • Claudius Claudianus (Claudian), De Bello Gothico (On the Gothic War).
  • Paulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos (History Against the Pagans).
  • Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus (
    Eusebius
    ).
  • Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius, Saturnalia.
  • Hydatius, Chronicon (The Chronicle).
  • Gaius Sollius Modestus Apollinaris Sidonius, Panegyrici.
  • Priscus, quoted in the Excerpta de Legationibus.
  • Zosimus, Historia Nova (New History).
  • Marcellinus, Annales, or Chronicon.
  • Procopius Caesariensis, De Bello Vandalico (The Vandal War).
  • Jordanes, Getica.
  • Evagrius Scholasticus, Historia Ecclesiastica.
  • Georgius Florentius Gregorius (Gregory of Tours), Historiarum (Histories).
  • Scholia Bobiensia (Bobbio Scholiast), In Ciceronis De Aere Alieno Milonis (Commentary on Cicero’s Oration De Aere Alieno Milonis), In Ciceronis In Vatinium (Commentary on Cicero’s Oration In Vatinium), In Ciceronis Pro Flacco (Commentary on Cicero’s Oration Pro Flacco).
  • Theophanes the Confessor, Chronicle.
  • Suda.
  • Joannes Zonaras, Epitome Historiarum (Epitome of History).
  • Ludovico Antonio Muratori, Novus Thesaurus Veterum Inscriptionum (New Treasury of Ancient Inscriptions), Milan (1739-42).
  • Pieter Burmann, Anthologia Latina (Latin Anthology), ed. Wernsdorf, (1759–1778).
  • Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798).
  • Karl Julius Sillig, Catalogus Artificium sive Architecti Statuarii Sculptores Pictores Caelatores et Scalptores Graecorum et Romanorum (Catalogue of Artists, with Greek and Roman Architects, Statuaries, Sculptors, Painters, Ornamenters, and Engravers), Libraria Arnoldia, Dresden and Leipzig (1827).
  • Barthold Georg Niebuhr, The History of Rome, Julius Charles Hare and Connop Thirlwall, trans., John Smith, Cambridge (1828).
  • Johann Caspar von Orelli, Inscriptionum Latinarum Selectarum Amplissima Collectio (An Extensive Collection of Select Latin Inscriptions), Orell Füssli, Zürich (1828).
  • Desiré-Raoul Rochette, Lettre à M. Schorn, Firmin Didot Frères, Paris (1832).
  • Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
  • Theodor Mommsen et alii, Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (The Body of Latin Inscriptions, abbreviated CIL), Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften (1853–present).
  • Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
    , William Smith, ed., Little, Brown, and Company, Boston (1859).
  • René Cagnat et alii, L'Année épigraphique (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated AE), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present).
  • Friedrich Münzer, De Gente Valeria (The Gens Valeria), Erdmann Raabe, Opole (1891).
  • George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII (1897).
  • Paul von Rohden, Elimar Klebs, & Hermann Dessau, Prosopographia Imperii Romani (The Prosopography of the Roman Empire, abbreviated PIR), Berlin (1898).
  • Friedrich Münzer, Römische Adelsparteien und Adelsfamilien (Roman Aristocratic Parties and Families), Stuttgart, 1920.
  • T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952).
  • E. Mary Smallwood, Documents Illustrating the Principates of Nerva, Trajan, and Hadrian, Cambridge University Press (1966).
  • Oxford Classical Dictionary, N. G. L. Hammond and H. H. Scullard, eds., Clarendon Press, Oxford (Second Edition, 1970).
  • Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Valerius, Publius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 859.
  • A. H. M. Jones & J. R. Martindale, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (abbreviated PLRE), Cambridge University Press (1971–1992).
  • Guido Bastianini, "Lista dei prefetti d'Egitto dal 30a al 299p" (List of the Prefects of Egypt from 30 BC to AD 299), in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, vol. 17 (1975).
  • Werner Eck, "Epigraphische Untersuchungen zu Konsuln und Senatoren des 1.–3. Jh. n. Chr." (Investigation of Consular and Senatorial Epigraphy from the First to the Third Century AD), in Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, vol. 37 (1980).
  • Paul A. Gallivan, "The Fasti for the Reign of Claudius", in
    Classical Quarterly
    , vol. 31, pp. 186–220 (1981).
  • Olli Salomies, Adoptive and Polyonymous Nomenclature in the Roman Empire, Societas Scientiarum Fennica, Helsinki (1992).
  • John C. Traupman, The New College Latin & English Dictionary, Bantam Books, New York (1995).
  • Inge Mennen, Power and Status in the Roman Empire, AD 193–284, Brill (2011).
  • Tim Cornell (editor), The Fragments of the Roman Historians, Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • John Briscoe, Valerius Maximus, Facta Et Dicta Memorabilia, Book 8: Text, Introduction, and Commentary, Berlin/Boston, de Gruyter, 2019.