Valparaíso
Valparaíso | |
---|---|
UTC−3 (CLST) | |
Area code | (country) 56 + (city) 32 |
Climate | Csb |
Website | www |
Valparaíso (Spanish: [balpaɾaˈiso]) is a major city, commune, seaport and naval base in the Valparaíso Region, Chile.
"Greater Valparaíso" is the second largest metropolitan area in the country. Despite only being the second largest city in the metropolitan area of Greater Valparaíso, with the first being Viña del Mar, Valparaíso serves as the namesake for the region due to its historical and cultural significance. Valparaíso is located about 120 km (75 mi) northwest of Santiago by road and is one of the Pacific Ocean's most important seaports. Valparaíso is the capital of Chile's second most populated administrative region and has been the headquarters for the Chilean Navy since 1817 and the seat of the Chilean National Congress since 1990.
Valparaíso played an important geopolitical role in the second half of the 19th century when it served as a major stopover for ships traveling between the
The twentieth century was unfavorable to Valparaíso, as many wealthy families abandoned the city. The opening of the Panama Canal in 1914 and the associated reduction in ship traffic dealt a serious blow to Valparaíso's port-based economy. In the 21st century the port of San Antonio has surpassed Valparaíso in trade volume (TEU) handled,[5] leading to the questioning of its traditional moniker Puerto Principal ("Main Port" of Chile).[6]
Over the first 15 years of the twenty-first century, the city reached a recovery, attracting artists and cultural entrepreneurs who have set up in the city's hillside historic districts. Today, many thousands of tourists visit Valparaíso from around the world to enjoy the city's labyrinth of cobbled alleys and colorful buildings. The port of Valparaíso continues to be a major distribution center for container traffic, copper, and fruit exports. Valparaíso also receives growing attention from cruise ships that visit during the South American summer. Most significantly, Valparaíso has transformed itself into a major educational center with four large traditional universities and several large vocational colleges. The city is known for its bohemian culture,[7] with festivals every year and street artists and musicians.
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2023) |
Some older works starting with Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna (1869) claim that Valparaíso was within the range of the Chango people, but clear evidence for this is lacking.[8]
The Bay of Valparaíso's first ethnically identifiable population were
During Spanish colonial times, Valparaíso remained a small village, with only a few houses and a church. On some occasions she was attacked by English pirates and privateers, such as Francis Drake with his ship Golden Hind in 1578[9] and later his cousin Richard Hawkins with his ship Dainty in 1594. Drake's sack of Valparaíso gave origin to the legend about Cueva del Pirata.[10]
In 1810, a wealthy merchant built the first pier in the history of Chile and the first during the colonial era. In its place today, stands the building of El Mercurio de Valparaíso. The ocean then rose to this point. Reclamation of land from the sea moved the coastline five blocks away. Between 1810 and 1830, he built much of the existing port of the city, including much of the land reclamation work that now comprises the city's commercial centre.
In 1814, the naval
Valparaíso soon became a desired stopover for ships rounding South America via the
Valparaíso found maritime competition with Callao (Perú). Both cities sought to be the dominant port on the Pacific Coast of South America during the period of time known as the High Trade (1880–1930). [11]
The
International immigration transformed the local culture from Spanish origins and Amerindian origins, in ways that included the construction of the first non-Catholic cemetery of
On 18 August 1906, a major earthquake struck Valparaíso; there was extensive property damage and thousands of deaths. The Chilean doctor, Carlos Van Buren, of
The golden age of Valparaíso's commerce ended after the opening of the
19th century
On 28 March 1814, the USS Essex was defeated by British frigates Phoebe and Cherub during the
At 10:30 pm on the evening of 19 November 1822, Valparaíso experienced a violent earthquake that left the city in ruins; of the 16,000 residents, casualties included at least 66 adults and 12 children, as well as 110 people wounded. The next day, a meteor trail was visible from Quillota to Valparaíso, seen as a religious experience for much of the population.
In 1826, the
In May 1828, a constitutional convention began regular meetings in the church of San Francisco. By August 9, the Constitution of the Republic of Chile was fully drafted and disseminated.
On 6 June 1837, Minister Diego Portales was shot at the port outside of Baron Hill on suspicion of promoting conspirators who opposed the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, considered a turning point of Chilean public opinion and the purpose of the war.
