Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
As in the human practice of veganism, vegan dog foods are those formulated with the exclusion of ingredients that contain or were processed with any part of an animal, or any animal byproduct.[1] Vegan dog food may incorporate the use of fruits, vegetables, cereals, legumes including soya, nuts, vegetable oils, as well as any other non-animal based foods.[2]
The
In theory a vegan diet is also nutritionally adequate for dogs if properly formulated and balanced. The
Motivations for vegans diets include animal welfare and environmental impacts of animal agriculture.[3] As of 2018,[update] there are around 470 million pet dogs.[7]
Vegetarian vs. vegan diet
Vegetarianism may be defined as the practice of consuming foods that are primarily derived from plants, with or without dairy products, eggs, and/or honey.[4] Veganism is a subset of vegetarianism, in which all animal-derived products are entirely excluded from one's lifestyle, including food, clothing, cosmetics, etc.[8] Those who choose to practice veganism beyond vegetarianism typically do so because of moral, ethical, and animal welfare concerns.[4] For this reason, people who practice veganism may wish to reflect their morals by having their pet maintained on a vegan diet as well.
History of plant-based dog diets
The choice to feed dogs a vegetarian diet was first introduced[when?] in a home-prepared fashion in various countries, notably India.[citation needed] Since dogs are omnivores,[9][10][11][12] it was recognized that they can thrive on both a meat-based or vegetarian diet.[13] This diet choice was adapted to canines because of the ethical preferences of people who practice vegetarianism, as well as for pet owners seeking an alternative diet for pets suffering from food allergies, specifically animal-protein allergies.[14][need quotation to verify] There are many published vegetarian feeding-regimens available to follow. As the popularity of this diet has grown with a corresponding increase in people practicing vegetarianism, there are various commercial vegetarian and vegan diets available on the market.[4]
Dietary needs of the dog
The dietary requirements of dogs differ based on a variety of aspects (i.e. age, level of activity, living environment, etc.). Rather than specific ingredients, diets are formulated for their specific nutrients, so every diet prepared must have adequate levels of nutrients, including: protein, fats, carbohydrates, amino acids (methionine, lysine, arginine, etc.), vitamins (Vitamin C, B vitamins, vitamin A, etc.), and minerals (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, etc.).[4] Many commercially available plant-based pet food diets aim to meet the fundamental nutrient requirements of various dogs.[4]
However, in a 2015 study of 26 commercial vegetarian dog diets available in the United States, 25% were found to not meet the minimum nutritional requirements as established by AAFCO.[4] In the conclusions of the study it is also said that "Vegetarian animals also experience a range of health problems, but these problems are also prevalent in companion animals maintained on meat-based diets" and that "a significant body of additional studies have demonstrated health problems in domesticated animals maintained on various meat-based diets."
Palatability
Studies have demonstrated that a plant-based diet can be just as edible and palatable as animal-based diets for dogs.[4] Odiferous ingredients that enhance the smell of the food increase palatability, and examples include nutritional yeast, vegetable oil, nori (seaweed), as well as spirulina.[4] Additionally, certain ingredients can be combined to create a palatable flavour. An example is the synergistic combination of hydrolyzed vegetable protein and xylose, as well as a combination of substances derived from glucose, garlic powder, and nature-identical, non-meat chicken flavouring.[15] The temperature of the food can also be a factor, as warmer food has an increased palatability.[4]
Alternative sourcing of ingredients
Due to the exclusion of animal products and by-products which are the primary ingredients of conventional dog food, many nutrients that would otherwise be provided by animal products need to be provided by replacement, plant-based ingredients.
Primary protein
A good source of protein provides a dog with a balanced and complete profile of
Calcium
For humans, common food sources of calcium can be found in dairy products.
Vitamin D
In the diet, there are two forms of vitamin D – cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) from mainly
Vegan sources of vitamin D include ergocalciferol and synthetic or plant sources of cholecalciferol.
Vitamin B12
As no animal is able to synthesize
Taurine
The
A low amount of sulphuric amino acids have been linked to decreased food intake, a negative nitrogen balance, and in growing dogs, stunted growth rate.[44][45] Low levels of taurine increase the risk of developing cardiac conditions, namely dilated cardiomyopathy.[44] Taurine deficiency can also lead to retinal degeneration, reproduction problems, gastrointestinal disease and decreased development and function of skeletal muscles and the central nervous system.[46]
Plant-based diets may contain enough methionine and cysteine to meet AAFCO standards, but these values do not include the endogenous conversion to taurine.[44] Thus, dietary supplementation with taurine is advised, especially for dogs susceptible to or diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy.[47] Because taurine is only synthesized in animals, vegetarian and vegan products have to rely on a synthetic form. There should not be a significant difference in the bioavailability or efficacy of the taurine content in vegan foods, as most conventional food brands will also supplement their formula with synthetic taurine.[4]
L-Carnitine
Omega-3 fatty acids
Potential risks
Vegetarian and vegan dog diets may carry some risks.
Alkaline urine
Animal protein has a high acidic amino acid content (
Homemade diets
Inappropriate nutrient profile
There are many vegetarian and vegan recipes available but due to the extra attention creating a complete and balanced plant-based diet requires, many of these are insufficient in
Deviation from recipe instructions
Obtaining precision and accuracy when following a recipe for plant-based diets is essential. Ingredient substitutions made over time due to affordability, availability, and owner and pet preferences, increase the risk of inadequacy.
