Veliky Novgorod

Coordinates: 58°33′N 31°16′E / 58.550°N 31.267°E / 58.550; 31.267
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with Nizhny Novgorod.
"Novgorod" redirects here. For other uses, see Novgorod (disambiguation).

Veliky Novgorod
Великий Новгород
Kremlin, Yaroslav's Court
Flag
Coat of arms of Veliky Novgorod
Coat of arms
Location of Veliky Novgorod
Map
UTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[9])
Postal code(s)[10]
173000–173005, 173007–173009, 173011–173016, 173018, 173020–173025, 173700, 173899, 173920, 173955, 173990, 173999
Dialing code(s)+7 8162
OKTMO ID49701000001
Websitewww.adm.nov.ru
Official nameHistoric Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings
CriteriaCultural: (ii)(iv)(vi)
Reference604
Inscription1992 (16th Session)

Veliky Novgorod (

2021 Census).[14]

At its peak during the 14th century, the city was the capital of the Novgorod Republic and was one of Europe's largest cities.[15] The "Veliky" ("great") part was added to the city's name in 1999.[16]

Climate

Veliky Novgorod has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). The city has warm summers with temperatures reaching over 30 °C (86 °F) and relatively cold winters with frequent snowfall. The lowest air temperature ever recorded is -45 °C (-49 °F). The warmest month is July with a daily mean of 18.7 °C (65 °F), the coldest month is February with a daily mean of -6 °C (21 °F).[17] The highest amount of precipitation is on average in June with 73 mm (2.9 inches) of precipitation, the driest is March with 30 mm (1.2 inches) of precipitation. The annual amount of precipitation is 603 mm (23.7 inches) .[17]

History

Early developments

See also: Rurikovo Gorodische
Novgorod Kremlin

The Sofia First Chronicle makes initial mention of it in 859, while the Novgorod First Chronicle first mentions it in 862, when it was purportedly already a major Baltic-to-Byzantium station on the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks.[18] The Charter of Veliky Novgorod recognizes 859 as the year when the city was first mentioned.[3] Novgorod is traditionally considered to be a cradle of Russian statehood.[19]

The oldest archaeological excavations in the middle to late 20th century, however, have found cultural layers dating back to the late 10th century, the time of the

Christianization of Rus' and a century after it was allegedly founded.[20] Archaeological dating is fairly easy and accurate to within 15–25 years, as the streets were paved with wood, and most of the houses made of wood, allowing tree ring dating.[citation needed
]

The

Old Russian word. First mention of this Norse etymology to the name of the city of Novgorod (and that of other cities within the territory of the then Kievan Rus') occurs in the 10th-century policy manual De Administrando Imperio by Byzantine emperor Constantine VII.[citation needed
]

Princely state within Kievan Rus'

Further information: Novgorod Land
Cathedral of St. Sophia, a symbol of the city and the main cathedral of the Novgorod Republic

In 882, Rurik's successor,

Kiev and founded the state of Kievan Rus'. Novgorod's size as well as its political, economic, and cultural influence made it the second most important city in Kievan Rus'. According to a custom, the elder son and heir of the ruling Kievan monarch was sent to rule Novgorod even as a minor. When the ruling monarch had no such son, Novgorod was governed by posadniks, such as the legendary Gostomysl, Dobrynya, Konstantin, and Ostromir.[citation needed
]

St. Sophia Cathedral, more accurately translated as the Cathedral of Holy Wisdom, which stands to this day.[citation needed
]

Early foreign ties

In

Harald Hardrada.[26] No more than a few decades after the 1030 death and subsequent canonization of Olaf II of Norway, the city's community had erected in his memory Saint Olaf's Church in Novgorod.[27]
: 147 : 158 

The

Hansa League. At Novgorod in 1080, Visby merchants established a trading post which they named Gutagard (also known as Gotenhof).[28] Later, in the first half of the 13th century, merchants from northern Germany also established their own trading station in Novgorod, known as the Peterhof.[29] At about the same time, in 1229, German merchants at Novgorod were granted certain privileges, which made their position more secure.[30]

Novgorod Republic

Main article: Novgorod Republic
Monastery of the Tithes is one of eight ancient monasteries of the old Russian state Novgorodian Rus'
12th-century Novgorod icon called The Angel with Golden Hair

