Vergence (optics)
In optics, vergence is the angle formed by rays of light that are not perfectly parallel to one another. Rays that move closer to the optical axis as they propagate are said to be converging, while rays that move away from the axis are diverging. These imaginary rays are always perpendicular to the wavefront of the light, thus the vergence of the light is directly related to the radii of curvature of the wavefronts. A convex lens or concave mirror will cause parallel rays to focus, converging toward a point. Beyond that focal point, the rays diverge. Conversely, a concave lens or convex mirror will cause parallel rays to diverge.
Light does not actually consist of imaginary rays and light sources are not single-point sources, thus vergence is typically limited to simple ray modeling of optical systems. In a real system, the vergence is a product of the diameter of a light source, its distance from the optics, and the curvature of the optical surfaces. An increase in curvature causes an increase in vergence and a decrease in
The simple ray model fails for some situations, such as for laser light, where Gaussian beam analysis must be used instead.
Definition
In geometrical optics, vergence describes the curvature of optical wavefronts.[1] Vergence is defined as
where n is the medium's refractive index and r is the distance from the point source to the wavefront. Vergence is measured in units of
All light sources produce some degree of divergence, as the waves exiting these sources always have some degree of curvature. At the proper distance, these waves can be straightened by use of a lens or mirror, creating
The light can also be pictured as consisting of a bundle of lines radiating in the direction of propagation, which are always perpendicular to the wavefront, called "rays". These imaginary lines of infinitely small thicknesses are separated by only the angle between them. In
This angular relationship becomes especially important with laser operations such as
However, this measure of the curvature of wavefronts is only fully valid in
Convergence, divergence, and sign convention
Wavefronts propagating toward a single point yield positive vergence. This is also referred to as convergence since the wavefronts are all converging to the same point of focus. Contrarily, wavefronts propagating away from a single source point give way to negative vergence. Negative vergence is also called divergence.
See also
References
- ^ ISBN 978-981-238-202-3.
- ^ a b Ophthalmic Medical Personnel: A Guide to Laws, Formulae, Calculations, and Clinical Applications by Aaron V. Shukla – Slack Inc. 2009 Page 73–76
- ^ Clinical Optics and Refraction by Andrew Keirl, Caroline Christie – Elsevier 2007 Page 11–15
- ^ Handbook of Ophthalmology by Amar Agarwal – Slack Inc. 2006 Page 597
- ^ Encyclopedia of Modern Optics by Bob D. Guenther, Duncan Steel – Elsevier 2018 Page 113
- ^ Laser Materials Processing (Manufacturing, Engineering, and Materials Processing) by Leonard R. Migliore – CRC Press 2018 Page 50
- ^ "Focusing and Collimating".
- ^ Laser Beam Shaping Applications by Fred M. Dickey, Todd E. Lizotte – CRC Press 2017 Page 76–77