Vendobionta

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Vendobionta
Temporal range: Ediacaran–Middle Cambrian
Interpretation of the Ediacaran biota.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Superphylum: †Vendobionta
Seilacher (1992)[1]
Subtaxa
Synonyms

Vendobionts or Vendozoans (Vendobionta) are a proposed very high-level, extinct

monophyletic clade
and not every genus placed in its subtaxa is an animal.

This biological group is not widely recognized; credibility is limited by the expansive speculation needed to establish

photosynthetic. In any case, like the acritarchs, they are considered evolutionary enigmas, and probably an independent and extinct kingdom.[1]

Features

Dickinsonia, a proarticulate.

Within the description of this hypothetical group, characteristics have been proposed that could have been common in all the first groups of Ediacaran organisms:

Structure

Relatively soft body, without hard parts such as armor or skeletons. In appearance, they have been compared to thin inflatable mattresses generally flat and filled with a liquid which has been called plasmodial fluid. Internally they could contain a single compartment (the syncytium)[3] and externally they presented several types of folds or segments (parallel, radial, or concentric) in addition to, probably, some type of cell wall (such as plants or fungi) that offered resistance to contraction or compaction, thus promoting fossilization.[4]

Habitat

All were marine and probably also benthic, inhabiting the seabed, from shallow to deep subtidal environments. Even medusoids, which were thought to be swimmers, were actually later concluded to be like polyps[5] or benthic discs anchored to the seabed, or semi-buried endobentonics. This habitat influenced the popular name of "The garden of Ediacara".

The Ediacarans' abundant preservation is surprising, despite having soft bodies; this nearly surely indicates the absence of burrowing creatures in their home sediments.[6]

Tribrachidium, a trilobozoan.

Mobility

Most lacked locomotion. The oldest groups did not have any capacity for movement, as evidenced by the complete lack of ash and sediment disturbance during fossilization.[4] It is believed that there were no musculature or nervous system, given their simplicity, and many were sessile. However, it is considered that the movement would have appeared in Proarticulata and would have been slow and sliding; presumably, mobile representatives such as Spriggina grazed on a lawn of microorganisms (epifaunal grazing). This characteristic of Proarticulata is the main argument to consider that vendobionts, if they were a clade, would be ascribed to the animal kingdom; although the development of its own nervous system would have been independent of the other animals.[7]

Diet

There is no definitive evidence of the presence of the mouth, anus or a digestive system, although internal structures have been identified.It is believed that the feeding could have been by osmosis,

fungi or bacteria do. The presence of numerous streaks, folds or segments considerably increases the total surface area necessary for the osmotic absorption of nutrients. It was also proposed that they were photosynthetic organisms, however, they lived at different depths, even under 200 meters where light does not reach for photosynthesis. Due to the absence of bite marks in the Ediacaran fossils, it was concluded that the vendobionts were not predators nor were they exposed to them; which could then have made them easy victims of Cambrian
predators.

Growth

They grow preserving their shape and maintain the same number of segments regardless of size, although the segments are subdivided more and more. It is believed that they did not have an embryonic stage. If so, they would be a different group from the other animals.[7]

Reproduction

Vendozoan reproduction would apparently have been asexual. No sex organs or gonads have been recognized.

Age and distribution

Charnia, a frondomorph.

The first to appear were frondomorphs (

medusoids 578 Ma (millions of years) ago and are considered the oldest complex life forms. The Ediacaran biota is chronologically divided into three associations
:

  1. The Avalon association is the oldest fossil bed. It is found in the cliffs of the
    Newfoundland (578–560 Ma), and shows a postglacial, deep-water habitat. The Avalonian organisms are completely benthic, with a predominance of rangeomorphs, well below the photic zone, at a depth of one kilometer, which rules out that they were algae or lichens.[4] The Avalon biota achieve great distribution in all marine niches, worldwide: There was an abrupt appearance of macroscopic organisms in what was called the Avalon explosion, 37 million years before the Cambrian explosion
    . These same organisms – frondomorphs and medusoids – were the last to disappear during the extinction of all Vendobionts in the Cambrian.
  2. The bilateralomorphs (Proarticulata) appeared 555 Ma ago and had more environmental restrictions, being found in tropical seas.[9] The White Sea association (560–550 Ma, Russia and Australia), showed a great variety of new fossil footprints and the greatest diversity occurs in rocks that were deposited in well-lit and energetically active shallow waters.[10]
  3. The last Ediacaran association is that of Nama (550–541 Ma, Namibia), where a decrease in biodiversity is observed, as a preamble to the massive extinction of the Ediacaran biota. Before the end of the Ediacaran period, proarticulates and trilobozoans would have already become extinct; and the last vendobionts disappear with the arrival of the animals of the Cambrian explosion.[11]

Systematic

The classification is very controversial. As a unified group they have been placed primarily in

cnidoblasts and classified in Cnidaria or Coelenterata. Finally, given their antiquity, others consider it speculative to develop a phylogeny or to directly relate these organisms to modern animals
.

Comparison with protists

It has been suggested that vendobionts may come from

amoeboid protozoa or protists, and be, for example, similar to xenophiophores,[12] which are unicellular foraminifera that have developed large size, reaching 20 cm. They could therefore have been unicellular organisms that developed macroscopic size thanks to the absence of predators, since all the groups have a size that ranges from a few millimeters to exceeding a meter in length, favored by the increase in oxygen; in such a way that the opportunity is opened to consider that they were not animals, fungi or plants, but an independent and extinct kingdom.[1] However, structural studies of these fossils have so far revealed no traces of a shell, testa or carapace organic material (sclerotized), agglutinated or mineralized, the presence of which is implicit in this hypothesis.[13]

It has also been suggested that the Ediacaran biota could be formed by colonial organisms, as an intermediate degree between protists and animals.

discoid forms like Aspidella; would indicate that they were not colonial.[4]

Comparison with coelenterates

All vendobionts, except proarticulates, have been classified in Cnidaria by some on the basis of morphological similarities, although differences have also been described.

