Order of Saint John (chartered 1888)
Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem | |
---|---|
Order of chivalry | |
Established | 1888 |
Motto | Pro Fide Pro Utilitate Hominum[1] |
Eligibility | Service to the order |
Status | Extant |
Sovereign Head | Charles III |
Grand Prior | The Duke of Gloucester |
Lord Prior | Professor Mark Compton |
Grades |
|
Precedence | |
Next (higher) | Dependent on State |
Next (lower) | Dependent on State |
Ribbon of the order |
The Order of St John,
The order traces its origins back to the
The order is found throughout the
The Order of St John is perhaps best known for the health organisations it founded and continues to run, including
History
Emergence
In 1823, the Council of the French Langues—a French state-backed and hosted faction
The council was reorganised and the
Sir Robert Peat died in April 1837 and
Order of St John of Jerusalem in Great Britain
In 1871, the Duke of Manchester instituted a new constitution, which again changed the order's name, offering the more modest Order of Saint John of Jerusalem in England, abandoning the pretension to the title of "Sovereign Order".
The name given in 1888, when the order was first constituted as the present order of chivalry by
Structure
Officers
List of grand priors
Since the Order's Royal Charter of 1888, the Grand Prior has been appointed by the Sovereign Head and has always been a member of the British royal family.
- The Reverend Sir Robert Peat (1831–1837)[41]
- Sir Henry Dymoke (1838–1847)[41]
- Lieutenant Colonel Sir Charles Lamb (1847–1860)[41]
- Rear Admiral Sir Alexander Arbuthnott (1860–1861)[41]
- William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester (1861–1888)[41]
- Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (1888–1901)[41]
- George, Prince of Wales (1901–1910)[41]
- Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (1910–1939)[41]
- Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1939–1974)[41]
- Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester (1975–present)[41]
List of priors
From 1888 until 1943, this office was styled "Sub Prior" and from 1943 until 1950 it was named "Prior."[42]
Sub-priors
- Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale (1888–1892)[42]
- Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York (1893–1901)[42]
- John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow (1906–1907)[42]
- Vacant (1908–1910)[42]
- Henry Holland, 1st Viscount Knutsford (1910–1914)[42]
- Robert Windsor-Clive, 1st Earl of Plymouth (1915–1923)[42]
- Aldred Lumley, 10th Earl of Scarbrough (1923–1943)[42]
Priors
- Ivor Windsor-Clive, 2nd Earl of Plymouth (1943)[42]
- George Villiers, 6th Earl of Clarendon (1943–1946)[42]
- John Loder, 2nd Baron Wakehurst (1947–1950)[42]
Lord priors
- John Loder, 2nd Baron Wakehurst (1950–1969)[41]
- Harold Caccia, Baron Caccia (1969–1981)[42]
- Sir Maurice Dorman (1982–1985)[42]
- Alan Cathcart, 6th Earl Cathcart (1986–1987)[42]
- Ralph Grey, Baron Grey of Naunton (1988–1990)[42]
- Samuel Vestey, 3rd Baron Vestey (1991–2001)[42]
- Colonel Eric Barry (2002–2008)[42]
- Anthony Mellows (2008–2014)
- Neil Conn (2014–2015)
- Sir Malcolm Ross (2016–2019)
- Mark Compton (2019–present),[43] present at the 2023 Coronation.[44]
Grades
After the officers of the Order follow members, who are divided into six hierarchical grades, all having accordant post-nominal letters.[45] Grade I is limited to only the members of the Grand Council plus no more than 21 others,[46] though royalty and heads of state of any country may be appointed as a Bailiff or Dame Grand Cross without counting towards the complement.[47] All Priors, should they not already be in the grade or higher, are appointed Knight or Dame upon their assignment.[48] Knights and Dames of Justice, along with all Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross, formerly were entitled to nominate two personal Esquires, just as each Knight or Dame of Grace could nominate one personal Esquire, subject to the Grand Council's scrutiny.[49]
Grades of the Order of St John | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grade | Grade I | Grade II | Grade III | Grade IV | Grade V |
Title (English) | Bailiff/Dame Grand Cross | Knights/Dames of Justice or Grace | Commander/Chaplain | Officer | Member |
Title (French)[n 1] | Bailli/Dame grand-croix | Chevalier/Dame de justice ou grâce | Commandeur | Officier | Membre |
Post-nominal letters | GCStJ | KStJ/DStJ | CStJ/ChStJ | OStJ | MStJ |