In 1136, the Novgorodians dismissed their prince

city state controlled most of Europe's northeast, from lands east of today's Estonia to the Ural Mountains, making it one of the largest states in medieval Europe, although much of the territory north and east of Lakes Ladoga and Onega was sparsely populated and never organized politically.[citation needed
]

One of the most important local figures in Novgorod was the

Archbishop of Novgorod who shared power with the boyars.[32] Archbishops were elected by the Veche or by the drawing of lots, and after their election, were sent to the metropolitan for consecration.[33]

While a basic outline of the various officials and the Veche can be drawn up, the city-state's exact political constitution remains unknown. The boyars and the archbishop ruled the city together, although where one official's power ended and another's began is uncertain. The prince, although his power was reduced from around the middle of the 12th century, was represented by his

namestnik, or lieutenant, and still played important roles as a military commander, legislator and jurist. The exact composition of the Veche, too, is uncertain, with some historians, such as Vasily Klyuchevsky, claiming it was democratic in nature, while later scholars, such as Marxists Valentin Ianin and Aleksandr Khoroshev, see it as a "sham democracy" controlled by the ruling elite.[citation needed
]

In the 13th century, Novgorod, while not a member of the Hanseatic League, was the easternmost kontor, or entrepôt, of the league, being the source of enormous quantities of luxury (sable, ermine, fox, marmot) and non-luxury furs (squirrel pelts).[34]

Throughout the Middle Ages, the city thrived culturally. A large number of

birch bark letters have been unearthed in excavations, perhaps suggesting widespread literacy. It was in Novgorod that the Novgorod Codex, the oldest Slavic book written north of Bulgaria, and the oldest inscription in a Finnic language (Birch bark letter no. 292) were unearthed. Some of the most ancient Russian chronicles (Novgorod First Chronicle) were written in the scriptorium of the archbishops who also promoted iconography and patronized church construction. The Novgorod merchant Sadko became a popular hero of Russian folklore.[citation needed
]

Novgorod was never conquered by the Mongols during the

Ivan Kalita.[citation needed
]

The 16th century Vision of Tarasius icon depicts Novgorod with the Sofia side to the left and the Commercial side to the right. The inhabitants of the city are shown doing their day-to-day work while being guarded by the angels

In 1259,

ushkuiniki,[35] sowed fear as far as Kazan and Astrakhan, assisting Novgorod in wars with the Grand Duchy of Moscow.[citation needed
]

During the era of

Dnieper river system. A vast array of goods were transported along these routes and exchanged with local Novgorod merchants and other traders. The farmers of Gotland retained the Saint Olof trading house well into the 12th century. Later German merchantmen also established tradinghouses in Novgorod. Scandinavian royalty would intermarry with Russian princes and princesses.[citation needed
]

After the

Battle on the Ice in 1242. After the foundation of the castle of Viborg in 1293 the Swedes gained a foothold in Karelia. On August 12, 1323, Sweden and Novgorod signed the Treaty of Nöteborg, regulating their border for the first time.[citation needed
]

The city's downfall occurred partially as a result of its inability to feed its large population,[

Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1478. The Veche was dissolved and a significant part of Novgorod's aristocracy, merchants and smaller landholding families was deported to central Russia. The Hanseatic League kontor was closed in 1494 and the goods stored there were seized by Muscovite forces.[36][37]

Tsardom of Russia

City plan of Novgorod in 1862
Kremlin square on postcard of the early XX century

At the time of annexation, Novgorod became the third largest city under

Muscovy and then the Tsardom of Russia (with 5,300 homesteads and 25–30 thousand inhabitants in the 1550s[38]) and remained so until the famine of the 1560s and the Massacre of Novgorod in 1570. In the Massacre, Ivan the Terrible sacked the city, slaughtered thousands of its inhabitants, and deported the city's merchant elite and nobility to Moscow, Yaroslavl and elsewhere. The last decade of the 16th century was a comparatively favourable period for the city as Boris Godunov restored trade privileges and raised the status of Novgorod bishop. The German trading post was reestablished in 1603.[39] Even after the incorporation into the Russian state Novgorod land retained its distinct identity and institutions, including the customs policy and administrative division. Certain elective offices were quickly restored after having been abolished by Ivan III.[40]

