Queen Victoria
Victoria | |
---|---|
Empress of India | |
Reign | 1 May 1876 – 22 January 1901 |
Imperial Durbar | 1 January 1877 |
Predecessor | Position established |
Successor | Edward VII |
Born | Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent 24 May 1819 Kensington Palace, London, England |
Died | 22 January 1901 Osborne House, Isle of Wight, England | (aged 81)
Burial | 4 February 1901 , Windsor |
Spouse | |
Issue |
|
Protestant[a] | |
Signature |
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was
Victoria was the daughter of
Early life
Birth and ancestry
Victoria's father was
Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.[b] She was baptised Alexandrina after one of her godparents, Tsar Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Prince Regent.[2]
At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line of succession after the four eldest sons of George III: George, Prince Regent (later George IV);
Heir presumptive
Prince Frederick died in 1827, followed by George IV in 1830; their next surviving brother succeeded to the throne as William IV, and Victoria became
Victoria later described her childhood as "rather melancholy".
In 1830, the Duchess and Conroy took Victoria across the centre of England to visit the
By 1836, Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold, who had been King of the Belgians since 1831, hoped to marry her to Prince Albert,[23] the son of his brother Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold arranged for Victoria's mother to invite her Coburg relatives to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of introducing Victoria to Albert.[24] William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of Prince Alexander of the Netherlands, second son of the Prince of Orange.[25] Victoria was aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.[26] According to her diary, she enjoyed Albert's company from the beginning. After the visit she wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful."[27] Alexander, on the other hand, she described as "very plain".[28]
Victoria wrote to King Leopold, whom she considered her "best and kindest adviser",[29] to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see."[30] However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time.[31]
Accession and marriage
Victoria turned 18 on 24 May 1837, and a
Since 1714, Britain had shared a monarch with Hanover in Germany, but under Salic law, women were excluded from the Hanoverian succession. While Victoria inherited the British throne, her father's unpopular younger brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, became King of Hanover. He was Victoria's heir presumptive until she had a child.[34]
At the time of Victoria's accession, the government was led by the
At the start of her reign Victoria was popular,[40] but her reputation suffered in an 1839 court intrigue when one of her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Flora Hastings, developed an abdominal growth that was widely rumoured to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy by Sir John Conroy.[41] Victoria believed the rumours.[42] She hated Conroy, and despised "that odious Lady Flora",[43] because she had conspired with Conroy and the Duchess in the Kensington System.[44] At first, Lady Flora refused to submit to an intimate medical examination, until in mid-February she eventually acquiesced, and was found to be a virgin.[45] Conroy, the Hastings family, and the opposition Tories organised a press campaign implicating the Queen in the spreading of false rumours about Lady Flora.[46] When Lady Flora died in July, the post-mortem revealed a large tumour on her liver that had distended her abdomen.[47] At public appearances, Victoria was hissed and jeered as "Mrs. Melbourne".[48]
In 1839, Melbourne resigned after
Though Victoria was now queen, as an unmarried young woman she was required by
Victoria continued to praise Albert following his second visit in October 1839. They felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839, just five days after he had arrived at Windsor.[55] They were married on 10 February 1840, in the Chapel Royal of St James's Palace, London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the evening after their wedding lying down with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary:
I NEVER, NEVER spent such an evening!!! MY DEAREST DEAREST DEAR Albert ... his excessive love & affection gave me feelings of heavenly love & happiness I never could have hoped to have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other again & again! His beauty, his sweetness & gentleness—really how can I ever be thankful enough to have such a Husband! ... to be called by names of tenderness, I have never yet heard used to me before—was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest day of my life![56]
Albert became an important political adviser as well as the Queen's companion, replacing Melbourne as the dominant influential figure in the first half of her life.[57] Victoria's mother was evicted from the palace, to Ingestre House in Belgrave Square. After the death of Victoria's aunt Princess Augusta in 1840, the Duchess was given both Clarence House and Frogmore House.[58] Through Albert's mediation, relations between mother and daughter slowly improved.[59]
During Victoria's first pregnancy in 1840, in the first few months of the marriage, 18-year-old
The household was largely run by Victoria's childhood governess, Baroness Louise Lehzen from Hanover. Lehzen had been a formative influence on Victoria[67] and had supported her against the Kensington System.[68] Albert, however, thought that Lehzen was incompetent and that her mismanagement threatened his daughter Victoria's health. After a furious row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in 1842, and Victoria's close relationship with her ended.[69]
Domestic and public life
On 29 May 1842, Victoria was riding in a carriage along
Melbourne's support in the House of Commons weakened through the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the 1841 general election the Whigs were defeated. Peel became prime minister, and the ladies of the bedchamber most associated with the Whigs were replaced.[75]
In 1845, Ireland was hit by a
By 1846, Peel's ministry faced a crisis involving the repeal of the
Victoria's British prime ministers | |
Year | Prime Minister (party) |
---|---|
1835 | Whig )
|
1841 | Sir Robert Peel (Conservative )
|
1846 | Lord John Russell (Whig)
|
1852 (February) | Earl of Derby (Conservative) |
1852 (December) | Earl of Aberdeen (Peelite) |
1855 | Viscount Palmerston (Liberal) |
1858 | Earl of Derby (Conservative) |
1859 | Viscount Palmerston (Liberal) |
1865 | Earl Russell, Lord John Russell (Liberal) |
1866 | Earl of Derby (Conservative) |
1868 (February) | Benjamin Disraeli (Conservative) |
1868 (December) | William Gladstone (Liberal)
|
1874 | Benjamin Disraeli, Lord Beaconsfield (Conservative) |
1880 | William Gladstone (Liberal) |
1885 | Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative) |
1886 (February) | William Gladstone (Liberal) |
1886 (July) | Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative) |
1892 | William Gladstone (Liberal) |
1894 | Earl of Rosebery (Liberal) |
1895 | Marquess of Salisbury (Conservative) |
See List of prime ministers of Queen Victoria for details of her British and overseas premiers |
Internationally, Victoria took a keen interest in the improvement of relations between France and Britain.
Russell's ministry, though Whig, was not favoured by the Queen.
