Viceroy
A viceroy (/ˈvaɪsrɔɪ/) is an official who reigns over a polity in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory.
The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning "in the place of" and the Anglo-Norman roy (Old French roi, roy), meaning "king". This denotes the position as one who acts on behalf of a king or monarch.[1][2][3][4] A viceroy's territory may be called a viceroyalty, though this term is not always applied. The adjective form is viceregal,[5] less often viceroyal.[6] The term vicereine is sometimes used to indicate a female viceroy suo jure, although viceroy can serve as a gender-neutral term.[7] Vicereine is more commonly used to indicate a viceroy's wife, known as the viceregal consort.[7]
The term has occasionally been applied to the
The position of a viceroy is by royal appointment rather than a noble rank. An individual viceroy often also held a separate noble title, such as
Spanish Empire
The title was originally used by the
In Spanish ruled Europe
In Europe, until the 18th century, the Habsburg crown appointed viceroys of Aragon, Valencia, Catalonia, Navarre, Portugal during the brief period known as the Iberian Union, Sardinia, Sicily, and Naples. With the ascension of the House of Bourbon to the Spanish throne, the historic Aragonese viceroyalties were replaced by new captaincies general. At the end of War of the Spanish Succession, the Spanish monarchy was shorn of its Italian possessions. These Italian territories, however, continued to have viceroys under their new rulers for some time; Naples until 1734, Sicily until 1816 and Sardinia until 1848.
- See also:
- List of viceroys of Aragon
- List of viceroys of Valencia
- List of viceroys of Catalonia
- List of viceroys of Navarre
- List of viceroys of Sardinia
- List of viceroys of Sicily
- List of viceroys of Naples
In the Americas
The Americas were incorporated into the
The viceroyalties of the Spanish Americas and the Spanish East Indies were subdivided into smaller, autonomous units, the
See also:
- Viceroyalty of the Indies (1492–1526)
- Viceroyalty of New Spain (1535–1821) – List of viceroys of New Spain
- Viceroyalty of Peru (1542–1824) – List of viceroys of Peru
- Viceroyalty of New Granada (1717–1819) – List of viceroys of New Granada
- List of viceroys of the Río de la Plata
Portuguese
India
From 1505 to 1896
- List of governors of Portuguese India (1505–1961)
Portugal
During some periods of the
Brazil
After the end of the Iberian Union in 1640, the governors of Brazil that were members of the Portuguese high nobility started to use the title of Viceroy.[10] Brazil became a permanent Viceroyalty in 1763, when the capital of the State of Brazil (Estado do Brasil) was transferred from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro.[11]
British Empire
India
Following adoption of the Government of India Act 1858, which transferred control of India from the East India Company to the British Crown, the Governor-General as representing the Crown became known as the Viceroy. The designation Viceroy, although it was most frequently used in ordinary parlance, had no statutory authority, and was never employed by Parliament. Although the Proclamation of 1858 announcing the assumption of the government of India by the Crown referred to Lord Canning as "first viceroy and governor-general", none of the warrants appointing his successors referred to them as viceroys, and the title, which was frequently used in warrants dealing with precedence and in public notifications, was basically one of ceremony used in connection with the state and social functions of the sovereign's representative. The governor-general continued to be the sole representative of the Crown, and the government of India continued to be vested in the Governor-General-in-Council.[12]
The viceroys reported directly to the
Alongside the Commander-in-Chief, India, the viceroy was the public face of the British presence in India, attending to many ceremonial functions as well as political affairs. As the representative of the emperors and empress of India, who were also the kings and queens of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the viceroy served as the grand master of the two principal orders of chivalry of British India: the Order of the Star of India and the Order of the Indian Empire. During the office's history, the governors-general of India were based in two cities:
Notable governors-general of India include Warren Hastings, Lord Cornwallis, Lord Curzon, The Earl of Minto, Lord Chelmsford, and Lord Mountbatten. Lord Mountbatten served as the last Viceroy of India,[16] but continued on as the first governor-general of the Dominion of India.
Ireland
The lords lieutenant of Ireland were often referred to as viceroy after 1700 until 1922, even though the Kingdom of Ireland had been merged in 1801 into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Commonwealth realms
The term has occasionally been applied to the governors-general of the Commonwealth realms, for example Gough Whitlam in 1973 told the Australian House of Representatives: "The Governor-General is the viceroy of the Queen of Australia".[17]
The Australia Act 1986 also provide that all royal powers in Australia, except the actual appointment of the governor-general and the governors, are exercisable by the viceregal representatives. The noun viceroy is rarely used, but the adjective viceregal is standard usage.