During the

Archangelsk, Novgorodian merchants were trading in the Baltic cities and Stockholm while Swedish merchants came to Novgorod where they had their own trading post since 1627.[43] Novgorod continued to be a major centre of crafts which employed the majority of its population. There were more than 200 distinct professions in 16th century. Bells, cannons and other arms were produced in Novgorod; its silversmiths were famous for the skan' technique used for religious items and jewellery. Novgorod chests were in widespread use all across Russia, including the Tsar's household and the northern monasteries.[44]

Russian Empire

In 1727, Novgorod was made the administrative center of Novgorod Governorate of the Russian Empire, which was detached from Saint Petersburg Governorate (see Administrative divisions of Russia in 1727–1728). This administrative division existed until 1927. Between 1927 and 1944, the city was a part of Leningrad Oblast, and then became the administrative center of the newly formed Novgorod Oblast.[citation needed]

Modern era

On August 15, 1941, during

World Heritage Site list as the Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings. As of 2020, regular archeological rescue work continues across the site.[45] In 1999, the city was officially renamed Veliky Novgorod (literally, Great Novgorod),[16] thus partly reverting to its medieval title "Lord Novgorod the Great". This reduced the temptation to confuse Veliky Novgorod with Nizhny Novgorod, a larger city the other side of Moscow which, between 1932 and 1990, had been renamed Gorky, in honour of Maxim Gorky.[citation needed
]

Administrative and municipal status

Veliky Novgorod is the

municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Veliky Novgorod is incorporated as Veliky Novgorod Urban Okrug.[8]

Sights

Saint Sophia Cathedral
in the background. The upper row of figures is cast in the round and the lower one is in relief.

The city is known for the variety and age of its medieval monuments. The foremost among these is the

Archbishop Nifont) and renovated several times over the centuries, most recently in the nineteenth century.[47] The cathedral features famous bronze gates, which now hang in the west entrance, allegedly made in Magdeburg in 1156 (other sources see them originating from Płock in Poland) and reportedly snatched by Novgorodians from the Swedish town of Sigtuna in 1187. More recent scholarship has determined that the gates were most likely purchased in the mid-15th century, apparently at the behest of Archbishop Euthymius II (1429–1458), a lover of Western art and architectural styles.[48]

The

Novgorod Kremlin, traditionally known as the Detinets, also contains the oldest palace in Russia (the so-called Chamber of the Facets, 1433), which served as the main meeting hall of the archbishops; the oldest Russian bell tower (mid-15th century), and the oldest Russian clock tower (1673). The Palace of Facets, the bell tower, and the clock tower were originally built on the orders of Archbishop Euphimius II, although the clock tower collapsed in the 17th century and had to be rebuilt and much of the palace of Euphimius II is no longer standing. Among later structures, the most remarkable are a royal palace (1771) and a bronze monument to the Millennium of Russia
, representing the most important figures from the country's history (unveiled in 1862).

St. Nicholas Cathedral, built by Mstislav I near his palace at Yaroslav's Court, Novgorod, contains 12th-century frescoes depicting his illustrious family

Outside the Kremlin walls, there are three large churches constructed during the reign of Mstislav the Great. St. Nicholas Cathedral (1113–1123), containing frescoes of Mstislav's family, graces Yaroslav's Court (formerly the chief square of Novgorod). The Yuriev Monastery (one of the oldest in Russia, 1030) contains a tall, three-domed cathedral from 1119 (built by Mstislav's son, Vsevolod, and Kyurik, the head of the monastery). A similar three-domed cathedral (1117), probably designed by the same masters, stands in the Antoniev Monastery, built on the orders of Antony, the founder of that monastery.

There are now some fifty medieval and early modern churches scattered throughout the city and its surrounding areas.[49] Some of them were blown up by the Nazis and subsequently restored. The most ancient pattern is represented by those dedicated to Saints Pyotr and Pavel (on the Swallow's Hill, 1185–1192), to Annunciation (in Myachino, 1179), to Assumption (on Volotovo Field, 1180s) and to St. Paraskeva-Piatnitsa (at Yaroslav's Court, 1207). The greatest masterpiece of early Novgorod architecture is the Savior church at Nereditsa (1198).