In 1853, Victoria gave birth to her eighth child, Leopold, with the aid of the new anaesthetic,
In early 1855, the government of
Napoleon III, Britain's closest ally as a result of the Crimean War,
On 14 January 1858, an Italian refugee from Britain called Felice Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon III with a bomb made in England.[105] The ensuing diplomatic crisis destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated as prime minister.[106] Victoria and Albert attended the opening of a new basin at the French military port of Cherbourg on 5 August 1858, in an attempt by Napoleon III to reassure Britain that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her return Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor state of the Royal Navy in comparison to the French Navy.[107] Derby's ministry did not last long, and in June 1859 Victoria recalled Palmerston to office.[108]
Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter married
Widowhood and isolation
In March 1861, Victoria's mother died, with Victoria at her side. Through reading her mother's papers, Victoria discovered that her mother had loved her deeply;
By the beginning of December, Albert was very unwell.[118] He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, and died on 14 December 1861. Victoria was devastated.[119] She blamed her husband's death on worry over the Prince of Wales's philandering. He had been "killed by that dreadful business", she said.[120] She entered a state of mourning and wore black for the remainder of her life. She avoided public appearances and rarely set foot in London in the following years.[121] Her seclusion earned her the nickname "widow of Windsor".[122] Her weight increased through comfort eating, which reinforced her aversion to public appearances.[123]
Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement.[124] She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle. In March 1864 a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced "these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business".[125] Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage.[126]
Through the 1860s, Victoria relied increasingly on a manservant from Scotland,
Palmerston died in 1865, and after a brief ministry led by Russell, Derby returned to power. In 1866, Victoria attended the State Opening of Parliament for the first time since Albert's death.[130] The following year she supported the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise to many urban working men,[131] though she was not in favour of votes for women.[132] Derby resigned in 1868, to be replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. "Everyone likes flattery," he said, "and when you come to royalty you should lay it on with a trowel."[133] With the phrase "we authors, Ma'am", he complimented her.[134] Disraeli's ministry only lasted a matter of months, and at the end of the year his Liberal rival, William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime minister. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour far less appealing; he spoke to her, she is thought to have complained, as though she were "a public meeting rather than a woman".[135]
In 1870 republican sentiment in Britain, fed by the Queen's seclusion, was boosted after the establishment of the
On the last day of February 1872, two days after the thanksgiving service, 17-year-old Arthur O'Connor, a great-nephew of Irish MP Feargus O'Connor, waved an unloaded pistol at Victoria's open carriage just after she had arrived at Buckingham Palace. Brown, who was attending the Queen, grabbed him and O'Connor was later sentenced to 12 months' imprisonment,[143] and a birching.[144] As a result of the incident, Victoria's popularity recovered further.[145]
Empress of India
After the
In the
On 14 December 1878, the anniversary of Albert's death, Victoria's second daughter Alice, who had married Louis of Hesse, died of diphtheria in Darmstadt. Victoria noted the coincidence of the dates as "almost incredible and most mysterious".[154] In May 1879, she became a great-grandmother (on the birth of Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her "poor old 60th birthday". She felt "aged" by "the loss of my beloved child".[155]
Between April 1877 and February 1878, she threatened five times to abdicate while pressuring Disraeli to act against Russia during the Russo-Turkish War, but her threats had no impact on the events or their conclusion with the Congress of Berlin.[156] Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as the Anglo-Zulu War and the Second Anglo-Afghan War. "If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power", she wrote, "we must ... be Prepared for attacks and wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY."[157] Victoria saw the expansion of the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers or cruel rulers: "It is not in our custom to annexe countries", she said, "unless we are obliged & forced to do so."[158] To Victoria's dismay, Disraeli lost the 1880 general election, and Gladstone returned as prime minister.[159] When Disraeli died the following year, she was blinded by "fast falling tears",[160] and erected a memorial tablet "placed by his grateful Sovereign and Friend, Victoria R.I."[161]
On 2 March 1882, Roderick Maclean, a disgruntled poet apparently offended by Victoria's refusal to accept one of his poems,[162] shot at the Queen as her carriage left Windsor railway station. Gordon Chesney Wilson and another schoolboy from Eton College struck him with their umbrellas, until he was hustled away by a policeman.[163] Victoria was outraged when he was found not guilty by reason of insanity,[164] but was so pleased by the many expressions of loyalty after the attack that she said it was "worth being shot at—to see how much one is loved".[165]
On 17 March 1883, Victoria fell down some stairs at Windsor, which left her lame until July; she never fully recovered and was plagued with rheumatism thereafter.[166] John Brown died 10 days after her accident, and to the consternation of her private secretary, Sir Henry Ponsonby, Victoria began work on a eulogistic biography of Brown.[167] Ponsonby and Randall Davidson, Dean of Windsor, who had both seen early drafts, advised Victoria against publication, on the grounds that it would stoke the rumours of a love affair.[168] The manuscript was destroyed.[169] In early 1884, Victoria did publish More Leaves from a Journal of a Life in the Highlands, a sequel to her earlier book, which she dedicated to her "devoted personal attendant and faithful friend John Brown".[170] On the day after the first anniversary of Brown's death, Victoria was informed by telegram that her youngest son, Leopold, had died in Cannes. He was "the dearest of my dear sons", she lamented.[171] The following month, Victoria's youngest child, Beatrice, met and fell in love with Prince Henry of Battenberg at the wedding of Victoria's granddaughter Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine to Henry's brother Prince Louis of Battenberg. Beatrice and Henry planned to marry, but Victoria opposed the match at first, wishing to keep Beatrice at home to act as her companion. After a year, she was won around to the marriage by their promise to remain living with and attending her.[172]
Victoria was pleased when Gladstone resigned in 1885 after his budget was defeated.
Golden and Diamond Jubilees
In 1887, the
Victoria's eldest daughter became empress consort of Germany in 1888, but she was widowed a little over three months later, and Victoria's eldest grandchild became German Emperor as Wilhelm II. Victoria and Albert's hopes of a liberal Germany would go unfulfilled, as Wilhelm was a firm believer in autocracy. Victoria thought he had "little heart or Zartgefühl [tact] – and ... his conscience & intelligence have been completely wharped [sic]".[188]
Gladstone returned to power after the
On 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as the
The Queen's Diamond Jubilee procession on 22 June 1897 followed a route six miles long through London and included troops from all over the empire. The procession paused for an open-air service of thanksgiving held outside St Paul's Cathedral, throughout which Victoria sat in her open carriage, to avoid her having to climb the steps to enter the building. The celebration was marked by vast crowds of spectators and great outpourings of affection for the 78-year-old Queen.[196]
Declining health and death
Victoria visited mainland Europe regularly for holidays. In 1889, during a stay in
In July 1900, Victoria's second son, Alfred ("Affie"), died. "Oh, God! My poor darling Affie gone too", she wrote in her journal. "It is a horrible year, nothing but sadness & horrors of one kind & another."[199]
Following a custom she maintained throughout her widowhood, Victoria spent the Christmas of 1900 at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight.
