Verreaux's sifaka

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Verreaux's sifaka

Critically Endangered  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
Family: Indriidae
Genus: Propithecus
Species:
P. verreauxi
Binomial name
Propithecus verreauxi
Distribution of P. verreauxi[1]
Synonyms
  • majori Rothschild, 1894
  • verreauxoides Lamberton, 1936

Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi), or the white sifaka, is a medium-sized

arboreal
existence, on the ground its only means of locomotion is hopping. The species lives in small troops which forage for food.

Anatomy

In adulthood, the full head and body length is between 42.5 and 45 cm (16.7 and 17.7 in). The tail of a fully grown Verreaux's sifaka grows to be between 56 and 60 cm (22 and 24 in) long. In weight, adult females reach 3.4 kg (7.5 lb) on average, and adult males 3.6 kg (7.9 lb).[4]

Verreaux's sifaka has a relatively low, flat braincase. The face is broader than that of most other indriids, but its snout is reduced. This species of sifaka is also distinguished by its unique dentition. Its

strepsirhine
characteristic: the toothcomb. Formed by the procumbent lower incisor and canine, the toothcomb projects past the front margin of the mouth. P. verreauxi also presents the high, shearing molar crests of a folivore, helping to shread the leaves, fruit and flowers that it eats.

Postcranially, Verreaux's sifaka has a low intermembral index that ranges from 63-66. It has a broader ribcage than most other prosimians, and has many lumbar vertebrae lending it considerable flexibility. The pelvis is high and narrow and the acetabulum is relatively shallow, also allowing for greater flexibility. Like other indriids, P. verreauxi has a short calcaneus, pointed nails, and slightly webbed hands and feet.[5]

Diet

Verreaux's sifaka is mostly folivorous
Juvenile

Verreaux's sifakas forage for food with their troop, primarily in the morning and late afternoon, so they can rest during the hottest part of the day. They are herbivores; leaves, fruit, bark and flowers are typical components of the diet. However, they are mostly folivorous (leaves represent the majority of the diet over the year, especially in the dry season) and they seem to choose food items based on quality (lower tannin content) rather than on availability.[6]

Behaviour

Verreaux's sifaka hopping
Verreaux's sifakas hop along the ground in a forward and sideways movement.

Verreaux's sifakas are

bipedally.[7][8]
They live in family groups, or troops, of 2-12, which may consist of one male and female, or many males and females together. Group and population sex ratio can be more or less skewed toward males.[9][10] Many groups seem to be effectively harem groups with a single dominant male unrelated with resident female(s).[11] They have a home range of 2.8 to 5.0 ha, and although they are territorial, they defend food sources rather than territorial boundaries, as often boundaries overlap. Females are dominant over males, forming a matriarchal society.

Females use anogenital secretion mainly for territory demarcation whereas males seem to use specialized secretions (via anogenital and throat glands) more for sexual "advertisement" than for territorial purposes.[12][13] Males show bimorphism, by showing either a clean or stained chest, derived from throat gland secretions and smeared on surfaces by rubbing the upper part of the chest.[14] Stain-chested males engage in the most active marking, and chest staining seems to be related to testosterone levels.[15]

Males and females were found to engage in a biological market, exchanging grooming for grooming during the non-mating period, and grooming ("offered" by males) for reproductive opportunities (sexual access "offered" by females) during the mating period.[16] A study found that females copulate more with stained-chested than with clean-chested males. On the other hand, clean-chested males, with a lower scent-releasing potential, usually offer more grooming to females. This “grooming for sex” tactic allows males with a clean chest to get to copulate with females, even if at low rate.[17]

It has also been discovered that sifaka dyads often engage in post-conflict reunions after aggressive episodes: reconciliation occurs more frequently when food is not involved and for low intensity aggressions.[18] In this species play behavior persists into adulthood where it is used, especially by stranger males during the mating period, as an ice-breaking mechanism to reduce xenophobia.[19]

A study of sifaka vocalizations found that roaring barks are associated with anti-

raptor responses in which the Verreaux sifakas looked up and climbed down.[20] On the other hand, the meaning of "tchi-fak" vocalizations and growls varied by population, where a population subject to significant terrestrial predation associated these vocalizations with anti-terrestrial responses in which the sifakas looked down and climbed up, while another population associated the "tchi-fak" with a non-specific flight response, and the growl with mild disturbance.[20]

Reproduction

Around 45% of females breed each year when in oestrous between late January and early February.[21] Females give birth to one infant after a gestation period of 130 days, between June and August. For the first 6–8 weeks, the infant clings to the mother's stomach, but for the following 19 weeks, it clings to her back.[22] About 30% of infants are lost to predation by the Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) and a smaller number to raptors like the Madagascar harrier-hawk (Polyboroides radiatus).[21]

Those that do survive reach sexual maturity between 3–5 years. Males generally leave the group to join a neighboring group while adult females tend to stay with their natal group.[21]

Ecology and conservation status

The species is listed in CITES Appendix I,[2] and its IUCN conservation status was updated to Critically Endangered in 2020.[1] In the small spiny forest fragments of South Madagascar, sifaka abundance appears to be influenced by the proportion of large trees (diameter at breast height >=5 cm) and by the abundance of the plant species Allouadia procera,[23] a key species of the spiny forest habitat.[24] A long-term, large-scale demographic study of the species at Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve in southwest Madagascar found that the sifaka population there had a population growth rate of 0.98 (with confidence intervals spanning 1), suggesting that the population was not in danger of imminent extinction. However, both severe droughts and an increased annual variation in rainfall levels can depress the population growth rate.[25]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T18354A115572044.en
    . Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  3. OCLC 62265494
    .
  4. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7
    .
  5. ISBN 978-0-12-372576-9
    .
  6. S2CID 38305251
    .
  7. ^ Wunderlich R.E., Lawler R.R., Williams A.E. 2011. Field and experimental approaches to locomotor ontogeny in Propithecus verreauxi In Primate Locomotion: Linking Field and Laboratory Research. K.D. D'Aout, E.E. Vereecke (eds.) Springer Science. pp.135–154
  8. PMID 16596593
    .
  9. S2CID 45299922
    .
  10. S2CID 19241893
    .
  11. doi:10.1007/s00265-007-0528-6
    .
  12. PMID 15795894
    .
  13. S2CID 11806179
    .
  14. S2CID 22773229
    .
  15. S2CID 11419343
    .
  16. PMID 19262737
    .
  17. PMID 22615982
    .
  18. S2CID 53155723
    .
  19. PMID 20949052
    .
  20. ^
    PMID 21475394
    .
  21. ^
    OCLC 41158604
    .
  22. S2CID 28469514
    .
  23. S2CID 86626320
    .
  24. PMID 17476324
    .
  25. S2CID 22677169
    .

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Verreaux's sifaka.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Propithecus verreauxi.
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