In the 13th century, tiny churches of the three-paddled design were in vogue. These are represented by a small chapel at the

Feofan Grek). The Savior' church in Kovalevo (1345) was originally frescoed by Serbian
masters, but the church was destroyed during the war. While the church has since been rebuilt, the frescoes have not been restored.

During the last century of the republican government, some new churches were consecrated to Saints Peter and Paul (on Slavna, 1367; in Kozhevniki, 1406), to Christ's Nativity (at the Cemetery, 1387), to St. John the Apostle's (1384), to the Twelve Apostles (1455), to St Demetrius (1467), to St. Simeon (1462), and other saints. Generally, they are not thought[by whom?] to be as innovative as the churches from the previous period. Several shrines from the 12th century (i.e., in Opoki) were demolished brick by brick and then reconstructed exactly as they used to be, several of them in the mid-fifteenth century, again under Archbishop Yevfimy II (Euthymius II), perhaps one of the greatest patrons of architecture in medieval Novgorod.

Novgorod's conquest by

Moscow Kremlin: e.g., the Savior Cathedral of Khutyn Monastery (1515), the Cathedral of the Mother of God of the Sign (1688), the St. Nicholas Cathedral of Vyaschizhy Monastery (1685). Nevertheless, the styles of some parochial churches were still in keeping with local traditions: e.g., the churches of Myrrh-bearing Women (1510) and of Saints Boris and Gleb
(1586).

In Vitoslavlitsy, along the

Volkhov River and the Myachino Lake, close to the Yuriev Monastery
, a museum of wooden architecture was established in 1964. Over twenty wooden buildings (churches, houses and mills) dating from the 14th to the 19th century were transported there from all around the Novgorod region.

11400 graves of the German 1st Luftwaffe Field Division are found at the war cemetery in Novgorod. Also 1900 soldiers of the Spanish Blue Division are buried there.[50]

Transportation

Intercity transport

Novgorod main railway station, built in 1953

Novgorod has connections to

federal highway M10. There are public buses to Saint Petersburg
and other destinations.

The city has direct railway passenger connections with

Minsk Passazhirsky railway station, by night trains) and Murmansk
.

The city's former commercial airport

Yurievo was decommissioned in 2006, and the area has now been redeveloped into a residential neighbourhood. The still existing Krechevitsy Airport does not serve any regular flights since mid-1990s although there is a plan to turn Krechevitsy into a new operational airport by 2025.[51] The nearest international airport is St. Petersburg's Pulkovo
, some 180 kilometres (112 miles) north of the city.

Local transportation

Veliky Novgorod trolleybus map (2021)

Local transportation consists of a network of buses and trolleybuses. The trolleybus network, which currently consists of five routes, started operating in 1995 and is the first trolley system opened in Russia after the fall of the Soviet Union.

  • trolleybus Skoda-VMZ-14Tr
    trolleybus
    Skoda-VMZ-14Tr
  • Trolleybuses ZiU-9
    Trolleybuses ZiU-9
  • Bus LiAZ-5256
    Bus
    LiAZ-5256

Honours

A

Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh in 1979, is named after the city.[52]

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Veliky Novgorod is twinned with:[53][54]