In 1897, Victoria had written instructions for her funeral, which was to be military as befitting a soldier's daughter and the head of the army,[66] and white instead of black.[205] On 25 January, Edward VII and Wilhelm II, together with Prince Arthur, helped lift her body into the coffin.[206] She was dressed in a white dress and her wedding veil.[207] An array of mementos commemorating her extended family, friends and servants were laid in the coffin with her, at her request, by her physician and dressers. One of Albert's dressing gowns was placed by her side, with a plaster cast of his hand, while a lock of John Brown's hair, along with a picture of him, was placed in her left hand concealed from the view of the family by a carefully positioned bunch of flowers.[66][208] Items of jewellery placed on Victoria included the wedding ring of Brown's mother, which Brown gave Victoria in 1883.[66] Her funeral was held on Saturday 2 February, in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and after two days of lying-in-state, she was interred beside Prince Albert in the Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore, at Windsor Great Park.[209]
With a reign of 63 years, seven months, and two days, Victoria was the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history, until her great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II surpassed her on 9 September 2015.[210] She was the last monarch of Britain from the House of Hanover; her son Edward VII belonged to her husband's House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.[211]
Legacy
Reputation
According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life.[215] From July 1832 until just before her death, she kept a detailed journal, which eventually encompassed 122 volumes.[216] After Victoria's death, her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, was appointed her literary executor. Beatrice transcribed and edited the diaries covering Victoria's accession onwards, and burned the originals in the process.[217] Despite this destruction, much of the diaries still exist. In addition to Beatrice's edited copy, Lord Esher transcribed the volumes from 1832 to 1861 before Beatrice destroyed them.[218] Part of Victoria's extensive correspondence has been published in volumes edited by A. C. Benson, Hector Bolitho, George Earle Buckle, Lord Esher, Roger Fulford, and Richard Hough among others.[219]
In her later years, Victoria was stout, dowdy, and about five feet (1.5 metres) tall, but she projected a grand image.[220] She was unpopular during the first years of her widowhood, but was well liked during the 1880s and 1890s, when she embodied the empire as a benevolent matriarchal figure.[221] Only after the release of her diary and letters did the extent of her political influence become known to the wider public.[66][222] Biographies of Victoria written before much of the primary material became available, such as Lytton Strachey's Queen Victoria of 1921, are now considered out of date.[223] The biographies written by Elizabeth Longford and Cecil Woodham-Smith, in 1964 and 1972 respectively, are still widely admired.[224] They, and others, conclude that as a person Victoria was emotional, obstinate, honest, and straight-talking.[225]
Through Victoria's reign, the gradual establishment of a modern constitutional monarchy in Britain continued. Reforms of the voting system increased the power of the House of Commons at the expense of the House of Lords and the monarch.[226] In 1867, Walter Bagehot wrote that the monarch only retained "the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn".[227] As Victoria's monarchy became more symbolic than political, it placed a strong emphasis on morality and family values, in contrast to the sexual, financial and personal scandals that had been associated with previous members of the House of Hanover and which had discredited the monarchy. The concept of the "family monarchy", with which the burgeoning middle classes could identify, was solidified.[228]
Descendants and haemophilia
Victoria's links with Europe's royal families earned her the nickname "the grandmother of Europe".
Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and at least two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. Royal haemophiliacs descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons, Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia; Alfonso, Prince of Asturias; and Infante Gonzalo of Spain.[230] The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent, but a haemophiliac.[231] There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always had the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill.[232] It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers.[233] Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases.[234]
Titles, styles, honours, and arms
Titles and styles
At the end of her reign, the Queen's full style was: "Her Majesty Victoria, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Queen, Defender of the Faith, Empress of India".[235]
Honours
British honours
- Royal Family Order of King George IV, 1826[236]
- Founder of the Victoria Cross 5 February 1856[237]
- Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Star of India, 25 June 1861[238]
- Founder and Sovereign of the Royal Order of Victoria and Albert, 10 February 1862[239]
- Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Crown of India, 1 January 1878[240]
- Founder and Sovereign of the Order of the Indian Empire, 1 January 1878[241]
- Founder and Sovereign of the Royal Red Cross, 27 April 1883[242]
- Founder and Sovereign of the Distinguished Service Order, 6 November 1886[243]
- Albert Medal of the Royal Society of Arts, 1887[244]
- Founder and Sovereign of the Royal Victorian Order, 23 April 1896[245]
Foreign honours
- Spain:
- Dame of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa, 21 December 1833[246]
- Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III[247]
- Portugal:
- Dame of the Order of Queen Saint Isabel, 23 February 1836[248]
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa[247]
- Grand Cross of St. Catherine, 26 June 1837[249]
- France: Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour, 5 September 1843[250]