Knights and Dames receive the accolade from the Grand Prior when they are touched on the shoulder with a sword and are given their robes and insignia. However, jurisdiction dependent, post-nominal letters of the order are not used outside the organisation itself, and a Knight and Dame may not use the prefix Sir or Dame,[50][51][52][53][54] though they may request from their local heraldic authority a personal coat of arms, should they not already be entitled to use one, and have it adorned with emblems of the Order of St John. Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross additionally have the right to be granted heraldic supporters for life. Further, membership only grants precedence within the Order, which is graded as follows:[55]
- The Sovereign Head
- The Grand Prior
- The Lord Prior of St John
- The Prior of a Priory or the Knight or Dame Commander of a Commandery when within the territory of the establishment
- The Prelate of the Order
- The Deputy Lord Prior or the Deputy Lord Priors and if more than one by seniority in their grade
- The Sub-Prior of the Order
- Former Great Officers
- Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross
- The Prior of a Priory or the Knight or Dame Commander of a Commandery outside the territory of the establishment
- Members of the Grand Council not included above by seniority in their grade
- The Principal Officers by seniority of their office
- The Sub-Prelates and the Honorary Sub-Prelates
- The Hospitaller of the Order
- Knights and Dames
- Chaplains
- Commanders
- Officers
- Members (formerly Serving Brothers and Serving Sisters)
- Priory Esquires (Priory Esquires are not members of the Order)
Precedence within each grade is dictated by date of appointment,[56] save for those in Grade I who are either a head of state or royal, in which case they all precede other members in their grade as follows:[55]
- Members of the Sovereign's family
- Heads of state from the Commonwealth of Nations
- Foreign heads of state
- Members of other Commonwealth royal families
- Members of foreign royal families
Awards are presented within the order: the Priory Vote of Thanks, the St John's Provincial/Territorial Commendation (in Canada), the Life Saving Award (Without Risk) in Silver, and the Service Medal of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem.[57]
Priories and commanderies
Following constitutional changes made in 1999, the
The Order of St John is said to have arrived in Canada in 1648, as the second Governor of New France, Charles de Montmagny, was a member of the original order, but it was not until 1883 that the first branch of the modern organisation was established in the Dominion, at Quebec City, growing to 12 branches by 1892.[60] The Order of St John today constitutes part of the Canadian national honours system and the priory, established in 1946 out of the Commandery of Canada, is the largest outside of the United Kingdom,[61] with some 6,000 members.[62] The governor general, serves as the prior and chief officer in Canada, while lieutenant governors act as the vice-priors, overseeing the administration of the order in their respective province.[61] These individuals thus automatically become Knights or Dames of Justice upon their assuming viceregal office.
An American Society of the Order of St John was established in 1957 as a foundation to assist the order with charitable work, after 1961 focusing its efforts specifically on the
Vestments and insignia
Upon admission into the Order of St John, confrères are presented with appropriate
Insignia of the Order of St John | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grade | Bailiffs/Dames Grand Cross | Knights/Dames of Justice | Knights/Dames of Grace | Commanders | Officers | Members |
Insignia | ||||||
Diameter | 82.5 millimetres (3.25 in) 57.2 millimetres (2.25 in) suspended |
57.2 millimetres (2.25 in) | 57.2 millimetres (2.25 in) | 57.2 millimetres (2.25 in) | 44.4 millimetres (1.75 in) | 44.4 millimetres (1.75 in) |
Material | Enamel | Enamel | Enamel | Enamel | Enamel | Silver |
Backing and embellishments |
Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Silver | Silver[n 3] |
All Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross may wear their badges at the left hip on a 101.6 millimetres (4.00 in) (for men) or 82.5 millimetres (3.25 in) (for women) wide, black watered silk ribbon over the right shoulder and from a 16.5 millimetres (0.65 in) wide black band at the collar. Male Knights Justice or Grace and Commanders wear their badges on a 16.5mm wide ribbon at the neck, while Officers and Members have theirs on a 38 millimetres (1.5 in) straight ribbon suspended from a medal bar on the left breast. Females in all grades have the option of wearing their insignia on a ribbon bow pinned at the left shoulder.[66] Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross, Knights and Dames of Justice or Grace, and chaplains may all also wear a breast star,[67] which appears the same as their badges, only at a diameter of 88.9 millimetres (3.50 in) and without embellishments for those in Grade I and 76 millimetres (3.0 in) for those in Grade II.[68] Further, those in these groups are also given a button for wear on the lapel of non-formal civilian clothing, for events such as business meetings of the order.[69] In general, the insignia of the Order of St John may be worn at all occasions where other decorations are worn, not only those connected with the ceremonies of the order.[70]
