Varangian Guard
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The Varangian Guard (
The
Immigrants from
Composed primarily of Norsemen and Rus for the first 100 years, the Guard began to see increased numbers of Anglo-Saxons after the Norman conquest of England. By the time of the Emperor Alexios Komnenos in the late 11th century, the Varangian Guard was largely recruited from Anglo-Saxons and "others who had suffered at the hands of the Vikings and their cousins the Normans".[This quote needs a citation] The Anglo-Saxons and other Germanic peoples shared with the Vikings a tradition of faithful (to death if necessary) oath-bound service, and the Norman invasion of England resulted in many fighting men who had lost their lands and former masters and were looking for positions elsewhere.
The Varangian Guard not only provided security for the Byzantine emperors, but also participated in many wars, often playing a decisive role, since they were usually deployed at critical moments of a battle. By the late 13th century, Varangians were mostly ethnically assimilated by the Byzantine Greeks, though the Guard remained in existence until at least mid-14th century. In 1400, there were still some people identifying themselves as "Varangians" in Constantinople.[10]
History
The earliest members of the Varangian guard came from Kievan Rus'. A treaty between Rus' and the Byzantine empire under Basil I was agreed in 874 after a period of hostilities. A clause in the treaty obliged Rus' to provide men for Byzantine service. Renewed hostilities between 907 and 911 ended with a new treaty under which any Rus' who chose could serve Byzantium as a right.[12]
The scholarly consensus[13] is that the Rus' people originated in what is currently coastal eastern Sweden around the eighth century and that their name has the same origin as Roslagen in Sweden (with the older name being Roden).[14][15][16] According to the prevalent theory, the name Rus', like the Proto-Finnic name for Sweden (*Ruotsi), is derived from an Old Norse term for "the men who row" (rods-) as rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and that it could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen (Rus-law) or Roden, as it was known in earlier times.[17][18] The name Rus' would then have the same origin as the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden: Ruotsi and Rootsi.[18][19]
As early as 911, Varangians are mentioned as fighting as mercenaries for the Byzantines. About 700 Varangians served along with Dalmatians as marines in Byzantine naval expeditions against the
In 988,
In 989, these Varangians, led by Basil II himself, landed at Chrysopolis to defeat the rebel general Bardas Phokas. On the field of battle, Phokas died of a stroke in full view of his opponent; upon the death of their leader, Phokas' troops turned and fled. The brutality of the Varangians was noted when they pursued the fleeing army and "cheerfully hacked them to pieces".
These men formed the nucleus of the Varangian Guard, which saw extensive service in
The Varangians also participated in the partial reconquest of
Not long after, the catepan
Many of the last catepans were sent from Constantinople with Varangian units. In 1047,
Composed primarily of Scandinavians for the first 100 years, the guard began to see increasing numbers of
Writing about the unit as it was in 1080, the chronicler and princess
After the end of the
The Varangians relied on the broad-bladed
The Varangians were described by 11th-century Byzantine historian
They were prominent in the defence of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade. Of the role of the guard, it is said that "the fighting was very violent and there was hand to hand fight with axes and swords, the assailants mounted the walls and prisoners were taken on both sides".[23] The latest mention of the Varangian guard is in the Greek version of the Chronicle of the Morea, which states that this unit escorted the Prince of Achaia away to prison after the Battle of Pelagonia in 1259; historian D. J. Geanakoplos suggests they were reconstituted by Theodore I Laskaris to strengthen his claim as the rightful Emperor.[30] People identified as Varangians were to be found in Constantinople around 1400.[10]
Function
The duties and purpose of the Varangian Guard were similar—if not identical—to the services provided by the Kievan druzhina, the Swedish/Norwegian hird, and the Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon housecarls. The Varangians served as the personal bodyguard[31] of the emperor, swearing an oath of loyalty to him; they had ceremonial duties as retainers and acclaimers and performed some police duties, especially in cases of treason and conspiracy. They were headed by a separate officer, the akolouthos, who was usually a native Byzantine.