Russian Empire
Namestnik (Russian: наме́стник, Russian pronunciation: [nɐˈmʲesʲnʲɪk]) was an official position in the history of the Russian Empire. It can be translated as "viceroy", "deputy", "lieutenant" (in the broadest sense of the word) or in place appointee. The term has two periods of usage, with different meanings.[18][19][20][21]
- In the 12th–16th centuries, namestniks (more correctly uyezds.[22]
- In the 18th–20th centuries, a namestnik was a person in charge of namestnichestvo, with governor general (генерал-губернатор). For example, during Vorontsov's term of office in Bessarabia, seven governor-generals were in, and at the same time he held the office of governor general of Novorossiya. The following namestniks existed under the House of Romanov emperors of Russia:[19][23]
- Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich Romanov (1779–1831)[24]
- Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia; first under governors in Tbilisi 1802–1844) had viceroys of Transcaucasia.[25]
- Viceroyalty of the Far East, lasted from July 30, 1903, to June 8, 1905, with Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev being the sole office holder.
The
Other viceroyalties
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2010) |
French colonies
New France, in present Canada, had a single governor:
- Jacques Cartier: 24 July 1534 – 15 January 1541
Thereafter it had lieutenants-general and viceroys:
- Jean François de la Rocquet, sieur de Roberval(c. 1500 – 1560): 15 January 1541 – September 1543)
- interregnum September 1543 – 3 January 1578
- Troilus de Mesgouez, marquis de la Roche-Mesgouez (died February 1606): viceroy from 3 January 1578, lieutenant-general from 12 January 1598
- Jean de Biencourt, sieur de Poutrincourt, baron de St. Just (1557–1615): February 1606 – 1614
Next were a series of viceroys (resident in France) from 8 October 1611 to 1672. Later there were governors and governors-general.
The
The French position of "adjunct
Italian colonies
In Italian viceré: The highest colonial representatives in the "federation" of Italian East Africa (six provinces, each under a governor; together Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somaliland) were no longer styled high commissioner, but viceroy and governor-general from 5 May 1936, when Italian forces occupied the Ethiopian Empire (today Ethiopia), until 27 November 1941, when the last Italian administrator surrendered to the Allies.
On 7 April 1939,
Ban of Bosnia
Due to his vast powers over Bosnian politics and essential veto powers, the modern-day position of the high representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina has been compared to that of a viceroy.[31][32]
Ban of Croatia
From the earliest medieval period in the
Ancient antecedents
An equivalent office, called the Exarch, was created in the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire towards the end of the sixth century for governors of important areas too far from the imperial capital of Constantinople to receive regular instruction or reinforcement. The chosen governors of these provinces were empowered to act in place of the monarch (hence ex- "outside", arch "ruler") with more discretion and autonomy than was granted other categories of governor. This was an extraordinary break from the centralized traditions of the Roman Empire and was an early example of the principle of viceroyalty.
Non-Western counterparts
As with many princely and administrative titles, viceroy is often used, generally unofficially, to render somewhat equivalent titles and offices in non-western cultures.
Africa
In cultures all over the continent of Africa, the role of viceroy has been subsumed into a hereditary noble as opposed to strictly administrative position. In the Arabo-Berber north, for example, the title of
Indian empires
Maurya Empire
The viceroy in the Maurya Empire was called Uparaja (lit. vice king).[33]
Mughal Empire
The Mughal Empire had a system of administration which involved both official governors appointed from the capital, and local officials (zamindars). Subahdars were the former, and can be seen as equivalents of viceroys, governing the provinces (subahs) by appointment from the capital. Mansabdars were military governors who were also appointed to provincial government, but they were appointed for military rather than civilian government.
Ottoman Empire
The
Other titles, such as
Titles such as
Vietnamese Empire
The post of Tổng Trấn (governor of all military provinces) was a political post in the early period of the Vietnamese Nguyễn dynasty (1802–1830). From 1802, under the reign of emperor Gia Long, there were two Tổng Trấn who administered Vietnam's northern part named Bắc thành with administrative center in Hanoi and the southern part Gia Định thành with administrative center in Gia Định, while Nguyen emperors ruled only the central region Kinh Kỳ from capital Phú Xuân. Tổng Trấn is sometimes translated to English as viceroy.[35] In 1830, emperor Minh Mạng abolished the post in order to increase the imperial direct ruling power in all over Vietnam.
Chinese empires
During the Han, Ming and Qing dynasties, there existed positions of viceroys having control over various provinces (e.g., Liangguang = Guangdong and Guangxi, Huguang = Hubei and Hunan).
Siam
In Siam before 1885, the title was used for the heir-apparent or heir presumptive (Thai: กรมพระราชวังบวรสถานมงคล) The title was abolished and replaced with that of the Crown Prince of Siam.
See also
Notes
- ^ "Cotton MS Vitellius A XIII/1". Les roys de Engeltere. 1280–1300. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
Five rectangles of red linen, formerly used as curtains for the miniatures.ff. 3–6: Eight miniatures of the kings of England from Edward the Confessor (r. 1042–1066) to Edward I (r. 1272–1307); each one except the last is accompanied by a short account of their reign in Anglo-Norman prose. "Sir Lowys fiz le Roy Phylippe de Fraunce" "en engletere: le Roy Jon regna."