All members of the Order are also required to wear specific robes for formal occasions of the society, including a mantle, sopra vest, and hat. The mantles of the Sovereign Head and Grand Prior are all of black silk velvet and lined with white silk, the Sovereign Head's mantle is differentiated by an additional train. Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross and, before 1926, Knights of Justice formerly wore black silk robes with a lining of the same material and colour; these members now wear the same mantle as Commanders and Officers, which are made of black merino wool faced with black silk. The only other unique mantles are those of the Medical Officer of the St John Ophthalmic Hospital, which bears a special pattern,[71] and of chaplains, which is a black silk robe with full sleeves. Each cloak also bears on its left side a rendition of the order's star in white silk: the Sovereign Head, Grand Prior, and those in the first two grades of the order all have a 300 millimetres (12 in) diameter emblem; the Sovereign's and Grand Prior's are of white silk with gold adornments, the former's also surmounted by a St Edward's Crown, while those for Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross, Knights and Dames of Justice, and Knights and Dames of Grace are rendered in white linen, the first two groups having embellishments in gold silk, the latter in white silk. Similarly, the star for Commanders and Officers is of white linen with white silk ornamentation, though they are only 228.6 millimetres (9.00 in) and 152.4 millimetres (6.00 in) in diameter, respectively. The secretaries of the order, the priors and the commanders also wear the badge superimposed upon two goose quill pens embroidered saltire-wise in white silk.[71]
The sopra (or supra) vest is a long drape of thin, black cloth that buttons close down the neck and to one side, falling to the ankles and cut so as to entirely cover the body. It is similar to a cassock, though it is actually derived from the supra vesta—a black surcoat worn in the mid-13th century by the Knights of St John. Confrères in Grade I have a plain, white, 300mm diameter Maltese Cross on their sopra vests, while members of Grades II and III, plus chaplains, have a plain garment, though the wearer's Order of St John insignia is displayed outside the vest, 152mm below the collar. Clerical inductees of the order may, when officiating, wear over their cassock and surplice a mozzetta of black with red lining, edging, and buttons, a 76mm wide star worn on the left breast and the accordant badge suspended at the neck.[72] When full mantles and sopra vests are worn a black velvet Tudor-style hat is included.[73]
Eligibility and appointment
The Sovereign Head confirms all appointments to the order as he, in his absolute discretion, shall think fit,[74] though the constitution does impose certain limitations: the maximum number of members is set at 35,000,[75] and appointees may not be under the age of 18.[76] Recommendations are made by the Grand Council and those selected have generally acted in such a manner as to strengthen the spirit of mankind—as reflected in the order's first motto, Pro Fide—and to encourage and promote humanitarian and charitable work aiding those in sickness, suffering, and/or danger—as reflected in the order's other motto, Pro Utilitate Hominum.[77][78]
To be inducted, new members must recite the organisation's declaration:
- "I do solemnly declare that I will be faithful and obedient to The Order of St John and its Sovereign Head as far as it is consistent with my duty to my [sovereign/president] and to my country; that I will do everything in my power to uphold its dignity and support its charitable works; and that I will endeavour always to uphold the aims of this Christian order and to conduct myself as a person of honour."[79]