See also

Sources

  1. ^ Resolution #121
  2. ^ a b c d e f Law #559-OZ
  3. ^ a b Charter of Veliky Novgorod, Article 1.
  4. ^ a b Charter of Veliky Novgorod, Article 6
  5. ^ a b Official website of Veliky Novgorod. Geographic Location (in Russian)
  6. Federal State Statistics Service
    .
  7. ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  8. ^ a b c d Oblast Law #284-OZ
  9. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). June 3, 2011. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  10. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  11. ^ Law #111-FZ
  12. ISBN 9781843832140
    .
  13. Birch bark documents
    .
  14. Federal State Statistics Service
    .
  15. ISBN 9781317872009
    . Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  16. ^ a b "Федеральный закон от 11.06.1999 г. № 111-ФЗ". kremlin.ru.
  17. ^ a b "Climate norms" (in Russian). Retrieved January 6, 2024.
  18. ^ Тихомиров, М.Н. (1956). Древнерусские города (in Russian). Государственное издательство Политической литературы. Retrieved June 13, 2012.
  19. ISBN 978-952712401-7
    .
  20. ^ Valentin Lavrentyevich Ianin and Mark Khaimovich Aleshkovsky. "Proskhozhdeniye Novgoroda: (k postanovke problemy)," Istoriya SSSR 2 (1971): 32-61.
  21. grad
    , and there are various explanations for why they gave this name. According to Rydzevskaya, the Norse name is derived from the Slavic Holmgrad which means "town on a hill" and may allude to the "old town" preceding the "new town", or Novgorod.
  22. ^ "Vnovgorod.info" Городище (in Russian). Великий Новгород. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  23. doi:10.31168/2305-6754.2015.4.1.9
    . Retrieved June 24, 2022. p. 175: "в сознании авторов и их слушателей Хольмгард на всем протяжении сложения и записи саг оставался столицей лежащей за Балтийским морем страны Гарды/Гардарики" [throughout the composition and recording of the sagas, in the minds of the authors and their listeners, Hólmgarðr remained the capital of the country Garðar/Garðaríki across the Baltic Sea]
  24. ISBN 9789004363816
    .
  25. ^ Rafn, Carl Christian, ed. (1830). "Gaungu-Hrólf Saga". Fornaldar sögur Nordrlanda eptir gömlum handritum (in Icelandic). Kaupmannahöfn: Popp. p. 362: í Hólmgarðaborg er mest atsetr Garðakonúngs, þat er nú kallat Nógarðar [The main residence of the king of Garðar is in Hólmgarðaborg, which is now called Nógarðar]
  26. ISBN 9781317872245
    .
  27. ISBN 978-2-503-53033-8
    .
  28. ^ "The Cronicle of the Hanseatic League". european-heritage.org. Archived from the original on March 7, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  29. ^ Justyna Wubs-Mrozewicz, Traders, ties and tensions: the interactions of Lübeckers, Overijsslers and Hollanders in Late Medieval Bergen, Uitgeverij Verloren, 2008 p. 111
  30. ^ Translation of the grant of privileges to merchants in 1229: "Medieval Sourcebook: Privileges Granted to German Merchants at Novgorod, 1229". Fordham.edu. Retrieved July 20, 2009.
  31. ^ Michael C. Paul, "The Iaroslavichi and the Novgorodian Veche 1230–1270: A Case Study on Princely Relations with the Veche", Russian History/ Histoire Russe 31, No. 1-2 (Spring-Summer 2004): 39-59.
  32. ^ Michael C. Paul, "Secular Power and the Archbishops of Novgorod Before the Muscovite Conquest". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 8, no. 2 (Spring 2007): 231-270.
  33. ^ Michael C. Paul, "Episcopal Election in Novgorod, Russia 1156–1478". Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture 72, No. 2 (June 2003): 251-275.
  34. ^ Janet Martin, Treasure of the Land of Darkness: the Fur Trade and its Significance for Medieval Russia. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
  35. ^ Janet Martin, “Les Uškujniki de Novgorod: Marchands ou Pirates.” Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovietique 16 (1975): 5-18.
  36. ^ Kollmann, Nancy Shields (2017). The Russian Empire 1450-1801. Oxford University Press. p. 50.
  37. ^ Kazakova, N. A. (1984). "Еще раз о закрытии Ганзейского двора в Новгороде в 1494 г.". Новгородский исторический сборник. 2 (12): 177.
  38. ^ Boris Zemtsov, Откуда есть пошла... российская цивилизация, Общественные науки и современность. 1994. № 4. С. 51-62. p. 9 (in Russian)
  39. ^
    ISBN 9785801502373
    .
  40. ISBN 9785867891008
    .
  41. ISBN 9789004138964
    .
  42. ISBN 9785867891008
    .
  43. ISBN 9785867891008
    .
  44. ISBN 9785867891008
    .
  45. S2CID 213325311
    .
  46. ^ Tatiana Tsarevskaia, St. Sophia's Cathedral in Novgorod (Moscow: Severnyi Palomnik, 2005), 3.
  47. ^ Tsarevskaia, 14, 19-22, 24, 29, 35.
  48. ^ Jadwiga Irena Daniec, The Message of Faith and Symbol in European Medieval Bronze Church Doors (Danbury, CT: Rutledge Books, 1999), Chapter III "An Enigma: The Medieval Bronze Church Door of Płock in the Cathedral of Novgorod," 67-97; Mikhail Tsapenko, ed., Early Russian Architecture (Moscow: Progress Publisher, 1969), 34-38
  49. doi:10.11141/ia.54.10
    .
  50. ^ de:Kriegsgräberstätte Nowgorod
  51. ^ "Аэропорт Кречевицы начнёт работать в 2025 году". September 4, 2019.
  52. ISBN 3-540-00238-3
    .
  53. ^ "Международные культурные связи". adm.nov.ru (in Russian). Veliky Novgorod. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  54. ^ "Ystävyyskaupungit". seinajoki.fi (in Finnish). Seinäjoki. Retrieved February 5, 2020.

