Verpa bohemica

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Verpa bohemica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Pezizomycetes
Order: Pezizales
Family: Morchellaceae
Genus: Verpa
Species:
V. bohemica
Binomial name
Verpa bohemica
Synonyms[1]
  • Morchella bohemica Krombh. (1828)
  • Ptychoverpa bohemica (Krombh.) Boud. (1907)
Verpa bohemica
saprotrophic
Edibility is edible but not recommended

Verpa bohemica is a species of

µm, and the presence of only two spores per ascus
.

Verpa bohemica is found in northern North America, Europe, and Asia. It fruits in early spring, growing on the ground in woods following the snowmelt, before the appearance of true morels. Although widely considered edible, if incorrectly prepared, consumption of the mushroom may lead to poisoning in susceptible individuals; symptoms include gastrointestinal upset and lack of muscular coordination.

Taxonomy

The species was first

classified as a section of Verpa.[7] The section is characterized by the presence of thick longitudinal ridges on the cap that can be simple or forked.[8] The species was first discovered in Canada by Alfred Brooker Klugh shortly before 1910[9] where it was referred to by another synonym, Morchella bispora.[10][11]

Etymology

The

specific epithet bohemica refers to Bohemia (now a part of the Czech Republic),[12] where Krombholz originally collected the species.[2] The mushroom is commonly known as the "early morel",[13] "early false morel", or the "wrinkled thimble-cap".[14] Ptychoverpa is derived from the Ancient Greek ptyx (genitive form ptychos), meaning "fold", layer", or "plate".[15]

Description

The

anastomose) in a vein-like network. The cap is attached to the stem at the top only—hanging from the top of the stipe, with the lobed edge free from the stem—and varies in color from yellowish brown to reddish brown; the underside of the cap is pale. The stem is 6 to 12 cm (2+3⁄8 to 4+3⁄4 in) long by 1 to 2.5 cm (3⁄8 to 1 in) thick, cream-white in color, and tapers upward so that the stem is thicker at the base than at the top.[16] Although the stem is initially loosely stuffed with cottony hyphae, it eventually becomes hollow in maturity; overall, the mushroom is rather fragile.[17] The spore deposit is yellow, and the flesh is white.[18]

Relative to other typical mushroom species, the

heliotropic—they bend toward light. As he noted, "I cut transverse sections though their pilei, examined these sections under the microscope, and at once perceived that in all the hymenial grooves and depressions the asci were curved outwards so that their opercula must have faced the strongest rays of light to which the ends of the asci has been subjected in the places where the fruit-bodies developed."[21] This response to the stimulus of light is significant because it permits a fruit body to point and later discharge its asci towards open spaces, thus increasing the chances that the spores will be dispersed by wind.[21] The paraphyses are thick and club-shaped, with diameters of 7–8 µm at their tips.[22]

  • Stems of young fruit bodies are initially stuffed with soft, cottony tissue.
    Stems of young fruit bodies are initially stuffed with soft, cottony tissue.
  • The spores are large, measuring up to 80 µm long.
    The spores are large, measuring up to 80 µm long.

Similar species

Lookalike species include the half-free morel (left) and Verpa conica (right).

The closely related Verpa conica typically has a smooth cap, but it can be wrinkled; V. conica may be distinguished microscopically by its eight-spored asci.[23] Its North American range extends much further south than V. bohemica.[20]

Another similar group of species are the "half-free" morels, e.g. Morchella semilibera, M. populiphila, and M. punctipes.[24] These typically have a honeycombed cap attached to the stalk for about half of its length, and with ridges that are darker than the pits. In cross-section, the stem of M. semilibera stem is hollow, while that of V. bohemica usually has cottony wisps;[5] M. semilibera usually has vertical perforations near the base, while V. bohemica does not.[25]

Verpa bohemica may be reliably distinguished from all similar species by its much larger spores.[25]

Distribution, habitat and ecology

The fungus has a wide distribution throughout northern North America;[5] its range extends south to the Great Lakes in the Midwestern United States, and south to northern California on the West Coast.[20] In Europe, the fungus is widely distributed, and has been collected from Austria,[26] the Czech Republic,[27] Denmark,[26] Finland,[28] Germany,[29] Norway,[30] Poland,[31] Russia, [32] Romania, Slovenia,[26] Spain,[26] Sweden,[33] and Ukraine.[34] In Asia, it has been recorded from India[35] and Turkey.[36]

The fruit bodies of V. bohemica grow singly or scattered on the ground in woods in early spring, often before the appearance of the

mycorrhizal for at least part of its life cycle.[40]

A 10-year study of the distribution, time of fruiting and habitats of morel and false morel population in

dipterans (flies), including Porricondyla media, Pegomya geniculata, and Trichocera annulata.[42]

Edibility

Despite being sold (usually frozen) in Russia, the

disulfiram-like reaction) after consumption.[47]

According to one report, the edibility of Verpa is similar to that of Morchella.[45] It should always be cooked thoroughly and, if being eaten for the first time, restricted to small portions to test tolerance.[13] Some advocate only eating the caps and discarding the stems.[48] Opinions on the flavor of the mushrooms vary, ranging from "strong but not on a par with true morels",[23] to "pleasant",[18] to "not distinctive".[5]