The Varangian Guard was only used in battle during critical moments, or where the battle was most fierce.[32] Contemporary Byzantine chroniclers note with a mix of terror and fascination that the "Scandinavians were frightening both in appearance and in equipment, they attacked with reckless rage and neither cared about losing blood nor their wounds".[32] The description probably refers to berserkers, since this state of trance is said to have given them superhuman strength and no sense of pain from their wounds.[32] When the Byzantine Emperor died, the Varangians had the unique right of running to the imperial treasury and taking as much gold and as many gems as they could carry, a procedure known in Old Norse as polutasvarf ("palace pillaging").[32] This privilege enabled many Varangians to return home as wealthy men, which encouraged even more Scandinavians to enlist in the Guard in Miklagarðr (Swedish = Miklagård = 'The Great City', i.e. Constantinople).[32]
The loyalty of the Varangians became a trope of Byzantine writers. Writing about her father
This reputation exceeds the truth in at least two recorded instances. In 1071, after Emperor
Runestones
There are a number of raised stone memorials called
These
The oldest of the Greece runestones are six stones in the
One of the more notable of the later runestones in the
The youngest runestones, in the
The Varangians did not return home without being imprinted by Byzantine culture in one way or another, as exemplified by the
-
Swedishwarriors, likely Varangians, mercenaries in the service of the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Emperor.
-
The Byzantine cross, on U 161, a cross which is today the coat of arms of the municipality of Täby, Sweden
-
One of the runic inscriptions in Hagia Sophia, probably carved by members of the Varangian Guard
Norse sagas
According to the
Bolli rode from the ship with twelve men, and all his followers were dressed in scarlet, and rode on gilt saddles, and all were they a trusty band, though Bolli was peerless among them. He had on the clothes of fur which the Garth-king had given him, he had over all a scarlet cape; and he had Footbiter girt on him, the hilt of which was dight with gold, and the grip woven with gold, he had a gilded helmet on his head, and a red shield on his flank, with a knight painted on it in gold. He had a dagger in his hand, as is the custom in foreign lands; and whenever they took quarters the women paid heed to nothing but gazing at Bolli and his grandeur, and that of his followers.[47]
The Varangian Guard is mentioned also in
One of the members of the Varangian Guard was the future king
During his time in the Varangian Guard Harald earned the titles of
Harald then sought to leave his post, but was denied this. He eventually escaped and returned home in 1043, becoming King of Norway before eventually dying at the Battle of Stamford Bridge while invading England in 1066.
The Varangian Guard regained some of its old Scandinavian flavour when Harald Hardråde's grandson,
Most of the Old Norse narratives which deals with Norwegians or Icelanders in the Varangian Guard are from the 13th century, and bear witness to a continued interest and generally positive views towards Byzantium within the West Norse cultural area.[50]
See also
- Byzantine army
- Byzantine bureaucracy
- Count Robert of Paris. Novel by Walter Scott.
- Druzhina
- German Guard
- Harald Hardrada
- Hird
- Housecarl
- Komnenian army
- Leidang
- Mamluk
- Manglabites
- New England (medieval)
- Optimatoi
- Piraeus Lion (inscription made by Swedish Varangians)
- Swedes (Germanic tribe)
- Thingmen
- Trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks
- Varangian runestones
- Västgötalagen
Citations
- ^ Alvarez, Sandra (23 June 2014), "English Refugees in the Byzantine Armed Forces: The Varangian Guard and Anglo-Saxon Ethnic Consciousness", De Re Militari, The Society for Medieval Military History, archived from the original on 6 August 2017, retrieved 22 November 2018
- ISBN 978-07637-5190-6.
- ISBN 9781849081795. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ISBN 9781444308426. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ISBN 9781616734329. Retrieved 18 August 2011.
- ISBN 0-521-82992-5. Archivedfrom the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
- ^ Marika Mägi, In Austrvegr: The Role of the Eastern Baltic in Viking Age Communication Across the Baltic Sea, The Northern World, 84 (Leiden: Brill, 2018), p. 195, citing Alf Thulin, 'The Rus' of Nestor's Chronicle', Mediaeval Scandinavia, 13 (2000), 70–96.
- ^ Jansson 1980:22
- ^ a b Pritsak 1981:386
- ^ a b Mark Bartusis, The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society 1204–1453 (Philadelphia 1992), pp. 272–275.
- ISBN 978-0-521-76705-7, archivedfrom the original on 14 April 2023, retrieved 13 December 2015
- ^ D'Amato, pp. 4, 6
- ^ "The Vikings at home". HistoryExtra. Archived from the original on 4 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ "Kievan Rus". World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ "The Vikings (780–1100)". www.metmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ "Viking Tours Stockholm, 20 Historical Cultural Transported Tours". Sweden History Tours. Archived from the original on 19 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ISBN 9780521035521. Archivedfrom the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
- ^ a b Stefan Brink (2008), "Who were the Vikings?", in Stefan Brink and Neil Price (eds.), The Viking World Archived 14 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 4–10 (pp. 6–7).
- ^ "Russ, adj. and n." Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, June 2018. Accessed 25 July 2018.