By 1851, the first fire brigade in the country was formed. The next year potable running water became available, as well as the first
In 1852, British shipping company Williamson, Balfour & Cía was established in Valparaíso to handle trade in the region. [15]
Taking advantage of the total lack of defenses, a Spanish fleet commanded by Casto Méndez Núñez bombarded the city during the Chincha Islands War in 1866. Chilean merchant ships were sunk, except for those vessels whose captains hoisted foreign flags.
A merger of the National Steamship Company and Chilean Steamship Company, the
All this resulted in a population increases. The city reached more than 160,000 inhabitants in the late nineteenth century, making it necessary to use the steep hills for more houses, mansions and even cemeteries. The lack of available land caused the city authorities and developers to reclaim low lying tidal marshland (polders) upon which to build administrative, commercial and industrial infrastructure.
20th century
The twentieth century began with the first big protest of dockworkers, Chile on 15 April 1903, due to complaints by dockers about their excessive working hours and demands for higher wages, requests that were ignored by employers, creating a tense situation that led to serious violence on 12 May. There were protests and the burning of the CSAV offices and several people were shot and killed. All this prompted intervention by the state. This protest was important for the future of Trade Unionism in the country. That same year, electric trams were introduced.
The 1906 Valparaíso earthquake caused severe damage throughout the city on 16 August, which was at that time the heart of the Chilean economy. The damage was valued at hundreds of millions of pesos of the time, and human victims were counted at 3,000 dead and over 20,000 injured. After the removal of the debris, reconstruction work began. This included the widening of streets, culverting and covering streams, (Jaime and Delicias – creating the avenues Francia and Argentina respectively). The main street of the city (Pedro Montt) was laid and Plaza O'Higgins was created; a hill was removed to allow the passage of Colon Street. The damaged Edwards mansion was demolished and in its place, the present Cathedral of Valparaíso was built and, among many other works, this gave shape to the Almendral Valparaíso area.
In 1910, the port expansion work of the city, which ended in 1930, began. A long breakwater was built, along with piers and docking terminals.
The Imperial German East Asia Squadron engaged the British West Indies Squadron on 1 November 1914 at the Battle of Coronel off the coast of Valparaiso, sinking two British cruisers. After the battle the East Asia Squadron stayed in Valparaiso Harbor before continuing to the Falklands.
21st century
Chile's legislature along with other institutions of national importance like the National Customs Service, the National Fish and Aquaculture Ministry, the Ministry of Culture and the Barracks General of the Chilean Navy are sited in the city. In addition to the capital of the Valparaíso Region hosts the Regional Administration and government.
In 2003, Valparaíso became an
On 13 April 2014,
In early February 2024, a huge brush fire burned through Valparaiso and central Chile, killing at least 131 people.[17]
Geography
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2023) |
Valparaíso is located in central Chile, 120 km (75 mi) to the north west of the capital
Geology
Because of Valparaíso's proximity to the Peru–Chile Trench, the city is vulnerable to earthquakes. The Peru–Chile Trench stores large amounts of energy for a very long time and sometimes ruptures after short intervals in a violent earthquake.