- Mexico/Mexican Empire:
- Grand Cross of the National Order of Guadalupe, 1854[251]
- Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of San Carlos, 1866[252]
- Grand Cross of the
- Prussia: Dame of the Order of Louise, 1st Division, 11 June 1857[253]
- Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of Pedro I, 3 December 1872[254]
- Persia:[255]
- Order of the Sun, 1st Class in Diamonds, 20 June 1873
- Order of the August Portrait, 20 June 1873
- Siam:
- Grand Cross of the White Elephant, 1880[256]
- Dame of the Order of the Royal House of Chakri, 1887[257]
- Order of Kamehameha I, with Collar, July 1881[258]
- Serbia:[259][260]
- Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo, 1882
- Grand Cross of the White Eagle, 1883
- Grand Cross of St. Sava, 1897
- Dame of the Golden Lion, 25 April 1885[261]
- Bulgaria: Order of the Bulgarian Red Cross, August 1887[262]
- Ethiopia: Grand Cross of the Seal of Solomon, 22 June 1897 – Diamond Jubilee gift[263]
- Montenegro: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Danilo I, 1897[264]
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: Silver Wedding Medal of Duke Alfred and Duchess Marie, 23 January 1899[265]
Arms
As Sovereign, Victoria used the
Family
Issue
Name | Birth | Death | Spouse and children[235][267] |
---|---|---|---|
Victoria, Princess Royal |
1840 21 Nov |
1901 5 August |
Married 1858, Queen Sophia of Greece )
|
Edward VII | 1841 9 Nov |
1910 6 May |
Married 1863, Queen Maud of Norway )
|
Princess Alice | 1843 25 April |
1878 14 Dec |
Married 1862, Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine (1837–1892); )
2 sons, 5 daughters (including Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia |
Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha |
1844 6 August |
1900 31 July |
Married 1874, Queen Marie of Romania )
|
Princess Helena | 1846 25 May |
1923 9 June |
Married 1866, stillborn ), 2 daughters
|
Princess Louise | 1848 18 March |
1939 3 Dec |
Married 1871, John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, later 9th Duke of Argyll (1845–1914); no issue |
Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn |
1850 1 May |
1942 16 Jan |
Married 1879, Crown Princess Margaret of Sweden )
|
Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany |
1853 7 April |
1884 28 March |
Married 1882, Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont (1861–1922);1 son, 1 daughter |
Princess Beatrice | 1857 14 April |
1944 26 Oct |
Married 1885, Queen Victoria Eugenie of Spain )
|
Ancestry
Ancestors of Queen Victoria George III of the United Kingdom | | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
9. Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha | |||||||||||||||
2. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn | |||||||||||||||
10. Duke Charles Louis Frederick of Mecklenburg | |||||||||||||||
5. Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz | |||||||||||||||
11. Princess Elisabeth Albertine of Saxe-Hildburghausen | |||||||||||||||
1. Victoria of the United Kingdom | |||||||||||||||
12. Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld | |||||||||||||||
6. Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld | |||||||||||||||
13. Princess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel | |||||||||||||||
3. Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld | |||||||||||||||
14. Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf | |||||||||||||||
7. Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf | |||||||||||||||
15. Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg | |||||||||||||||
Family tree
- Red borders indicate British monarchs
- Bold borders indicate children of British monarchs
Family of Queen Victoria, spanning the reigns of her grandfather, George III, to her grandson, George V | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Notes
- ^ As monarch, Victoria was Supreme Governor of the Church of England. She was also aligned with the Church of Scotland.
- Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (represented by Victoria's aunt Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh).
- ^ Under section 2 of the Regency Act 1830, the Accession Council's proclamation declared Victoria as the King's successor "saving the rights of any issue of His late Majesty King William the Fourth which may be borne of his late Majesty's Consort". "No. 19509", The London Gazette, 20 June 1837, p. 1581
References
Citations
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 3–12; Strachey, pp. 1–17; Woodham-Smith, pp. 15–29
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 12–13; Longford, p. 23; Woodham-Smith, pp. 34–35
- ^ Longford, p. 24
- ^ Worsley, p. 41.
- ^ Hibbert, p. 31; St Aubyn, p. 26; Woodham-Smith, p. 81
- ^ Hibbert, p. 46; Longford, p. 54; St Aubyn, p. 50; Waller, p. 344; Woodham-Smith, p. 126
- ^ Hibbert, p. 19; Marshall, p. 25
- ^ Hibbert, p. 27; Longford, pp. 35–38, 118–119; St Aubyn, pp. 21–22; Woodham-Smith, pp. 70–72. The rumours were false in the opinion of these biographers.
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 27–28; Waller, pp. 341–342; Woodham-Smith, pp. 63–65
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 32–33; Longford, pp. 38–39, 55; Marshall, p. 19
- ^ Waller, pp. 338–341; Woodham-Smith, pp. 68–69, 91
- ^ Hibbert, p. 18; Longford, p. 31; Woodham-Smith, pp. 74–75
- ^ Longford, p. 31; Woodham-Smith, p. 75
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 34–35
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 35–39; Woodham-Smith, pp. 88–89, 102
- ^ Hibbert, p. 36; Woodham-Smith, pp. 89–90
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 35–40; Woodham-Smith, pp. 92, 102
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 38–39; Longford, p. 47; Woodham-Smith, pp. 101–102
- ^ Hibbert, p. 42; Woodham-Smith, p. 105
- ^ Hibbert, p. 42; Longford, pp. 47–48; Marshall, p. 21
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 42, 50; Woodham-Smith, p. 135
- ^ Marshall, p. 46; St Aubyn, p. 67; Waller, p. 353
- ^ Longford, pp. 29, 51; Waller, p. 363; Weintraub, pp. 43–49
- ^ Longford, p. 51; Weintraub, pp. 43–49
- ^ Longford, pp. 51–52; St Aubyn, p. 43; Weintraub, pp. 43–49; Woodham-Smith, p. 117
- ^ Weintraub, pp. 43–49