Notwithstanding the order's promotion of Christian values of charity and its official stance that the order has a "Christian character", its Grand Council has since 1999 affirmed that "profession of the Christian Faith should not be a condition of membership of the Order." The issue of the order's Christian character and the issue of "inclusive membership" was dealt with in the Grand Council's Pro Fide Report in 2005, wherein it was said that the order's life is shaped by Christian faith and values, but that "[r]ather than the emphasis being primarily upon 'spiritual beliefs or doctrine' it is on works of mercy rendered through St John". Therefore, while the Great Officers are required to profess the Christian faith, the same is "not an essential condition of membership" and "[t]he onus is on the man or woman who is invited to the privilege of membership to decide whether he or she can with a good conscience promise to be faithful to the stated aims and purposes of this Christian lay order of chivalry." On the subject of inclusive membership, the report stated "Christian hospitality is a criterion which can be applied to the Order's relationships to persons of other religious faiths", and "the Order needs to be characterized by a hospitable disposition towards other faith traditions while holding fast to its own origins and foundational identity in Christian faith."[80]
Order of wear
Admission to or promotion within the Order of St John does "not confer any rank, style, title, dignity, appellation or social precedence whatsoever".[81] Its place in the order of wear varies from country to country. Unlike those of other hierarchical orders, all grades of the Order of St John rank between the order's predecessor and successor. Some examples follow:
Country | Preceding | Following |
---|---|---|
Order of Wearing )
|
Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM) | Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM) (if awarded prior to 6 October 1992)[n 4] Conspicuous Service Medal (CSM)[n 5] |
Order of wear )
|
Member of the Royal Victorian Order (MVO) | Grand Officer of the National Order of Quebec (GOQ) |
Order of wear )
|
Royal Red Cross (Class II) (ARRC) | Distinguished Conduct Medal (DCM)[83] |
United Kingdom | Royal Red Cross (Class II) (ARRC) | Distinguished Service Medal (DSM)[84] |
Current Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross
- Sovereign Head: King Charles III
- Grand Prior: GCStJ, appointed Grand Prior and Bailiff Grand Cross in 1975
- Bailiffs and Dames Grand Cross
Name | Post-nominals | Year appointed |
---|---|---|
Queen Noor of Jordan | GCStJ |
1989[85] |
The Dowager Lady Westbury | JP |
1990 |
Sir Norman Lloyd-Edwards | JP, RD |
1996 |
John Strachan | GCStJ |
1997 |
Villis Raymond Marshall | GCStJ |
1999 |
Lady Elizabeth Godsal | DL |
2000 |
Audrey, Baroness Emerton | FRCN |
2004 |
Colonel Sir James Stirling | FRICS |
2004 |
Neville Byron Darrow | GCStJ |
2005 |
David Kingan | DL |
2006 |
John David Spencer | GCStJ |
2006 |
Bishop Jack Nicholls | GCStJ |
2007 |
Anthony Hugh Chignell | FRCS |
2008 |
Anne, Princess Royal | 2009[86] | |
Brigadier John Hemsley | GCStJ |
2009 |
John Mah | QC |
2009 |
Major Ian Crowther | GCStJ |
2010 |
John R. Drexel IV | GCStJ |
2010 |
David Hugh Thomas | GCStJ |
2010 |
Richard Bruce | GCStJ |
2011 |
The Hon Neil Conn | GCStJ |
2012 |
Stuart Shilson | DL |
2013 |
Judith Ann Hoban | GCStJ |
2013 |
Patrick Burgess | DL |
2014 |
Major General Prof. John Pearn |
GCStJ, RFD |
2014 |
Alfred Marshall Acuff | GCStJ |
2014 |
Low Bin Tick | GCStJ |
2014 |
Bishop Tim Stevens | GCStJ |
2016 |
Fiona, The Honourable Lady Barttelot | DL |
2017 |
Professor Mark Compton | GCStJ |
2017 |
Major Marsden Madoka | GCStJ |
2020 |
Dr Gillian Elisabeth Willmore | GCStJ |
2020 |
Deon François Schõnland Fourie | GCStJ |
2021 |
Steven Alan Evans | GCStJ |
2021 |
Robert Hector White | GCStJ |
2022[87] |
The Duchess of Edinburgh | GCStJ, CD |
2022[88] |
Ann Elizabeth Cable | DL |
2023 |
Cameron Oxley | GCStJ |
2024 [89] |
See also
- Service Medal of the Order of St John
- Donat of the Order of Saint John
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta
- List of the priors of Saint John of Jerusalem in England
- List of bailiffs and dames grand cross of the Order of St John
- Order of Saint John (Bailiwick of Brandenburg)
- Museum of the Order of St John
Notes
- ^ a b For use in Canada, in accordance with the country's policy of official bilingualism.
- ^ An older style of badge for Serving Brothers and Sisters is circular and silver with a white enamel Maltese cross on a black enamel background.
- ^ The "Australian Honours Order of Wearing" stipulates: "All Imperial British awards made to Australian citizens after 5 October 1992 are foreign awards and should be worn accordingly."[82] Generally, foreign awards are worn after Australian awards and postnominals of foreign awards are not recognised.