Similarities

Pennatulacea). Similarly, the extant jellyfish impressions and the Proterozoic
(Ediacaran) medusoid circular impressions show general similarities in the arrangement and position of radial and concentric structures, as well as a central raised axis.

Differences

Recent sea feathers have produced fossil impressions that are more misshapen and irregular than Proterozoic fossils. While in medusoids, concentric rings and radial grooves are more numerous in Proterozoic fossils, as strongly folded or deformed fossils are rare compared to modern jellyfish prints. This could mean that Ediacaran organisms, despite not having hard parts, had stiffer or firmer bodies than many modern cnidarians of comparable size. Many Ediacaran fossils have no counterpart among existing forms. The structural simplicity of the impressions of existing Ediacaran and cnidarians suggests that their mutual similarities may be due to convergence; however, possible phylogenetic affinities between them cannot be completely ruled out.[16]

Difference with Petalonamae

There are important morphological differences. The current sea feathers are actually a colony of polyps, they grow from a polyp that after losing its tentacles becomes the axis of the colony and from which the other tentaculated polyps grow, they are also quite capable of certain movements . On the other hand, the petalonamos are immobile, they do not seem to be a colony and could rather be closer to the proarticulated ones due to their simple and flat shape, because of their segmentation and because of the lack of a mouth, anus and tentacles, in addition, instead of a axis there is usually a middle suture that can be zigzagging if the segments are alternate. An analysis of the growth and development of Charnia fossils through laser imaging of the holotype reveals that it cannot be related to modern cnidarians such as sea feathers, with which it has been compared for so long, because they have opposite growth polarities.[17]

Cyclomedusa, a medusoid.

Differences with medusoids

There are morphological differences between the jellyfish and their globose and gelatinous shape, compared to the flat, discoid medusoids, with relief that is greater on the dorsal side and firmer due to the indications that would reveal the existence of a rigid wall surrounding the body . It can be suggested that there is no evidence that medusoids share biological characteristics with

coelenterates; there is no mouth, no two-layered body wall enclosing a single cavity. This, and the evidence for a rigid outer wall, adds to recent doubts about the concept of an Ediacaran fauna that would have been dominated by soft-bodied coelenterates.[18]

Comparison with articulates

Spriggina, a proarticulate of the group Cephalozoa.

annelids. However, other anatomical features of the proarticulates, mainly the absence of truly complete segmentation, articulated limbs, and any other lateral processes, do not agree with this interpretation. The body of the proarticulates consisted of two rows of identical 'semi-segments' (the isomers), right and left, located along their longitudinal axis, which does not correspond to the articulated ones. This type of symmetry is not typical in animals; instead, it has been observed in other vendobionts, protists, multicellular colonies and frequently in plants.[19]

In general, Vendobionta is being defined as a group apart from animals, with no proven common origin. However, those in favor of considering them animals, see in the discovery of trails left by some proarticulates that would have locomotion, a decisive argument of the relationship with the metazoans.[19]

Comparison with fungi

It has been hypothesized that Ediacaran organisms such as frondomorphs or medusoids, could be related to fungi (

fruiting bodies
. For other Ediacaran fossils, a fungal model is clearly inappropriate.

References

  1. ^
    S2CID 128681462
    . Retrieved 21 June 2007.
  2. ^ Martínez Chacón, María Luisa. Invertebrate paleontology (Report). Spain: Paleontology, Geological, and Mining Institute.
  3. ^
    S2CID 85146476
    .
  4. ^ a b c d e Peterson, Kevin J.; Waggoner, Ben; Hagadorn, James W. (1 February 2003). "A fungal analog for Newfoundland Ediacaran fossils?".
    PMID 21680417
    .
  5. UC Berkeley
    .
  6. ^ Stanley, S.M. (1973). "An ecological theory for the sudden origin of multicellular life in the Late Precambrian".
    PMID 16592084
    . Retrieved 21 June 2007.
  7. ^
    ISBN 9780231105590
  8. ^ Laflamme, Marc; Shuhai, Xiao; Kowalewski, Michał (2009). "Osmotrophy in modular Ediacara organisms".
    PMID 19706530
    .
  9. PMID 21680415
    .
  10. ^ Dornbos, Stephen Q.; Clapham, Matthew E.; Fraiser, Margaret L.; la Flamme, Marc (2012). "Chapter 5: Lessons from the fossil record: The Ediacaran radiation" (PDF). In Solan, Martin; Aspden, Rebecca J.; Paterson, David M. (eds.). Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  11. ^ The Ediacara biota and first mass extinction of metazoan life (video). National Museum of Natural History. Smithsonian Institution. 2016 – via YouTube.
  12. ^ Zhuravlev, A.Y. (1993). "Were Ediacaran Vendobionta multicellulars?". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. 190: 299–314.
  13. ^ Waggoner, B.M. (1998). Three-dimensional anatomy and microstructure of some simple "medusoids" from the Vendian of Siberia. Geological Society of America (abstract). Prog. 3034.
  14. ^ Bergström, J. (1991). "Metazoan evolution around the Precambrian-Cambrian transition". In Simonetta, A.M.; Conway Morris, S. (eds.). The Early Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 25–34.
  15. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<1047:WSMMSS>2.3.CO;2
    . Retrieved 18 December 2022 – via ResearchGate.com.
  16. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1989.tb01439.x
    .
  17. S2CID 83486435
    .
  18. doi:10.1002/gj.3350300202
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  19. ^
    S2CID 128638405
    .

External links
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