Inadequate feeding recommendations
Feeding instructions for homemade diets often lack clarity.[59] Improper or excluded caloric information and body weight recommendations increase the risk of energy over-consumption leading to obesity. Dogs can also be undernourished and develop deficiency symptoms.[59] Vague feeding guidelines can contribute to poor weight management because ideal body weight values are not communicated to the consumer.[59]
Potential benefits
There are only short-term studies and uncontrolled, low-quality case series evaluating the health of dogs that are fed vegan or vegetarian diets.[64][65] Such limited evidence leaves significant uncertainty about the risks and benefits of these diets for domestic dogs.[66]
The World Health Organization classified red meat as carcinogenic (cancer-inducing) in 2015.[67] However, there have been very few, if any, studies regarding the role a meat-based diet has on the occurrence of cancer in dogs, and certainly none have been conducted that meet the standards of evidence-based medicine found in high quality randomized controlled trials.[68]
Vegetarian and vegan diets may prevent dog cancer [citation needed]. A study of 144 female dogs found that feeding them less red meat, especially cow and pig meat, lowers their risk of mammary cancer.[69][70][71] However, that same study also found that the risk of mammary cancer was lower in dogs fed diets containing poultry.[71]
Nevertheless, a significant and growing body of studies and cases suggest that dogs may be successfully maintained and even thrive on nutritionally sound vegetarian diets long-term. Such diets have been associated with benefits such as improved coat condition, allergy control, weight control, increased overall health and vitality, arthritis regression, diabetes regression, cataract resolution.[68]
Processing
Processing is an important determinant of what nutrients a dog is actually able to digest and absorb. Plant-based ingredients can be very difficult to break down without proper enzymes in the animal's digestive tract to do this.[72] Processing has the ability to break down nutrients such as insoluble fiber and protein that can aid in the digestibility of the ingredients and ensure the dog is utilizing the nutrients given to meet its requirements.[72] However, processing can cause negative effects to these traits as well.[72]
Processing of kibble – extrusion process
Production of dog food kibble is done through a process known as food extrusion. Extrusion is a process commonly used in the pet food industry to develop a product that is porous or "puffed" from expansion of pet-safe ingredients.[73] Food extrusion is the process of which high pressure and heat are used to both shape and evenly distribute feed ingredients.[73]
Ingredients used
Dog food ingredients typically contain
Processing of canned vegetarian dog diets
Supplementing with canned food is one way to add palatability and water content to a dog's diet. Dog canned food comes in two forms in the United States: stew style and pâté style, which can vary in moisture content.[75] The desired type of wet food produced will determine the process needed for the development of the final product. The steps to producing a canned product involves the canning process followed by retorting (steam sterilization) seen in United States procedures.[75]
Development of a replacement meat product
This section's factual accuracy is disputed. (May 2020) |
Most dogs prefer a meal that is rich in protein, normally from animal sources.[75] However, with vegetarian and vegan diets in the United States, this appealing taste is mimicked using plant-based ingredients.[76]
In the United States, artificial fibers from edible vegetable protein are formed into bundles using an edible form of binding agent.
Nutritional aspects of processing
Processing has both beneficial and detrimental effects on feed ingredients as it applies high levels of heat, and with extrusion, pressure with reduction of moisture content.
Protein
High heat has the effect of denaturing proteins as well as inactivating anti-nutritional factors that decrease digestive abilities.[72] With these characteristics, protein becomes more easily digestible in products that have been processed compared to those that have not.[72] Specifically for vegetable protein, an increase in its nutritional value is seen due to this improved digestibility.[72] In raw plant ingredients, enzyme attachment sites are more readily available when heat and pressure is used to inactivate enzyme inhibitors.[72]
On the other hand, some amino acids can be lost with heat. Lysine, both a reactive and an essential amino acid, has low retention during processing.[72] Loss of lysine also decreases digestible protein and thus, is thought to be a sign of protein damage in extrudates.[72] Other amino acids such as cysteine, arginine, histidine, and aspartic acid have been known to decrease in availability due to the low moisture content during processing.[72]
Carbohydrate
During the extrusion process, sucrose is converted to reducing sugars that can be lost from Maillard reactions.[72] Therefore, it is often seen that sugar amounts are decreased at this time.[72] Oligosaccharides, such as raffinose and stachyose, impair nutrient utilization of grains.[72] In the extrusion process there is a destruction of oligosaccharides that prevent flatulence and thus improves utilization of legumes used in the feed.[72] Gelatinization of starches is a required step in extruding foods in order to form the desired porous appearance.[74] This step allows enzymes to react with starch and increase starch breakdown.[72]
Fiber
Processing increases water solubility of fiber by reducing the
Lipids
Levels of 6 to 8% fat used in the extrusion process are not advised, as it limits the product's ability to expand.[74] This is because fat causes poor pressure levels in the barrel due to more traction.[72] If high fat ingredients are used, some free oil may be lost when product goes through the diet.[72] Food processing can increase the nutritional quality of the product by minimizing lipid oxidation.[72]
Vitamins
Increasing temperatures, pressure, and screw speed from extrusion affects retention of vitamins such as
Minerals
Macromolecules are primarily affected during processing compared to molecules of a smaller size.[72] Processing reduces various anti-nutritional factors that would otherwise impair absorption, which in turn improves the overall absorption of minerals.[72]
See also
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