- ^ The Most Venerable Order of Saint John is listed in the Australian Honours Order of Wearing to indicate where any awards within the Order of St John should be worn (including those awarded after 1992); however, the Service Medal of the Order of St John should be worn as a Long Service Medal after all other Imperial Long Service awards. Post-nominals within the Order of St John are not recognised as notified in the Governor-General's media release of 14 August 1982.[54]
References
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- ^ Elizabeth II 2004, p. 10, s. 2.1.k
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The Order of St John, now known as St John International
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- ^ a b Temple 2008.
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{{cite journal}}
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- ^ OCLC 696024272.
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- ^ Office of the Governor General of Canada. "It's an Honour > Additional Information". Queen's Printer for Canada. Retrieved 9 November 2010.
- ^ The Australian Army (2001), Army Protocol Manual, Australian Government Publishing Service, p. AL1
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- ^ Elizabeth II (2003), The St. John (Order) Regulations, 2.i, Westminster: Queen's Printer, p. 29, retrieved 10 August 2009
- ^ Elizabeth II 2003, p. 34, s. 5.i–5.iv
- ^ Elizabeth II 2003, p. 34, s. 4
- ^ Elizabeth II 2003, pp. 36–37, s. 7.ii–7.iv
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- ^ Elizabeth II 2003, p. 38, s. 9.ii–9.v
- ^ Elizabeth II 2003, p. 39, s. 11.i
- ^ Elizabeth II 2003, p. 33 s. 3
- ^ a b Elizabeth II 2003, p. 40, s. 15.ii–15.vii
- ^ Elizabeth II 2003, p. 42, s. 19.ii
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- ^ Elizabeth II 2004, p. 35, s. 37.1
- ^ Elizabeth II 2004, p. 32, s. 33.2
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- ^ Elizabeth II 2004, p. 32, s. 33.1.c
- ^ Elizabeth II 2004, p. 32, s. 34
- ^ Order of St John, Grand Council Pro Fide report, 2005.[full citation needed]
- ^ Elizabeth II 2004, p. 31, s. 32
- ^ Office of the Governor-General of Australia (25 September 2007), Order of Wearing Australian Honours and Awards (PDF), Australian Government Publishing Service, p. 1, archived from the original (PDF) on 11 February 2014, retrieved 24 March 2011
- ^ New Zealand Defence Force. "Medals Home > general medals information > order of wear". Queen's Printer for New Zealand. Retrieved 30 July 2009.
- ^ "No. 62529". The London Gazette (1st supplement). 2019-01-11. pp. 326–329. Order of Wear
- ^ "No. 51767". The London Gazette. 16 June 1989. p. 7104.
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- ^ Canada Gazette
- ^ "No. 63692". The London Gazette. 9 May 2022. p. 8838.
- ^ "Cameron Oxley Promoted to Bailiff Grand Cross". www.stjohninternational.org. 16 February 2024. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
- ^ "Precedence within the Order". www.stjohninternational.org. Retrieved 2019-11-10.
Bibliography
- Elizabeth II (1974), "Supplemental Royal Charter, 1974", in Elizabeth II (ed.), Royal Charters and Statutes of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, 5, Westminster: Queen's Printer (published 2004), p. 6, retrieved 1 December 2016
- Hoegen Dijkhof, Hans J. (2006). The Legitimacy of Orders of St. John: A Historical and Legal Analysis and Case Study of a Para-Religious Phenomenon. Leiden: University of Leiden. ISBN 90-6550-954-2.
- King, E. J. (Earl of Scarbrough) (1924). The Grand Priory of the Order of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem in England. Literary Licensing, LLC. ISBN 978-1-4940-5105-1.
- ISBN 978-1-55002-740-2.
- Temple, Philip, ed. (2008). "St John's Gate and St John's Lane". South and East Clerkenwell. Survey of London. Vol. 46. New Haven, London: English Heritage. pp. 142–63. ISBN 978-0-300-13727-9.
- ISBN 0-86078-438-X.
- ISBN 978-0-231-51794-2.
- ISBN 978-0-300-06885-6.
- Stephens, Edward Bell (1837). The Basque Provinces: Their Political State, Scenery, and Inhabitants; With Adventures Among the Carlists and Christinos. Whittaker & Co.
External links
- Official website
- When was the Venerable Order founded, and by whom?, Museum of the Order of St John, Clerkenwell, London (archived 2 April 2015)
- The British Order of Saint John (F.Velde)
- "The Order of St John Regulations" (PDF). Order of St. John. 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 10 December 2013.
- "The Alliance of the Orders of St. John of Jerusalem". The Secretariat of the Alliance of Orders of St John.
- "VOSJ Source". VOSJ Source.