- ^ Victoria quoted in Marshall, p. 27 and Weintraub, p. 49
- ^ Victoria quoted in Hibbert, p. 99; St Aubyn, p. 43; Weintraub, p. 49 and Woodham-Smith, p. 119
- ^ Victoria's journal, October 1835, quoted in St Aubyn, p. 36 and Woodham-Smith, p. 104
- ^ Hibbert, p. 102; Marshall, p. 60; Waller, p. 363; Weintraub, p. 51; Woodham-Smith, p. 122
- ^ Waller, pp. 363–364; Weintraub, pp. 53, 58, 64, and 65
- ^ St Aubyn, pp. 55–57; Woodham-Smith, p. 138
- ^ Woodham-Smith, p. 140
- ^ Packard, pp. 14–15
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 66–69; St Aubyn, p. 76; Woodham-Smith, pp. 143–147
- ^ Greville quoted in Hibbert, p. 67; Longford, p. 70 and Woodham-Smith, pp. 143–144
- ^ Queen Victoria's Coronation 1838, The British Monarchy, archived from the original on 3 February 2016, retrieved 28 January 2016
- ^ St Aubyn, p. 69; Waller, p. 353
- ^ Hibbert, p. 58; Longford, pp. 73–74; Woodham-Smith, p. 152
- ^ Marshall, p. 42; St Aubyn, pp. 63, 96
- ^ Marshall, p. 47; Waller, p. 356; Woodham-Smith, pp. 164–166
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 77–78; Longford, p. 97; St Aubyn, p. 97; Waller, p. 357; Woodham-Smith, p. 164
- ^ Victoria's journal, 25 April 1838, quoted in Woodham-Smith, p. 162
- ^ St Aubyn, p. 96; Woodham-Smith, pp. 162, 165
- ^ Hibbert, p. 79; Longford, p. 98; St Aubyn, p. 99; Woodham-Smith, p. 167
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 80–81; Longford, pp. 102–103; St Aubyn, pp. 101–102
- ^ Longford, p. 122; Marshall, p. 57; St Aubyn, p. 104; Woodham-Smith, p. 180
- ^ Hibbert, p. 83; Longford, pp. 120–121; Marshall, p. 57; St Aubyn, p. 105; Waller, p. 358
- ^ St Aubyn, p. 107; Woodham-Smith, p. 169
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 94–96; Marshall, pp. 53–57; St Aubyn, pp. 109–112; Waller, pp. 359–361; Woodham-Smith, pp. 170–174
- ^ Longford, p. 84; Marshall, p. 52
- ^ Longford, p. 72; Waller, p. 353
- ^ Woodham-Smith, p. 175
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 103–104; Marshall, pp. 60–66; Weintraub, p. 62
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 107–110; St Aubyn, pp. 129–132; Weintraub, pp. 77–81; Woodham-Smith, pp. 182–184, 187
- ^ Hibbert, p. 123; Longford, p. 143; Woodham-Smith, p. 205
- ^ St Aubyn, p. 151
- ^ Hibbert, p. 265, Woodham-Smith, p. 256
- ^ Marshall, p. 152; St Aubyn, pp. 174–175; Woodham-Smith, p. 412
- ^ Charles, p. 23
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 421–422; St Aubyn, pp. 160–161
- ^ Woodham-Smith, p. 213
- ^ Hibbert, p. 130; Longford, p. 154; Marshall, p. 122; St Aubyn, p. 159; Woodham-Smith, p. 220
- ^ Hibbert, p. 149; St Aubyn, p. 169
- ^ Hibbert, p. 149; Longford, p. 154; Marshall, p. 123; Waller, p. 377
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36652 (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Woodham-Smith, p. 100
- ^ Longford, p. 56; St Aubyn, p. 29
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 150–156; Marshall, p. 87; St Aubyn, pp. 171–173; Woodham-Smith, pp. 230–232
- ^ Charles, p. 51; Hibbert, pp. 422–423; St Aubyn, pp. 162–163
- ^ Hibbert, p. 423; St Aubyn, p. 163
- ^ Hibbert, p. 423; St Aubyn, p. 163
- ^ Longford, p. 192
- ^ St Aubyn, p. 164
- ^ Marshall, pp. 95–101; St Aubyn, pp. 153–155; Woodham-Smith, pp. 221–222
- ^ Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal, Royal Collection, archived from the original on 17 January 2016, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ Woodham-Smith, p. 281
- ^ Longford, p. 359
- ^ The title of Maud Gonne's 1900 article upon Queen Victoria's visit to Ireland
- ^ Harrison, Shane (15 April 2003), "Famine Queen row in Irish port", BBC News, archived from the original on 19 September 2019, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ Officer, Lawrence H.; Williamson, Samuel H. (2018), Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present, MeasuringWorth, archived from the original on 6 April 2018, retrieved 5 April 2018
- ^ Kinealy, Christine, Private Responses to the Famine, University College Cork, archived from the original on 6 April 2013, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ Longford, p. 181
- ISBN 978-1-905494-98-9
- ^ St Aubyn, p. 215
- ^ St Aubyn, p. 238
- ^ Longford, pp. 175, 187; St Aubyn, pp. 238, 241; Woodham-Smith, pp. 242, 250
- ^ Woodham-Smith, p. 248
- ^ Hibbert, p. 198; Longford, p. 194; St Aubyn, p. 243; Woodham-Smith, pp. 282–284
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 201–202; Marshall, p. 139; St Aubyn, pp. 222–223; Woodham-Smith, pp. 287–290
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 161–164; Marshall, p. 129; St Aubyn, pp. 186–190; Woodham-Smith, pp. 274–276
- ^ Longford, pp. 196–197; St Aubyn, p. 223; Woodham-Smith, pp. 287–290
- ^ Longford, p. 191; Woodham-Smith, p. 297
- ^ St Aubyn, p. 216
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 196–198; St Aubyn, p. 244; Woodham-Smith, pp. 298–307
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 204–209; Marshall, pp. 108–109; St Aubyn, pp. 244–254; Woodham-Smith, pp. 298–307
- ^ St Aubyn, pp. 255, 298
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 216–217; St Aubyn, pp. 257–258
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 217–220; Woodham-Smith, pp. 328–331
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 227–228; Longford, pp. 245–246; St Aubyn, p. 297; Woodham-Smith, pp. 354–355
- ^ Woodham-Smith, pp. 357–360
- ^ Queen Victoria, "Saturday, 18th August 1855", Queen Victoria's Journals, vol. 40, p. 93, archived from the original on 25 November 2021, retrieved 2 June 2012 – via The Royal Archives
- ^ 1855 visit of Queen Victoria, Château de Versailles, archived from the original on 11 January 2013, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ "Queen Victoria in Paris", Royal Collection Trust, archived from the original on 29 August 2022, retrieved 29 August 2022
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 241–242; Longford, pp. 280–281; St Aubyn, p. 304; Woodham-Smith, p. 391
- ^ Hibbert, p. 242; Longford, p. 281; Marshall, p. 117
- ^ Napoleon III Receiving Queen Victoria at Cherbourg, 5 August 1858, Royal Museums Greenwich, archived from the original on 3 April 2012, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ Hibbert, p. 255; Marshall, p. 117
- ^ Longford, pp. 259–260; Weintraub, pp. 326 ff.