- ^ D'Amato, pp. 6–7
- ^ D'Amato, p.4
- ^ Stephen Lowe, "Battle Honours of the Varangian Guard"
- ^ ISBN 1-84176-759-X.
- ^ Buckler, p. 366.
- ^ Anna Comnena, The Alexiad (London: Penguin, 2003), p. 95.
- ^ a b John Kinnamos, "The Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenos" (Charles M. Brand, trans.). New York: Columbia University Press, 1976, p. 16.
- ISBN 978-82-430-0844-1
- ^ a b Timothy Dawson (May 1992). "The Varangian Rhomphaia: a Cautionary tale". Varangian Voice. 22: 24–26. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 6 August 2011.
- Byzantineand Scandinavian gear was in use ..."
- ^ Deno J. Geanakoplos, Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1959), p. 43 and note
- Germani corporis custodes, to protect himself from the native Praetorians. This guard was revived by Tiberius and continued until Nero.
- ^ ISBN 91-88930-32-7p. 135
- ^ Anna Comnena, The Alexiad (London: Penguin, 2003), p. 97.
- ISBN 0-679-77269-3..
- ^ Buckler, p. 367.
- ^ a b Olstad, Lisa (16 December 2002). "Ein minnestein for å hedre seg sjølv". forskning.no. Archived from the original on 29 August 2005. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
- ^ Zilmer 2005:38
- ^ a b Harrison & Svensson 2007:192
- ^ "Runestones: Words from the Viking Age". 4 April 2013. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ Nikel, David. "The Stunning Viking Runestones Of Scandinavia". Forbes. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ISBN 978-91-7486-641-4p. 143–144.
- ^ Runriket Täby-Vallentuna – en handledning, by Rune Edberg Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine gives the start date 985, but the Rundata project includes also Iron Age and earlier Viking Age runestones in the style RAK.
- ^ a b c The dating is provided by the Rundata project in a freely downloadable database.
- ^ a b The article 5. Runriket – Risbyle Archived 13 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine on the website of the Stockholm County Museum, retrieved 7 July 2007.
- ^ Sagas of the Icelanders Archived 16 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Penguin Group
- ^ "OMACL: The Laxdaela Saga: Chapter 73". mcllibrary.org. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ "OMACL: The Laxdaela Saga: Chapter 77". mcllibrary.org. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ "OMACL: The Story of Burnt Njal". mcllibrary.org. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2020.
- ^ Philip Dixon, Barbarian Europe, Salem House Publishing (October 1976), 978-0525701606
- ^ Jakobsson, Sverrir (2008). "The Schism that never was: Old Norse views on Byzantium and Russia Archived 20 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine". Byzantinoslavica. Slovanský ústav Akademie věd ČR, v. v. i. and Euroslavica. pp. 173–88.
General bibliography
Primary sources
- Anna Komnena
- Chronicon universale anonymi Laudunensis
- Deeds of John and Manuel Comnenus by John Kinnamos
- Heimskringla
- Historia ecclesiastica by Ordericus Vitalis
- Játvarðar Saga
- Laxdœla saga
- Strategikon of Kekaumenos by Kekaumenos
Secondary sources
- Buckler, Georgina. Anna Komnena: A Study. Oxford: University Press, 1929.
- Blondal, Sigfus. Varangians of Byzantium: An Aspect of Byzantine Military History. Trans. by Benedikt S. Benedikz, Cambridge: 1978. ISBN 0-521-21745-8.
- D'Amato, Raffaele. The Varangian Guard 988–1453. Osprey Publishing, 2010. ISBN 1849081794.
- ISBN 0-04-940049-5.
- Enoksen, Lars Magnar. (1998). Runor: historia, tydning, tolkning. Historiska Media, Falun. ISBN 91-88930-32-7.
- Jansson, Sven B. (1980). Runstenar. STF, Stockholm. ISBN 91-7156-015-7.
- Jakobsson, Sverrir (2008). "The Schism that never was: Old Norse views on Byzantium and Russia". Byzantinoslavica. Slovanský ústav Akademie věd ČR, v. v. i. and Euroslavica. pp. 173–88.
- Jakobsson, Sverrir, The Varangians: In God's Holy Fire (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020), ISBN 978-3-030-53796-8
- Theotokis, Georgios. "Rus, Varangian and Frankish Mercenaries in the Service of the Byzantine Emperors (9th–11th c.). Numbers, Organisation and Battle Tactics in the operational theatres of Asia Minor and the Balkans". Byzantine Symmeikta, vol. 22, Athens: 2012. ISSN 1105-1639