References

  1. ^ "Verpa bohemica (Krombh.) J. Schröt. 1893". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2010-12-27.
  2. ^ a b von Krombholz JV. (1831). "Böhmische Morchel, ganz offene Morchel. — Morchella bohemica. KRLZ. böhm. Kačenky". Naturgetreue Abbildungen und Beschreibungen der Essbaren, Schädlichen und Verdächtigen Schwämme (1): 3–5.
  3. ^ Schröter J. (1893). Kryptogamen-Flora von Schlesien [Cryptogamic flora of Silesia] (in German). Vol. 3. Breslau, Germany: J.U. Kern's Verlag. p. 25.
  4. ^ a b Boudier JLÉ. (1907). Histoire et Classification des Discomycètes d'Europe (in French). Paris, France: Klincksieck. p. 34.
  5. ^ a b c d e Kuo M. (January 2005). "Verpa bohemica". MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
  6. ^ Boudier É. (1892). "Note sur les Morchella Bohemica Kromb. et voisons". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France (in French). 8: 141–4.
  7. ^ Underwood L. (1892). "North American Helvellales". Minnesota Botanical Studies. Reports of the Survey. Botanical Series II. 2: 485.
  8. ^ Underwood LM. (1899). Moulds, Mildews, and Mushrooms; A Guide to the Systematic Study of the Fungi and Mycetozoa and their Literature. New York, New York: H. Holt. p. 65.
  9. ISBN 9780773564404
    .
  10. ^ "Morchella bispora". Mycobank. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  11. ^ "Morchella bispora". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  12. ISBN 0-472-85610-3
    .
  13. ^
    ISBN 0-395-91090-0
    .
  14. ^
    ISBN 0-295-96480-4
    .
  15. ISBN 978-0-8061-3029-3
    .
  16. ^
    ISBN 978-1-58729-627-7
    .
  17. ISBN 0-919433-47-2
    .
  18. ^ a b Phillips R. "Verpa bohemica". Rogers Plants Ltd. Retrieved 2011-05-03.
  19. ^
    ISBN 0-8166-1407-5
    .
  20. ^
    ISBN 0-472-03036-1
    .
  21. ^ a b Buller AHR. (1958). Researches on Fungi. Vol. 6. New York, New York: Hafner Publishing. pp. 323–4.
  22. ^ Seaver FJ. (1942). The North American cup-fungi (Operculates) (Supplement ed.). New York, New York: Self published. p. 244.
  23. ^
    ISBN 0-89815-169-4
    .
  24. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7
    .
  25. ^
    ISBN 0-292-72080-7
    .
  26. ^ a b c d "Species: Ptychoverpa bohemica (Krombh.) Boud. 1907". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
  27. ^ Svrček M. (1981). "Katalog operkulátních diskomycetů (Pezizales) Československa II. (O-W)" [List of operculate discomycetes Pezizales recorded from Czechoslovakia 2. O-W]. Ceska Mykologie (in Czech). 35 (2): 64–89.
  28. ISSN 0453-3402
    .
  29. JSTOR 3761172. Archived from the original
    on 2016-01-24. Retrieved 2011-06-04.
  30. ISSN 0006-5269
    .
  31. ^ Skirgiello A. (1960). "Discomycètes de printemps de Bialowieza" [Spring Discomycetes of Bialowieza]. Monographiae Botanicae (in French). 10 (2): 3–19.
  32. ISSN 0033-9946
    .
  33. ISSN 0039-646X
    .
  34. ^ Minter DW, Hayova VP, Minter TJ, Tykhonenko YY. "Verpa bohemica (Krombh.) J. Schröt". Electronic Distribution Maps of Ukrainian Fungi. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-05-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ISSN 0971-9393
    .
  36. ISSN 0556-3321
    .
  37. ^ Skirgiello A. (1967). "Materiały do poznania rozmieszczenia geograficznego grzybów wyższych w Europie. II" [Contribution to the knowledge of geographical distribution of higher fungi in Europe: II]. Acta Mycologica (in Polish). 3: 243–9.
  38. JSTOR 2990072
    .
  39. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00134.x
    .
  40. ISBN 978-0-472-03126-9
    .
  41. ^ Tiffany LJ, Knaphaus G, Huffman DM (1998). "Distribution and ecology of the morels and false morels of Iowa". Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science. 105 (1): 1–15. Archived from the original (abstract) on 2012-08-29.
  42. doi:10.1134/S0013873808070038
    .
  43. ISBN 0-520-03656-5
    .
  44. ISBN 978-0-442-24580-1
    .
  45. ^ a b Paolo Davoli; Nicola Sitta (2015). "Early Morels and Little Friars, or a Short Essay on the Edibility of Verpa bohemica" (PDF). Fungi. 8: 4–9. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
  46. ISBN 978-0-8117-0834-0
    .
  47. PMID 32751277
    .
  48. ISBN 978-0-472-03274-7
    .

External links

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