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Novgorod.
  • Official website of Veliky Novgorod (in Russian)
  • Veliky Novgorod City Portal
  • Veliky Novgorod for tourists
  • The Faceted Palace of the Kremlin in Novgorod the Great site
  • Veliky Novgorod's architecture and buildings history
  • OL 23349695M
    .
  • Annette M. B. Meakin (1906). "Novgorod the Great". Russia, Travels and Studies. London: Hurst and Blackett.
    OL 24181315M
    .
  • Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas a (1911). "Novgorod (government)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). p. 839.
  • Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911). "Novgorod (town)" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). pp. 839–840.
  • Дума Великого Новгорода. Решение №116 от 28 апреля 2005 г. «Устав муниципального образования – городского округа Великий Новгород», в ред. Решения №515 от 11 июня 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Устав муниципального образования – городского округа Великий Новгород». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, но не ранее 1 января 2006 года, за исключением статей, для которых подпунктом 5.1 установлены иные сроки вступления в силу. (Duma of Veliky Novgorod. Decision #116 of April 28, 2005 Charter of the Municipal Formation–Veliky Novgorod Urban Okrug, as amended by the Decision #515 of June 11, 2015 On Amending the Charter of the Municipal Formation–Veliky Novgorod Urban Okrug. Effective as of the day of official publication but not earlier than January 1, 2006, with the exception of the clauses for which subitem 5.1 establishes other dates of taking effect.).
  • Администрация Новгородской области. Постановление №121 от 8 апреля 2008 г. «Об реестре административно-территориального устройства области», в ред. Постановления №408 от 4 августа 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в реестр административно-территориального устройства области». Опубликован: "Новгородские ведомости", №49–50, 16 апреля 2008 г. (Administration of Novgorod Oblast. Resolution #121 of April 8, 2008 On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Novgorod Oblast, as amended by the Resolution #408 of August 4, 2014 On Amending the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Novgorod Oblast. ).
  • Новгородская областная Дума. Областной закон №284-ОЗ от 7 июня 2004 г. «О наделении сельских районов и города Великий Новгород статусом муниципальных районов и городского округа Новгородской области и утверждении границ их территорий», в ред. Областного закона №802-ОЗ от 31 августа 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в некоторые областные Законы, устанавливающие границы муниципальных образований». Вступил в силу со дня, следующего за днём официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Новгородские ведомости", №86, 22 июня 2004 г. (Novgorod Oblast Duma. Oblast Law #284-OZ of June 7, 2004 On Granting the Status of Municipal Districts and Urban Okrug of Novgorod Oblast to the Rural Districts and the City of Veliky Novgorod and on Establishing the Borders of Their Territories, as amended by the Oblast Law #802-OZ of August 31, 2015 On Amending Various Oblast Laws Establishing the Borders of the Municipal Formations. Effective as of the day following the day of the official publication.).
  • Государственная Дума Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №111-ФЗ от 11 июня 1999 г. «О переименовании города Новгорода — административного центра Новгородской области в город Великий Новгород». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No.24, ст. 2892, 14 июня 1999 г. (State Duma of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #111-FZ of June 11, 1999 On Renaming the City of Novgorod—the Administrative Center of Novgorod Oblast—the City of Veliky Novgorod. Effective as of the day of official publication.).
  • William Craft Brumfield. A History of Russian Architecture (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 2004)
    ISBN 978-0-295-98394-3
  • Peter Bogucki. Novgorod (in Lost Cities; 50 Discoveries in World Archaeology, edited by Paul G. Bahn: Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1997)
    ISBN 0-7607-0756-1
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veliky_Novgorod&oldid=1219046676"