- ^ Longford, p. 263; Weintraub, pp. 326, 330
- ^ Hibbert, p. 244
- ^ Hibbert, p. 267; Longford, pp. 118, 290; St Aubyn, p. 319; Woodham-Smith, p. 412
- ^ Hibbert, p. 267; Marshall, p. 152; Woodham-Smith, p. 412
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 265–267; St Aubyn, p. 318; Woodham-Smith, pp. 412–413
- ^ Waller, p. 393; Weintraub, p. 401
- ^ Hibbert, p. 274; Longford, p. 293; St Aubyn, p. 324; Woodham-Smith, p. 417
- ^ Longford, p. 293; Marshall, p. 153; Strachey, p. 214
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 276–279; St Aubyn, p. 325; Woodham-Smith, pp. 422–423
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 280–292; Marshall, p. 154
- ^ Hibbert, p. 299; St Aubyn, p. 346
- ^ St Aubyn, p. 343
- ^ e.g. Strachey, p. 306
- ^ Ridley, Jane (27 May 2017), "Queen Victoria – burdened by grief and six-course dinners", The Spectator, archived from the original on 28 August 2018, retrieved 28 August 2018
- ^ Marshall, pp. 170–172; St Aubyn, p. 385
- ^ Hibbert, p. 310; Longford, p. 321; St Aubyn, pp. 343–344; Waller, p. 404
- ^ Hibbert, p. 310; Longford, p. 322
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 323–324; Marshall, pp. 168–169; St Aubyn, pp. 356–362
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 321–322; Longford, pp. 327–328; Marshall, p. 170
- ^ Hibbert, p. 329; St Aubyn, pp. 361–362
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 311–312; Longford, p. 347; St Aubyn, p. 369
- ^ St Aubyn, pp. 374–375
- ^ Marshall, p. 199; Strachey, p. 299
- ^ Hibbert, p. 318; Longford, p. 401; St Aubyn, p. 427; Strachey, p. 254
- ^ Buckle, George Earle; Monypenny, W. F. (1910–1920) The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, vol. 5, p. 49, quoted in Strachey, p. 243
- ^ Hibbert, p. 320; Strachey, pp. 246–247
- ^ Longford, p. 381; St Aubyn, pp. 385–386; Strachey, p. 248
- ^ St Aubyn, pp. 385–386; Strachey, pp. 248–250
- ^ Longford, p. 385
- ^ Hibbert, p. 343
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 343–344; Longford, p. 389; Marshall, p. 173
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 344–345
- ^ Hibbert, p. 345; Longford, pp. 390–391; Marshall, p. 176; St Aubyn, p. 388
- ^ Charles, p. 103; Hibbert, pp. 426–427; St Aubyn, pp. 388–389
- ^ Old Bailey Proceedings Online, Trial of Arthur O'Connor. (t18720408-352, 8 April 1872).
- ^ Hibbert, p. 427; Marshall, p. 176; St Aubyn, p. 389
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 249–250; Woodham-Smith, pp. 384–385
- ^ Woodham-Smith, p. 386
- ^ a b Hibbert, p. 251; Woodham-Smith, p. 386
- ^ St Aubyn, p. 335
- ^ Hibbert, p. 361; Longford, p. 402; Marshall, pp. 180–184; Waller, p. 423
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 295–296; Waller, p. 423
- ^ Hibbert, p. 361; Longford, pp. 405–406; Marshall, p. 184; St Aubyn, p. 434; Waller, p. 426
- ^ Waller, p. 427
- ^ Victoria's diary and letters quoted in Longford, p. 425
- ^ Victoria quoted in Longford, p. 426
- ^ Longford, pp. 412–413
- ^ Longford, p. 426
- ^ Longford, p. 411
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 367–368; Longford, p. 429; Marshall, p. 186; St Aubyn, pp. 442–444; Waller, pp. 428–429
- ^ Letter from Victoria to Montagu Corry, 1st Baron Rowton, quoted in Hibbert, p. 369
- ^ Longford, p. 437
- ^ Hibbert, p. 420; St Aubyn, p. 422
- ^ Hibbert, p. 420; St Aubyn, p. 421
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 420–421; St Aubyn, p. 422; Strachey, p. 278
- ^ Hibbert, p. 427; Longford, p. 446; St Aubyn, p. 421
- ^ Longford, pp. 451–452
- ^ Longford, p. 454; St Aubyn, p. 425; Hibbert, p. 443
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 443–444; St Aubyn, pp. 425–426
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 443–444; Longford, p. 455
- ^ Hibbert, p. 444; St Aubyn, p. 424; Waller, p. 413
- ^ Longford, p. 461
- ^ Longford, pp. 477–478
- ^ Hibbert, p. 373; St Aubyn, p. 458
- ^ Waller, p. 433; see also Hibbert, pp. 370–371 and Marshall, pp. 191–193
- ^ Hibbert, p. 373; Longford, p. 484
- ^ Hibbert, p. 374; Longford, p. 491; Marshall, p. 196; St Aubyn, pp. 460–461
- ^ St Aubyn, pp. 460–461
- ^ Queen Victoria, Royal Household, archived from the original on 13 March 2021, retrieved 29 March 2013
- ^ Marshall, pp. 210–211; St Aubyn, pp. 491–493
- ^ Longford, p. 502
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 447–448; Longford, p. 508; St Aubyn, p. 502; Waller, p. 441
- ^ "Queen Victoria's Urdu workbook on show", BBC News, 15 September 2017, archived from the original on 1 December 2017, retrieved 23 November 2017
- ^ Hunt, Kristin (20 September 2017), "Victoria and Abdul: The Friendship that Scandalized England", Smithsonian, archived from the original on 1 December 2017, retrieved 23 November 2017
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 448–449
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 449–451
- ^ Hibbert, p. 447; Longford, p. 539; St Aubyn, p. 503; Waller, p. 442
- ^ Hibbert, p. 454
- ^ Hibbert, p. 382
- ^ Hibbert, p. 375; Longford, p. 519
- ^ Hibbert, p. 376; Longford, p. 530; St Aubyn, p. 515
- ^ Hibbert, p. 377
- ^ Hibbert, p. 456
- ^ Longford, p. 546; St Aubyn, pp. 545–546
- ^ Marshall, pp. 206–207, 211; St Aubyn, pp. 546–548
- ISBN 978-0-8129-9470-4
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 457–458; Marshall, pp. 206–207, 211; St Aubyn, pp. 546–548
- ^ Hibbert, p. 436; St Aubyn, p. 508
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 437–438; Longford, pp. 554–555; St Aubyn, p. 555
- ^ Longford, p. 558
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 464–466, 488–489; Strachey, p. 308; Waller, p. 442
- ^ Victoria's journal, 1 January 1901, quoted in Hibbert, p. 492; Longford, p. 559 and St Aubyn, p. 592
- ^ Her personal physician Sir James Reid, 1st Baronet, quoted in Hibbert, p. 492
- ISBN 978-1-85109-355-7
- ^ Longford, pp. 561–562; St Aubyn, p. 598
- ^ Hibbert, p. 497; Longford, p. 563
- ^ St Aubyn, p. 598
- ^ Longford, p. 563
- ^ Hibbert, p. 498
- ^ Longford, p. 565; St Aubyn, p. 600
- ^ Gander, Kashmira (26 August 2015), "Queen Elizabeth II to become Britain's longest reigning monarch, surpassing Queen Victoria", The Daily Telegraph, London, archived from the original on 19 September 2015, retrieved 9 September 2015
- ISBN 978-0-7126-7448-5.