Climate
Valparaíso has a very mild Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb). The summer is essentially dry, but the city is affected by fogs from the Humboldt Current during most of the year. In the winter, rainfall can occasionally be extremely heavy when a powerful frontal system crosses central Chile, but frequency of such rains varies greatly from year to year. Monthly average temperatures vary just around 6°C between the coolest and the warmest month, from 17 °C (63 °F) in January to 11.4 °C (52.5 °F) in July. Snowfall occurs rarely in the highest parts of the city. In winter, strong winds can lead to wind chill temperatures below freezing.[citation needed]
Climate data for Valparaíso, Chile (Punta Angeles Lighthouse, located at Playa Ancha University) 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1970–present | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 29.8 (85.6) |
31.2 (88.2) |
28.2 (82.8) |
25.6 (78.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
24.0 (75.2) |
28.4 (83.1) |
26.4 (79.5) |
28.6 (83.5) |
30.5 (86.9) |
30.2 (86.4) |
28.6 (83.5) |
31.2 (88.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 21.9 (71.4) |
22.2 (72.0) |
21.9 (71.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
18.5 (65.3) |
17.1 (62.8) |
16.3 (61.3) |
17.3 (63.1) |
17.3 (63.1) |
19.0 (66.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.5 (70.7) |
19.4 (66.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.9 (64.2) |
17.9 (64.2) |
16.8 (62.2) |
15.2 (59.4) |
13.9 (57.0) |
12.6 (54.7) |
12.1 (53.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
13.2 (55.8) |
14.1 (57.4) |
15.4 (59.7) |
16.6 (61.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.6 (56.5) |
13.9 (57.0) |
12.6 (54.7) |
10.7 (51.3) |
9.9 (49.8) |
8.6 (47.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
8.4 (47.1) |
9.7 (49.5) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.0 (51.8) |
12.3 (54.1) |
10.7 (51.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | 9.8 (49.6) |
5.6 (42.1) |
6.8 (44.2) |
2.7 (36.9) |
3.6 (38.5) |
2.0 (35.6) |
3.4 (38.1) |
3.2 (37.8) |
1.9 (35.4) |
4.6 (40.3) |
1.6 (34.9) |
7.8 (46.0) |
1.6 (34.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.2 (0.01) |
1.2 (0.05) |
2.8 (0.11) |
14.9 (0.59) |
66.2 (2.61) |
106.1 (4.18) |
66.7 (2.63) |
61.2 (2.41) |
24.9 (0.98) |
12.7 (0.50) |
3.8 (0.15) |
2.5 (0.10) |
363.2 (14.30) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 3.7 | 5.8 | 4.4 | 3.8 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 24.0 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
72 | 74 | 76 | 78 | 80 | 80 | 80 | 79 | 78 | 75 | 71 | 70 | 76 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 279.0 | 245.7 | 217.0 | 174.0 | 114.7 | 81.0 | 93.0 | 117.8 | 147.0 | 170.5 | 216.0 | 263.5 | 2,119.2 |
Source 1: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile (humidity 1931–1960)[20][21][22] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Climate & Temperature (sunshine hours), NOAA (precipitation days 1991–2020)[24]
|
Climate data for Valparaíso (Rodelillo Airfield) 1991–2020, extremes 1975–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 34.6 (94.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
33.0 (91.4) |
35.8 (96.4) |
35.3 (95.5) |
29.2 (84.6) |
31.5 (88.7) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.9 (89.4) |
32.3 (90.1) |
34.9 (94.8) |
33.4 (92.1) |
35.8 (96.4) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.0 (71.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
17.3 (63.1) |
15.5 (59.9) |
15.0 (59.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
16.9 (62.4) |
18.6 (65.5) |
20.9 (69.6) |
22.3 (72.1) |
19.2 (66.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.9 (64.2) |
17.4 (63.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
15.1 (59.2) |
13.2 (55.8) |
11.6 (52.9) |
11.0 (51.8) |
11.4 (52.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
15.3 (59.5) |
16.7 (62.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 12.4 (54.3) |
12.3 (54.1) |
11.7 (53.1) |
10.4 (50.7) |
9.1 (48.4) |
7.9 (46.2) |
7.0 (44.6) |
7.2 (45.0) |
8.0 (46.4) |
8.6 (47.5) |
9.8 (49.6) |
11.2 (52.2) |
9.6 (49.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | 7.4 (45.3) |
6.2 (43.2) |
2.3 (36.1) |
3.0 (37.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
0.1 (32.2) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
1.1 (34.0) |
2.4 (36.3) |
1.6 (34.9) |
5.5 (41.9) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 0.7 (0.03) |
1.1 (0.04) |
3.9 (0.15) |
20.4 (0.80) |
96.0 (3.78) |
161.7 (6.37) |
89.3 (3.52) |
88.7 (3.49) |
37.9 (1.49) |
15.5 (0.61) |
5.0 (0.20) |
3.7 (0.15) |
523.9 (20.63) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 1.7 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 26.7 |
Source 1: Dirección Meteorológica de Chile[25][26] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (precipitation days 1991–2020)[27]
|
Cityscape
UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
---|---|
Criteria | Cultural: iii |
Reference | 959 |
Inscription | 2003 (27th Session) |
Area | 23.2 ha |
Buffer zone | 44.5 ha |
Nicknamed "The Jewel of the Pacific", Valparaíso was declared a world heritage site based upon its improvised urban design and unique architecture. In 1996, the World Monuments Fund declared Valparaíso's unusual system of
Since its status as a World Heritage Site, Valparaíso has made several changes to its urban fabric in the process of maintaining its cultural heritage.
Landmarks include:
- Iglesia de la Matriz
- Plaza Aníbal Pinto
- Plaza Sotomayor including the Edificio Armada de Chile
- Edificio Luis Cousiño
- Courthouse
- 16 remaining funiculars (called ascensores): 15 public (national monuments) and 1 private (which belongs to "Hospital Carlos Van Buren").[28]
- The Concepcion and Alegre historical district
- The Bellavista hill, which has the "Museo a Cielo Abierto" or "open air museum"
- Monument to Admiral Lord Thomas Alexander Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald
- Monument to Manuel Blanco Encalada, first Chilean President
- Cemeteries on Panteón Hill – Cemetery Number One (Catholic) and Dissidents Cemetery (Protestant)
Gallery
Demographics
Although technically only Chile's sixth largest city, with an urban area population of 263,499 (275,982 in municipality
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, the commune of Valparaíso spans an area of 401.6 km2 (155 sq mi) and has 275,982 inhabitants (135,217 men and 140,765 women). Of these, 275,141 (99.7%) lived in urban areas and 841 (0.3%) in rural areas. The population declined by 2.4% (6858 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.[2]
Residents of Valparaíso are commonly called porteños (feminine: porteñas).[29][30]
Government
As a commune, Valparaíso is a third-level
The
Economy
Major industries include tourism, culture, shipping and freight transport.
Approximately 50 international cruise ships call on Valparaíso during the 4-month Chilean summer. The port of Valparaíso is also an important hub for container freight and exports many products, including wine, copper, and fresh fruit.
Transport
A commuter rail service, the Valparaíso Metro, opened to the public on 24 November 2005. The creation of this system involved updating parts of the Valparaíso-Santiago Railway, originally built in 1863. The Valparaíso Metro constitutes the so-called "fourth stage" ("Cuarta Etapa") of Metropolitan improvements. The Metro now connects the city core of Valparaíso with Viña del Mar and other cities. It extends along most of Gran Valparaíso, and is the second underground urban rail system in operation in Chile (after Santiago's), as it includes a tunnel section that crosses Viña del Mar's commercial district. The proposed Santiago–Valparaíso railway line would link Valparaíso and Santiago in around 45 minutes.
Public transport within Valparaíso itself is provided primarily by buses, trolleybuses and funiculars. The buses provide an efficient and regular service to and from the city centre and the numerous hills where most people live, as well as to neighbouring towns while more distant towns are served by long-distance coaches. Buses are operated by several private companies and regulated by the Regional Ministry of Transport, which controls fares and routes.[31] The Valparaíso trolleybus system has been in operation since 1952, and in 2019 it continues to use some of its original vehicles, built in 1952 by the Pullman-Standard Company, along with an assortment of other vehicles acquired later.[32][33][34] Some of Valparaíso's Pullman trolleybuses are even older, built in 1946–48, having been acquired secondhand from Santiago in the 1970s. The surviving Pullman trolleybuses are the oldest trolleybuses still in normal service anywhere in the world,[31][35] and they were collectively declared National Historic Monuments by the Chilean government in 2003.[31][36]
Valparaíso's road infrastructure has been undergoing improvement, particularly with the completion of the "Curauma — Placilla — La Pólvora" freeway bypass,[37] which will allow trucks to go directly to the port facility over a modern highway and through tunnels, without driving through the historic and already congested downtown streets. In addition, roads to link Valparaíso to San Antonio, Chile's second-largest port, and the coastal towns in between (Laguna Verde, Quintay, Algarrobo, and Isla Negra, for example), are also under construction. Travel between Valparaíso and Santiago takes about 80 minutes via a modern toll highway.
Internal passenger air services to Valparaíso are provided through the airport at Quintero which is some distance from the city but now served by good roads. The great majority of foreign visitors arrive through Santiago or on cruise liners.
Funiculars
Because of the slopes of the hills, many of the surrounding areas of Valparaíso are inaccessible by public transport. That is why "elevators" serve the function of communicating the high part of the city with the plan, besides being a strong holiday highlight. The only elevator that can truly be called as such, is the Ascensor Polanco, because it is vertical. Meanwhile, the rest are cable cars but traditionally called elevators. Several of those funiculars – locally called ascensores – provide public transport service between the central area and the lower slopes of the surrounding hills,[31] the first of which (Ascensor Concepción, also known as Ascensor Turri) opened in 1883, operated by steam, is still in service.[38][39][40] The Cerro Cordillera elevator was built in 1887. As many as 28 different funicular railways have served Valparaíso at one time or another, of which 14 were still in operation in 1992[39] and still around 12 in 2010.
Valparaíso has fifteen lifts declared Historical Monuments by the National Monuments Council. Five are municipal property and the remaining belong to four private companies. The elevators are elevators municipal Baron, El Peral, Polanco, Queen Victoria and St. Augustine. As for the rest, lifts Florida, Butterflies and Nuns are owned by the National Elevator Company SA; Artillery, Concepción and Mountains belong to the Society of Mechanical Lifts Valparaíso Holy Spirit, Larraín and Villaseca (stopped for repairs) are the property of Valparaíso Elevators Company SA, and Dairy (stopped by fire) belongs to the Society of Dairy Cerro Lifts Ltd.
As a part of its 2003 declaration as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Valparaíso has promised to replace and maintain its several funiculars. The funiculars were identified as an important cultural artifact.
Valparaíso public transportation statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Valparaíso and Viña del Mar, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 68 min. 15% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 13 min, while 15% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 7 km, while 12% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[41]
Port of Valparaíso
The port of Valparaíso is divided into ten sites which sites 1,2,3,4 and 5 are administered by South Pacific Terminal SA and sites 6,7,8,9 and 10 for Valparaíso Port Company. The last two sites include a dock and are used as public walks and cruise passenger terminal.
Valparaíso is the main container and passenger port in Chile, transferring 10 million tons annually, and serves about 50 cruises and 150,000 passengers.
Culture
During Valparaíso's golden age (1848–1914), the city received large numbers of immigrants, primarily from Europe.[42] The immigrant communities left a unique imprint on the city's noteworthy architecture. Each community built its own churches and schools, while many also founded other noteworthy cultural and economic institutions. The largest immigrant communities came from Britain, Germany, and Italy, each developing their own hillside neighbourhood, preserved today as National Historic Districts or "Zonas Típicas".
During the second half of the 20th century, Valparaíso experienced a great decline, as wealthy families de-gentrified the historic quarter, moving to bustling Santiago or nearby Viña del Mar. By the early 1990s, much of the city's unique heritage had been lost and many Chileans had given up on the city. But in the mid-1990s, a grassroots preservation movement blossomed in Valparaíso where nowadays also a vast number of murals created by graffiti artists can be viewed on the streets, alleyways and stairways.
The Fundación Valparaíso (Valparaíso Foundation), founded by the North American poet Todd Temkin, has executed major neighborhood redevelopment projects; has improved the city's tourist infrastructure; and administers the city's jazz, ethnic music, and opera festivals; among other projects. Some noteworthy foundation projects include the World Heritage Trail,[43] Opera by the Sea,[44] and Chile's "Cultural Capital".[45] During recent years, Mr. Temkin has used his influential Sunday column in El Mercurio de Valparaíso to advocate for many major policy issues, such as the creation of a "Ley Valparaíso" (Valparaíso Law) in the Chilean Congress, and the possibility that the Chilean government must guarantee funding for the preservation of Valparaíso's beloved funicular elevators.
Valparaíso's newspaper, El Mercurio de Valparaíso is the oldest Spanish-language newspaper in circulation in the world.
The Fundacion LUKAS maintains the drawings and paintings of the cartoonist Renzo Antonio Giovanni Pecchenino Raggi (stage name LUKAS),[48] who came to symbolize Valparaíso in popular culture, in a new restored building overlooking the bay.[49]
Valparaíso is also home to the so-called "School of Valparaíso", which is in fact the Faculty of Architecture & Urbanism of the
Valparaíso stages a major festival attended by hundreds of thousands of participants on the last three days of every year. The festival culminates with a "New Year's by the Sea" fireworks show, the biggest in all of Latin America, attended by a million tourists who fill the coastline and hillsides with a view of the bay. Even though everyone calls it the Valparaíso Fireworks, it is, in fact, a fireworks display running along a great part of the coast from Valparaíso, past Viña del Mar and all the way to Concón.
In 2003, the Chilean Congress declared Valparaíso to be "Chile's Cultural Capital" and home for the nation's new cultural ministry.
Valparaíso offers various urban nightlife activities. Traditional bars and nightclubs can be found near Plaza Sotomayor. A vivid guide to Valparaíso can be found in the novels of Cayetano Brule, the private detective who lives in a Victorian house in the picturesque Paseo Gervasoni in Cerro Concepción.
Health system
The public healthcare system mainly relies on the
Sports
Valparaíso has several public sports venues and facilities, including a growing network of cycle routes.[50]
- The Club Deportivo Playa Ancha (Playa Ancha Sports Club), located in Av. Playa Ancha 451, Cerro Playa Ancha,[51] opened in 1919 and offers football pitches, table football, basketball and tennis courts, two swimming pools and a small gym. Tennis and swimming lessons are held in the club as well as local tournaments, and the pool can be used recreationally in summer.
- The Complejo Deportivo Escuela Naval (Naval School Sports Centre), located at General Hontaneda, Cerro Playa Ancha,[52] offers Olympic-standard modern facilities with a heated swimming pool and indoor volleyball, basketball, gymnastics, judo and fencing areas. It also has extensive outdoor sports facilities, suitable for rugby, football and tennis.
- The Estadio Elías Figueroa Brander (formerly Chiledeportes Regional Stadium) is located at the junction of Hontaneda and Subida Carvallo, Cerro Playa Ancha,[53] This stadium has historic links to the local football team, Santiago Wanderers, the oldest professional football team in Chile founded on August 15, 1892. Built in 1931, it holds 18,500 people[54] and also serves as an athletics and swimming venue.
- Fortín Prat (Fort Prat), located at Rawson 382, Almendral,[55] is a historic basketball venue, hosting the "golden age" of Valparaíso basketball from 1950 to 1970. Fort Prat has also hosted numerous local handball, table tennis and boxing championships. It offers children's classes and a gym, and is also home to the Valparaíso Basketball Association Museum.
- The Muelle Deportivo Curauma is located 20 minutes from Valparaíso in boating. It has also been chosen as a venue for the 2014 South American Games. Around the lagoon are camping sites, cycle and hiking trails, and paintball and canopy facilities.[57]
- The Puerto Deportivo Valparaíso,[58] located at Muelle Barón, Bordemar Centro,[59] is a watersports centre which offers sailing, kayaking and scuba diving lessons and hosts the "Valpo Sub" program that seeks to preserve the area's underwater heritage, offering educational tours and expeditions to shipwrecks along the bay. Puerto Deportivo Valparaíso also carries out programs promoting ecotourism in Valparaíso Bay, and rents equipment for people having lessons. It features an interactive room that shows information on the underwater heritage.
- The Velódromo Roberto Parra[60] is located opposite the Club Deportivo Playa Ancha and is part of its wider complex. The velodrome contains a cycle track, table football, and handball and basketball courts. All its facilities are available for public rent.
Valparaíso was one of the host cities of the official
The "Valparaíso Downhill"[61] is a mountain bike race that takes place in February. Riders race through the city streets tackling the steps and alleys, finding their own way through the ramps and jumps down to the "plan" (Valparaíso's "lowlands"). The Valparaíso Downhill has been described by Chop MTB as "the craziest urban downhill race of all".[62]
Since 2005, a series of running events has taken place in the city with 5 km, 10 km, 21 km and marathon distances. The race starts at Muelle Barón and the course runs along the seafront, crossing diverse architectural and geographical landmarks.[63]
The final stage of the 2014 Dakar Rally ended up at Valparaíso's Plaza Sotomayor in the heart of the old town, surrounded by historic buildings. Ignacio Casale, the Chilean winner of the 2014 Quad category, was cheered here in the streets by the Valparaíso crowd.[64]
Education
Educational establishments
At primary school level, Valparaíso boasts some of the most emblematic schools in the region, such as the Liceo Eduardo de la Barra and Salesian College Valparaíso. Other landmarks of the city schools are the Mary Help of Christians School, San Rafael Seminary, the Lycée Jean d'Alembert, Colegio San Pedro Nolasco, Scuola Italiana Arturo Dell' Oro and Deutsche Schule Valparaíso, among others. Many of the schools named in the plan are located directly in the city, especially in the Almendral neighborhood.[65]
In addition, Valparaíso was the birthplace of many private schools founded by the European colonies, as the German School, the Alliance Francaise, Mackay College (now located in the neighboring resort of Viña del Mar) and the College of the Sacred Hearts of Valparaíso, that operating since 1837 is the oldest private school in South America.
University establishments
Valparaíso has many institutions of higher education, including some of the most important universities of Chile, called "traditional universities", like the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso, the University of Valparaíso, the Playa Ancha University and the Federico Santa María Technical University. The main building of this last is visible from much of the city, as it is located on the front of the hill 'Cerro Placeres', and has characteristic Tudor Gothic and Renaissance architecture. The city has many nontraditional colleges of varying size, quality and focus.[66]
University | Foundation | Acronym | Type | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Federico Santa María Technical University | 1931 | UTFSM/USM | Private university
Traditional | |
Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaíso | 1925 | UCV/PUCV | Private university
Traditional | |
Playa Ancha University of Educational Sciences
|
1948 | UPLA | Public university | |
University of Valparaíso | 1981 | UV | Public university |
Notable residents
Valparaíso is the birthplace of many historically significant figures, including:
- Abelardo Quinteros, Chilean composer
- Augusto Pinochet, general and dictator of Chile
- Camilo Mori, Chilean painter
- Esteban Orlando Harrington, Chilean architect
- Matias Novoa, Chilean-Mexican actor
- Claudio Naranjo, Chilean psychiatrist
- Chris Watson, Australia's third Prime Minister, and the first Australian Labour Prime Minister
- Curt Echtermeyer, also known as Curt Bruckner (1896–1971), German painter
- Percy John Daniell, English mathematician
- Marsia Alexander-Clarke, American artist[67]
- Roberto Ampuero, author of the internationally published novels about the private eye Cayetano Brulé and "Hijo Ilustre" of Valparaíso, Foreign Minister of Chile
- Giancarlo Monsalve, Chilean international opera singer, Cultural Ambassador of Valparaíso and UNESCO medal[68][69][70]
- Sergio Badilla Castillo, Chilean poet, founder of poetic transrealism in contemporary poetry
- Ernestina Pérez Barahona, Chilean physician
- Elvira Santa Cruz Ossa, Chilean dramatist and novelist
- Alicia Herrera Rivera, feminist lawyer, minister of the Court of Appeals of Santiago
- Juana López (nurse), Chilean army nurse
- J. G. Robertson, English singer and actor
- José Maza Sancho, Chilean astronomer
- Sergio Larraín, Chilean photographer
It has also been the residence of many writers such as the Chilean poet Pablo Neruda, the Nicaraguan poet Rubén Darío and the American poet Marion Manville Pope.
Puerto Rican pro-independence leader Segundo Ruiz Belvis died in the city in November 1867.
- province of Valparaíso
Religion
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2023) |
Twin towns – sister cities
Valparaíso is twinned with:[71]
- Badalona, Spain
- Barcelona, Spain
- Bat Yam, Israel
- Busan, South Korea
- Callao, Peru
- Córdoba, Argentina
- Guangzhou, China
- Havana, Cuba
- Long Beach, United States
- Malacca, Malaysia
- Manzanillo, Mexico
- Medellín, Colombia
- Novorossiysk, Russia
- Oviedo, Spain
- Rosario, Argentina
- Salvador, Brazil
- Santa Fe, Spain
- Shanghai, China
- Veracruz, Mexico
Partnerships
Valparaíso cooperates with:[71]
- Basel, Switzerland
- Odesa, Ukraine
- San Francisco, United States
Notes
References
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External links
- Municipality of Valparaíso (in Spanish)
- El Mercurio de Valparaíso—Main newspaper (in Spanish)
- The Concepcion and Alegre historical district