- ^ "viceroy". www.collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
C16: from French, from vice3 + roy king, from Latin rex
- ^ Bruges, William (1430–1440). "Roy Edward (Edward III) manuscript". William Bruges’ Garter Book. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
Languages: Anglo-Norman "Edward III and Henry, Duke of Lancaster, of the Order of the Garter "Roy Edward"
- ^ Roemer, Jean (1888). "roy". Origins of the English People and the English Languages. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
...the kings of England have retained the custom of using the Old Norman language when they give the royal assent... as: Le roy le veult;
- ^ "viceregal". OxfordDictionariesOnline.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
- ^ "Viceroyal, a", The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed. 1989, OED Online, Oxford University Press, 4 April 2000 <http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50277245>
- ^ a b "vicereine". OxfordDictionariesOnline.com. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
- ^ O Secretário dos despachos e coisas da Índia pero d´Alcáçova Carneiro, p.65, Maria Cecília Costa Veiga de Albuquerque Ramos, Universidade de Lisboa, 2009 (In Portuguese) <http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/3387/1/ulfl080844_tm.pdf>
- ISBN 0-8166-0782-6.
- ISBN 0-8018-5955-7
- ISBN 0-521-56526-X
- ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India (new ed.), Vol. 4, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909, vol 4, p. 16.
- ^ Imperial Gazetteer of India (new ed.), Vol. 4, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909, vol 4, p. 31.
- ^ Pearce, William (1876), History of India, William Collins, Sons, & Company, p. 22,
This presidency comprises the lower basins of the Ganges and Mahanuddy. Its chief towns are Calcutta, on the Hooghly, an arm of the Ganges, the capital of India, its seat of government, and the residence of the governor-general;
- ISBN 81-7508-352-2.
- ^ Hunter, William (1886), The Indian Empire: It's People, History and Products, London,UK: Trübner and Co., Ludgate Hill, p. 43,
all of them under the India-the Twelve orders of the supreme Government of India, consisting of Provinces, the Governor-General in Council. The Governor-General, who also bears the title of Viceroy, holds his court and government at Calcutta in the cold weather, and during summer at Simla, an outer spur of the Himálayas, 7000 feet above the level of the sea. The Viceroy of India, and the Governors of Madras and Bombay, are usually British states- men appointed in England by the Queen
- ISBN 978-0-522-85212-7.
- ^ public domain: Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the - ^ ISBN 978-1-56324-317-2.
- OCLC 83755197.
- ^ "hrono.ru: namestnik". Retrieved 19 January 2010.
- ISSN 0869-5377
- JSTOR 20174656.
- ^ Thomas Mitchell, Handbook for Travellers in Russia, Poland, and Finland, 1888, p. 460. Google Print [1]
- ^ "КАВКАЗ". Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 23 November 2011.
- ^ Richardot, Robin (2 August 2019). "L'île des Faisans, le mini-royaume des vice-rois d'Espagne et de France". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 2 August 2022.
- ^ Loi PRMG1721017V du 2017-07-20 Avis de vacance d'un emploi de directeur départemental interministériel adjoint, délégué à la mer et au littoral (DDTM des Pyrénées-Atlantiques)
- ^ The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century
- ^ Judith Mary Upton-Ward, H. J. A. Sire. "24. The Priory of Vrana". The Military Orders: On Land and by Sea. p. 221.
- ^ Magyar Országos Levéltár
- ^ "Interview: Christian Schwarz-Schilling, High Representative for BiH: 'The Last Bosnian Viceroy'". 31 March 2006.
- ^ A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide: Portraits of Evil and Good, p. 25, at Google Books
- ^ Thapar, Romila (16 April 1961). "Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas".
- ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: Ismail Pasha, Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt and New Spain
- University of Hawaii Press, p. 36.
Sources
- Aznar, Daniel/Hanotin, Guillaume/May, Niels F. (dir.), À la place du roi. Vice-rois, gouverneurs et ambassadeurs dans les monarchies française et espagnole (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles). Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 2014.
- Elliott, J. H., Imperial Spain, 1469–1716. London: Edward Arnold, 1963.
- Fisher, Lillian Estelle. Viceregal Administration in the Spanish American Colonies. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1926.
- Harding, C. H., The Spanish Empire in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1947.
- public domain: Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
Further reading
- Andrada (undated). The Life of Dom John de Castro: The Fourth Vice Roy of India. Jacinto Freire de Andrada. Translated into English by Peter Wyche. (1664) Henry Herrington, New Exchange, London. Facsimile edition (1994) AES Reprint, New Delhi. ISBN 81-206-0900-X.
- (in Russian) hrono.ru: namestnik