- ^ Fulford, Roger (1967) "Victoria", Collier's Encyclopedia, United States: Crowell, Collier and Macmillan Inc., vol. 23, p. 127
- ISBN 1-84119-096-9, p. 690
- ^ Example from a letter written by lady-in-waiting Marie Mallet née Adeane, quoted in Hibbert, p. 471
- ^ Hibbert, p. xv; St Aubyn, p. 340
- ^ St Aubyn, p. 30; Woodham-Smith, p. 87
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 503–504; St Aubyn, p. 30; Woodham-Smith, pp. 88, 436–437
- ^ Hibbert, p. 503
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 503–504; St Aubyn, p. 624
- ^ Hibbert, pp. 61–62; Longford, pp. 89, 253; St Aubyn, pp. 48, 63–64
- ^ Marshall, p. 210; Waller, pp. 419, 434–435, 443
- ^ Waller, p. 439
- ^ St Aubyn, p. 624
- ^ Hibbert, p. 504; St Aubyn, p. 623
- ^ e.g. Hibbert, p. 352; Strachey, p. 304; Woodham-Smith, p. 431
- ^ Waller, p. 429
- ^ Bagehot, Walter (1867), The English Constitution, London: Chapman and Hall, p. 103
- ^ St Aubyn, pp. 602–603; Strachey, pp. 303–304; Waller, pp. 366, 372, 434
- ISBN 0-7432-3657-2
- S2CID 206522975
- ^ Potts and Potts, pp. 55–65, quoted in Hibbert p. 217; Packard, pp. 42–43
- ^ Jones, Steve (1996) In the Blood, BBC documentary
- ISBN 978-1-4251-6810-0
- ^ Hemophilia B, National Hemophilia Foundation, 5 March 2014, archived from the original on 24 March 2015, retrieved 29 March 2015
- ^ ISBN 0-11-702247-0, p. 86
- ^ Risk, James; Pownall, Henry; Stanley, David; Tamplin, John; Martin, Stanley (2001), Royal Service, vol. 2, Lingfield: Third Millennium Publishing/Victorian Publishing, pp. 16–19
- ^ "No. 21846", The London Gazette, 5 February 1856, pp. 410–411
- ^ "No. 22523", The London Gazette, 25 June 1861, p. 2621
- ^ Whitaker, Joseph (1894), An Almanack for the Year of Our Lord ..., J. Whitaker, p. 112, archived from the original on 22 March 2023, retrieved 15 December 2019
- ^ "No. 24539", The London Gazette, 4 January 1878, p. 113
- ^ Shaw, William Arthur (1906), "Introduction", The Knights of England, vol. 1, London: Sherratt and Hughes, p. xxxi
- ^ "The Royal Red Cross Archived 28 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine". QARANC – Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
- ^ "No. 25641", The London Gazette, 9 November 1886, pp. 5385–5386
- ^ The Albert Medal, Royal Society of Arts, London, UK, archived from the original on 8 June 2011, retrieved 12 December 2019
- ^ "No. 26733", The London Gazette, 24 April 1896, p. 2455
- ^ "Real orden de damas nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa", Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid (in Spanish), Madrid: Imprenta Real, p. 91, 1834, archived from the original on 28 March 2021, retrieved 21 November 2019 – via hathitrust.org
- ^ ISBN 978-4-7571-4073-8, archivedfrom the original on 22 March 2023, retrieved 13 September 2020
- ^ Bragança, Jose Vicente de (2014), "Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota" [Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha], Pro Phalaris (in Portuguese), vol. 9–10, p. 6, archived from the original on 25 November 2021, retrieved 28 November 2019
- ^ Ордена Св. Екатерины [Knights of the Order of St. Catherine], Список кавалерам россійских императорских и царских орденов [List of Knights of the Russian Imperial and Tsarist Orders] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Printing house of the II branch of His Imperial Majesty's Chancellery, 1850, p. 15, archived from the original on 22 March 2023, retrieved 20 October 2019
- ISBN 978-2-35077-135-9
- ^ "Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio", Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), Mexico City: Imp. de J.M. Lara, 1866, p. 244, archived from the original on 22 March 2023, retrieved 13 September 2020
- ^ Olvera Ayes, David A. (2020), "La Orden Imperial de San Carlos", Cuadernos del Cronista Editores, México
- ^ Queen Victoria, "Thursday, 11th June 1857", Queen Victoria's Journals, vol. 43, p. 171, archived from the original on 25 November 2021, retrieved 2 June 2012 – via The Royal Archives
- ^ Queen Victoria, "Tuesday, 3rd December 1872", Queen Victoria's Journals, vol. 61, p. 333, archived from the original on 25 November 2021, retrieved 2 June 2012 – via The Royal Archives
- ^ Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (1874), "Chapter IV: England", The Diary of H.M. The Shah of Persia during his tour through Europe in A.D. 1873: A verbatim translation, translated by Redhouse, James William, London: John Murray, p. 149
- ^ "Court Circular", Court and Social, The Times, no. 29924, London, 3 July 1880, col G, p. 11
- Royal Thai Government Gazette (in Thai), 5 May 1887, archived from the original(PDF) on 21 October 2020, retrieved 8 May 2019
- ^ Kalakaua to his sister, 24 July 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. (editor, 1967) "The Royal Tourist – Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London Archived 19 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine", Hawaiian Journal of History, vol. 5, p. 100
- ^ Acović, Dragomir (2012), Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima (in Serbian), Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik, p. 364
- ^ "Two Royal Families – Historical Ties", The Royal Family of Serbia, 13 March 2016, archived from the original on 6 December 2019, retrieved 6 December 2019
- ^ "Goldener Löwen-orden", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1885, p. 35, archived from the original on 6 September 2021, retrieved 6 September 2021 – via hathitrust.org
- ^ "Honorary Badge of the Red Cross", Bulgarian Royal Decorations, archived from the original on 15 December 2019, retrieved 15 December 2019
- ^ "The Imperial Orders and Decorations of Ethiopia", The Crown Council of Ethiopia, archived from the original on 26 December 2012, retrieved 21 November 2019
