Varangians
The Varangians (
According to the 12th-century
Engaging in trade, piracy, and
Most of the silver coinage in the West came from the East via those routes.Attracted by the riches of Constantinople, the Varangian Rus' began the
Etymology
Runestones
There are raised stone memorials called
The oldest of the Greece runestones are six stones in the
One of the later runestones in the
The youngest runestones, in the
The Varangians returned home with some influence from Byzantine culture, as exemplified by the
Kievan Rus'
In the 9th century,
Having settled
It has been argued that the word Varangian, in its many forms, does not appear in primary sources until the eleventh century (though it does appear frequently in later sources describing earlier periods). This suggests that the term Rus' was used broadly to denote Scandinavians until it became too firmly associated with the subsequent elite of Kievan Rus who assimilated Slavic culture. At that point, the new term Varangian was increasingly preferred to name Scandinavians, probably mostly from what is now Sweden,[24] plying the river routes between the Baltic and the Black and Caspian Seas.[25]
Due largely to geographic considerations, it is often argued that most of the Varangians who traveled and settled in the lands of eastern Baltic, modern Russia and lands to the south came from the area of modern Sweden.
The Varangians left rune stones in their native Sweden that tell of their journeys to what is today Russia, Ukraine, Greece, and Belarus. Most of these rune stones can be seen today, and are a telling piece of historical evidence. The Varangian runestones tell of many notable Varangian expeditions, and even account for the fates of individual warriors and travelers.[26]
Islamic world
The Rus' initially appeared in Serkland in the 9th century, traveling as merchants along the Volga trade route, selling furs, honey, and slaves, as well as luxury goods such as amber, Frankish swords, and walrus ivory.[27] These goods were mostly exchanged for Arabic silver coins, called dirhams. Hoards of 9th-century Baghdad-minted silver coins have been found in Sweden, particularly in Gotland. Variations in the size of the coin hoards show that there were phases of increased importation of coins and sometime decades during which very few coins were imported.[28]
The economic relationship between the Rus and the Islamic world developed quickly into a network of trading routes. Initially the Rus founded Staraya Ladoga as the first node from the Baltic to the Caspian Sea and Black Sea. By the end of the 9th century, Staraya Ladoga was replaced as the most important center by Novgorod. From these centers the Rus were able to send their goods as far as Baghdad. Baghdad was the political and cultural center of the Islamic world in the 9th and 10th centuries and the Rus merchants who went there to trade their goods for silver interacted with cultures and goods from the Islamic World, and also from China, India, and North Africa.[29]
The trade between the Rus and the lands south of the Black and Caspian seas made it possible for cultural interactions to take place between the Rus and the Islamic World. The account written by Ibn Fadlan about his 921–922 travels from Baghdad to the capital of the Bulghar kingdom gives details which can reveal the cultural interaction between the two groups. Ibn Fadlan gives a vivid description of the daily habits of the Rus, as well as the only known first-person account of the complicated ship-burning funeral ceremony. Certain details in his account, especially the dialogue of the ceremonies and his personal conversations with Rus individuals, show that the Rus and the Muslims were interested in and fairly knowledgeable about each other's cultures.[30]
The geography of the Volga region and the relative lack of physical wealth available for stealing (compared to targets of Viking raids in the west) made raiding a less important aspect of the Rus/Varangian activities in the East. Some raiding was necessary to gain initial control of the towns and regions that they developed into centers of economic activities.
During their next expedition in 943, the Rus' captured
Byzantine Empire
The earliest
In 860, the Rus' under
In 1043, Yaroslav sent his son Vladimir to attack Constantinople. The Byzantines destroyed the attacking vessels and defeated Vladimir[32]
These raids were successful in forcing the Byzantines to re-arrange their trading arrangements; militarily, the Varangians were usually defeated by the superior Byzantine forces, especially in the sea due to Byzantine use of Greek fire.
Varangian Guard
The Varangian Guard (
Immigrants from Scandinavia (predominantly immigrants from Sweden[24] but also elements from Denmark and Norway)[25] kept an almost entirely Norse cast to the organization until the late 11th century. According to the late Swedish historian Alf Henrikson in his book Svensk Historia (History of Sweden), the Norse Varangian guardsmen were recognised by long hair, a red ruby set in the left ear and ornamented dragons sewn on their chainmail shirts.
In these years,
Composed primarily of Scandinavians for the first hundred years, the guard increasingly included Anglo-Saxons after the successful Norman Conquest of England. By the time of Emperor Alexios Komnenos in the late 11th century, the Varangian Guard was largely recruited from Anglo-Saxons and "others who had suffered at the hands of the Vikings and their cousins the Normans". The Anglo-Saxons and other Germanic peoples shared with the Vikings a tradition of faithful, oath-bound service (to death if necessary), and after the Norman Conquest of England there were many fighting men, who had lost their lands and former masters, looking for a living elsewhere.
The Varangian Guard not only provided security for Byzantine emperors but participated in many wars involving Byzantium and often played a crucial role, since it was usually employed at critical moments of battle. By the late 13th century, Varangians were mostly ethnically assimilated by Byzantines, though the guard operated until at least the mid-14th century, and in 1400 there were still some people identifying themselves as "Varangians" in Constantinople.
In popular culture
- Varyag was a Russian protected cruiser which became famous in 1905 for her crew's stoicism at the Battle of Chemulpo Bay.
- Rosemary Sutcliff's 1976 historical novel Blood Feud depicts Basil II's formation of the Varangian Guard from the point of view of a half-Saxon orphan who journeyed to Constantinople via the Dnieper trade route.
- Henry Treece's Viking Trilogy recounts the adventures of Harald Sigurdson, including service in the Varangian Guard.
- Michael Ennis's Byzantium ISBN 978-0-330-31596-8, a fictionalized version of the life of Harald Hardrada, features time in the Varangian Guard.
- Also Poul Anderson's The Last Viking, another version of Harald Hardrada's life, features his time in the Varangian Guard and his tragic love for a Greek woman of Constantinople.
- Swedish writer Frans G. Bengtsson's Viking saga The Long Ships (or Red Orm) includes a section in which the main character's brother serves in the Varangians and gets involved in Byzantine court intrigues, with highly unpleasant results.
- In H.G. Wells, the father of the protagonist maintains for years the fiction that he is at work on "a History of the Varangians that was to outshine Doughty".
- The Paladin of Shadows series features a fictional, long-forgotten enclave of the Varangian Guard in the mountains of Georgia.
- Turisas' second studio album The Varangian Way is a concept album that tells the story of a group of Scandinavians traveling the river routes of medieval Russia, through Ladoga, Novgorod and Kiev to the Byzantine Empire. Their third album, Stand Up and Fight, describes the history of the Varangian Guard's service to the Byzantine Empire.
- Bearded axe-wielding Easterlings known as "Variags" appear in Tolkien's fantasy novel The Return of the King.
- In the PC game series Mount & Blade, the name and location of the Vaegirs echos the Varangians. Their faction have a unique unit called a "Vaegir Guard".
- In the video games Medieval: Total War and Medieval II: Total War the Varangian Guard is an axe-wielding elite infantry unit of the Byzantine Empire.
- Track 5 of Amon Amarth's seventh studio album Twilight of the Thunder God has the title "Varyags of Miklagaard".
- Track 2 of Grand Magus's eight studio album Sword Songs is titled "Varangian".
- Varangian soldiers are a common enemy in the video game Assassin's Creed: Revelations.
- A class of units in the multiplayer mode of the video game Mount & Blade II: Bannerlord belonging to the Rus inspired Sturgian faction, is called 'Varyag'.
- Russian writer Dmitry Bykov's novel Living Souls (ЖД) involved a civil war between Varangians and Khazars over the control of Russia
See also
- 1st SS Special Regiment Waräger
- Byzantine army
- Byzantine bureaucracy and aristocracy
- Christianization of Kievan Rus'
- Komnenian army
- Kylfings
- Oeselians
- Piraeus Lion (inscription made by Varangians)
- Rulers of Kievan Rus'
References
- ^ a b "Varangian Archived 12 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine," Online Etymology Dictionary
- ^ "Varangian". TheFreeDictionary.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ Ildar Kh. Garipzanov, The Annals of St. Bertin (839) and Chacanus of the Rhos Archived 28 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Ruthenica 5 (2006) 3–8 sides with the old theory.
- ^ "væringer". Store norske leksikon. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ Little, Becky. "When Viking Kings and Queens Ruled Medieval Russia". HISTORY. Archived from the original on 6 April 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
- ^ "Rus | people | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
- ISBN 0-7148-2549-2. Archivedfrom the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ISBN 0-313-31101-3. Archivedfrom the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
- ^ "Пушкинский Дом (ИРЛИ РАН) > Новости". Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ISBN 90-04-13874-9. Archivedfrom the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
- ^ "Rurik Dynasty". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 27 March 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ISBN 1-84176-759-X.
- ISBN 978-1-5731-0356-5
- ^ H.S. Falk & A. Torp, Norwegisch-Dänisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1911, pp. 1403–04; J. de Vries, Altnordisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1962, pp. 671–72; S. Blöndal & B. Benedikz, The Varangians of Byzantium, 1978, p. 4
- ^ Hellquist 1922:1096 Archived 22 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine, 1172 ; M. Vasmer, Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch, 1953, vol. 1, p. 171.
- ^ Blöndal & Benedikz, p. 4; D. Parducci, "Gli stranieri nell’alto medioevo", Mirator 1 (2007)in Italian Archived 21 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine, English abstract Archived 1 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Falk & Torp, p. 1403; other words with the same second part are: Old Norse erfingi 'heir', armingi or aumingi 'beggar", bandingi 'captive', hamingja 'luck', heiðingi 'wolf', lausingi or leysingi 'homeless'; cf. Falk & Torp, p. 34; Vries, p. 163.
- ^ Bugge, Sophus, Arkiv för nordisk filologi Archived 31 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine 2 (1885), p. 225
- ISBN 978-91-7486-641-4p. 143–144.
- ^ Runriket Täby-Vallentuna – en handledning, by Rune Edberg Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine gives the start date 985, but the Rundata project includes also Iron Age and earlier Viking Age runestones in the RAK style.
- ^ a b c The dating is provided by the Rundata project in a freely downloadable database.
- ^ a b The article 5. Runriket – Risbyle Archived 13 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine on the website of the Stockholm County Museum, retrieved 7 July 2007.
- ISBN 91-7810-885-3.
- ^ ISBN 0-521-82992-5. Archivedfrom the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- ^ a b Marika Mägi, In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication Across the Baltic Sea, The Northern World, 84 (Leiden: Brill, 2018), p. 195, citing Alf Thulin, 'The Rus' of Nestor's Chronicle', Mediaeval Scandinavia, 13 (2000), 70–96.
- ISBN 978-0-521-03552-1. Archivedfrom the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
- ISBN 9780816030040.
- ISBN 9780816030040.
- ISBN 9780816030040.
- ^ Montgomery, James E. (2000). "Ibn Fadlan and the Rusiyyah". Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies. 3.
- ISBN 978-0-19-820526-5.
- ^ T. D. Kendrick, A History of the Vikings (Ch. Conversion of Russia), Courier Corporation, 2012
- ISBN 978-0-521-76705-7, archivedfrom the original on 14 April 2023, retrieved 13 December 2015
- ^ Jansson 1980:22
- ^ a b Pritsak 1981:386
Further reading
Primary sources
- Russian Primary Chronicle
- Strategikon of Kekaumenos by Kekaumenos
- Anna Komnena
- Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos
- Historia ecclesiastica by Ordericus Vitalis
- Chronicon universale anonymi Laudunensis
- Játvarðar Saga
- Heimskringla
- Laxdœla saga
Additional secondary sources
- Buckler, Georgina. Anna Comnena: A Study. Oxford: University Press, 1929.
- Blondal, Sigfus. Varangians of Byzantium: An Aspect of Byzantine Military History. Trans. by Benedikt S. Benedikz, Cambridge: 1978. ISBN 0-521-21745-8.
- ISBN 0-04-940049-5.
- Enoksen, Lars Magnar (1998). Runor: historia, tydning, tolkning. Historiska Media, Falun. ISBN 91-88930-32-7.
- Jansson, Sven B. (1980). Runstenar. STF, Stockholm. ISBN 91-7156-015-7.
- English Refugees in the Byzantine Armed Forces: The Varangian Guard and Anglo-Saxon Ethnic Consciousness by Nicholas C.J. Pappas for De Re Militari.org
- Raffaele D'Amato; Rava, Giuseppe (illustrator). The Varangian Guard 988–1453. "Men-at-Arms" series, Osprey, 2010. ISBN 978-1849081795. Illustrated reconstruction of arms and armor of Varangians.
- Sverrir Jakobsson, The Varangians: In God’s Holy Fire Archived 18 April 2021 at the ISBN 978-3-030-53797-5
- Primary Chronicle
- Ermolovich M.I., Ancient Belarus - Polotsk and Novogrudskii period, 1990 (Ермаловіч М. І. Старажытная Беларусь. Полацкі і Навагародскі перыяд. Мн., 1990.) (in Belarusian)
- Saganovich G., Outline of the History of Belarus from antiquity to the end of 18th century (Сагановіч Г. Нарыс гісторыі Беларусі ад старажытнасці да канца XVIII ст. Мн., 2001.) (in Belarusian)
- Hrushevsky, M. "History of Ukraine-Rus". Vol.2 Ch.4 (page 5) (in Ukrainian)
External links
- Media related to Varangians at Wikimedia Commons