- ^ "The Order of Sovereign Prince Danilo I". orderofdanilo.org. Archived 9 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Silver Wedding medal of Duke Alfred of Saxe-Coburg & Grand Duchess Marie", Royal Collection, archived from the original on 12 December 2019, retrieved 12 December 2019
- ^ ISBN 978-1-85605-469-0
- ISBN 0-85021-232-4, pp. 134–136
Bibliography
- Charles, Barrie (2012), Kill the Queen! The Eight Assassination Attempts on Queen Victoria, Stroud: Amberley Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4456-0457-2
- ISBN 0-00-638843-4
- ISBN 0-297-17001-5
- Marshall, Dorothy (1972), The Life and Times of Queen Victoria (1992 reprint ed.), London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-83166-6
- Packard, Jerrold M. (1998), Victoria's Daughters, New York: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-24496-7
- ISBN 0-7509-1199-9
- St. Aubyn, Giles (1991), Queen Victoria: A Portrait, London: Sinclair-Stevenson, ISBN 1-85619-086-2
- Strachey, Lytton (1921), Queen Victoria, London: Chatto and Windus
- Waller, Maureen (2006), Sovereign Ladies: The Six Reigning Queens of England, London: ISBN 0-7195-6628-2
- ISBN 0-7195-5756-9
- ISBN 0-241-02200-2
- ISBN 978-1-4736-5138-8
Primary sources
- Benson, A. C.; Esher, Viscount, eds. (1907), The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection of Her Majesty's Correspondence Between the Years 1837 and 1861, London: John Murray
- Bolitho, Hector, ed. (1938), Letters of Queen Victoria from the Archives of the House of Brandenburg-Prussia, London: Thornton Butterworth
- Buckle, George Earle, ed. (1926), The Letters of Queen Victoria, 2nd Series 1862–1885, London: John Murray
- Buckle, George Earle, ed. (1930), The Letters of Queen Victoria, 3rd Series 1886–1901, London: John Murray
- Connell, Brian (1962), Regina v. Palmerston: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and her Foreign and Prime Minister, 1837–1865, London: Evans Brothers
- Duff, David, ed. (1968), Victoria in the Highlands: The Personal Journal of Her Majesty Queen Victoria, London: Muller
- Dyson, Hope; Tennyson, Charles, eds. (1969), Dear and Honoured Lady: The Correspondence between Queen Victoria and Alfred Tennyson, London: Macmillan
- Esher, Viscount, ed. (1912), The Girlhood of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty's Diaries Between the Years 1832 and 1840, London: John Murray
- Fulford, Roger, ed. (1964), Dearest Child: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Princess Royal, 1858–1861, London: Evans Brothers
- Fulford, Roger, ed. (1968), Dearest Mama: Letters Between Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1861–1864, London: Evans Brothers
- Fulford, Roger, ed. (1971), Beloved Mama: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess, 1878–1885, London: Evans Brothers
- Fulford, Roger, ed. (1971), Your Dear Letter: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the Crown Princess of Prussia, 1863–1871, London: Evans Brothers
- Fulford, Roger, ed. (1976), Darling Child: Private Correspondence of Queen Victoria and the German Crown Princess of Prussia, 1871–1878, London: Evans Brothers
- ISBN 0-7195-4107-7
- ISBN 0-434-34861-9
- Jagow, Kurt, ed. (1938), Letters of the Prince Consort 1831–1861, London: John Murray
- Mortimer, Raymond, ed. (1961), Queen Victoria: Leaves from a Journal, New York: Farrar, Straus & Cudahy
- Ponsonby, Frederick, ed. (1930), Letters of the Empress Frederick, London: Macmillan
- Ramm, Agatha, ed. (1990), Beloved and Darling Child: Last Letters between Queen Victoria and Her Eldest Daughter, 1886–1901, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, ISBN 978-0-86299-880-6
- Victoria, Queen (1868), Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1848 to 1861, London: Smith, Elder
- Victoria, Queen (1884), More Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands from 1862 to 1882, London: Smith, Elder
Further reading
- Arnstein, Walter L. (2003), Queen Victoria, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-333-63806-4
- Baird, Julia (2016), Victoria The Queen: An Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire, New York: Random House, ISBN 978-1-4000-6988-0
- Cadbury, Deborah (2017), Queen Victoria's Matchmaking: The Royal Marriages That Shaped Europe, Bloomsbury
- Carter, Sarah; Nugent, Maria Nugent, eds. (2016), Mistress of everything: Queen Victoria in Indigenous worlds, Manchester University Press
- Eyck, Frank (1959), The Prince Consort: a political biography, Chatto
- ISBN 978-1-85585-469-7
- Homans, Margaret; Munich, Adrienne, eds. (1997), Remaking Queen Victoria, Cambridge University Press
- Homans, Margaret (1997), Royal Representations: Queen Victoria and British Culture, 1837–1876
- ISBN 978-0-312-30385-3
- ISBN 9780394407630
- Kingsley Kent, Susan (2015), Queen Victoria: Gender and Empire
- Lyden, Anne M. (2014), A Royal Passion: Queen Victoria and Photography, Los Angeles: Getty Publications, ISBN 978-1-60606-155-8
- Ridley, Jane (2015), Victoria: Queen, Matriarch, Empress, Penguin
- Taylor, Miles (2020), "The Bicentenary of Queen Victoria", S2CID 213433777
- Weintraub, Stanley (1987), Victoria: Biography of a Queen, London: HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0-04-923084-2
- Wilson, A. N. (2014), Victoria: A Life, London: Atlantic Books, ISBN 978-1-84887-956-0
External links
- Queen Victoria at the official website of the British monarchy
- Queen Victoria at the official website of the Royal Collection Trust
- Queen Victoria at BBC Teach
- Portraits of Queen Victoria at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Queen Victoria's Journals, online from the Royal Archive and Bodleian Library
- Works by Queen Victoria at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Queen Victoria at Internet Archive
- Works by Queen Victoria at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Newspaper clippings about Queen Victoria in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW