Victory Day Parades
Victory Day Parades | |
---|---|
9 May | |
Next time | 9 May 2024 |
Frequency | annual |
Victory Day parades (Russian: Парад Победы, tr. Parad Pobedy) are common military parades that are held on 9 May in some post-Soviet nations, primarily Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, and formerly Ukraine. They are usually held to honor the traditional Victory Day holiday. In 2015, the Ukrainian government renamed the holiday as "Victory Day over Nazism in World War II" as part of decommunization laws and in 2023 moved the holiday to 8 May.[1]
Victory parades as a holiday tradition
As Victory Day is the principal military holiday of Russia and of almost all member the countries of the
During the entire history of the
However, on April 26, 1965, nearly twenty years after the
Until 1989 celebrations of Victory Day were held in most
In 2020, many of the traditional parades were cancelled, with the only ones being held in Belarus and Turkmenistan. The main parade in Russia, as well as parades in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan were cancelled as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to these massive cancellations, World Health Organization regional director for Europe Hans Kluge referred to these cancellations as "a brave decision", highlighting their holiday significance.[3]
Purpose
According to Russian anthropologist Sergey Ushakin, modern victory parades are intended to demonstrate the direct and immediate connection of the present with the past and to materialize the connection between generations.[4] General Oleg Salyukov, who has commanded the parade for close to a decade, described them in an interview with TASS as a "celebration for people, not show of militarism" referring to accusations of the parade being used as show of Russian military might.[5]
Parades in the Russian Federation
Today,
Red Square, Moscow
The most important parade of those being held on May 9 is the one held on Moscow's Red Square, with the President of Russia as the guest of honor and keynote speaker in virtue of his constitutional mandate as Supreme Commander of the Russian Armed Forces. On the morning of the day, an estimated 14,000 military personnel, including a regiment of female cadets and youth cadets, assemble by battalions on the square together with the Massed Bands of around 1,100 bandsmen under the direction of the Senior Director of Music of the Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia (an appointment bestowed to either a colonel or a general rank officer), together with more than 210 vehicles and 3,800 vehicle crews assembled on Tverskaya Street just north of the Manezhnaya Square, Moscow, during the major parades a battalion or company of historical Red Army vehicles, estimated at around 36 vehicles and composed of just the T-34, GAZ-67 and the SU-100 plus the optional BM-13N (or at around an estimated 480 when counting other vehicles of the war which would take part just like in the parades of 1985 and 1990) assemble on the street as well with modern military hardware of the Armed Forces and the National Guard (and optionally by the other uniformed organizations). Each of the contingents, since 1996, carry historical military colors of the 1942 (Red Army, Soviet Air Force, People's Militia) and 1932–1944 (Navy) patterns at the head of their formations honoring the millions of men and women who served in the ranks of the military and law enforcement services of the former Soviet Union during the long period of the Eastern Front of the Second World War, and the millions among them who were either killed or were missing in action.
The celebrations begin at 9:55 am Moscow Standard Time with the arrival of the President and the Prime Minister of Russia to a special grandstand in front of Lenin's Mausoleum, where six of the past parades were reviewed by national leaders. They greet the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces, service commanders, deputy ministers in the Ministry of Defence and commanders of the support units within the Armed Forces, together with veterans, veterans' families and representatives of the Suvorov and Nakhimov Schools assembled. To the left and right of the grandstand are the stands wherein veterans, veterans' families, and descendants and families of personnel killed in action are gathered. In between the grandstand to the south of the stands are two platoons of armed linemen and markers from the 154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment in the Imperial-styled military uniforms and some unarmed half-companies of the Kremlin Regiment, both of which would be later taking post to mark the distance of the troops marching past and to line the square's western side facing the Kremlin together with extra drum majors from the Band Service, which are there to coordinate the march past to be timed in with the music of the bands since the parade of 1995.
As the
As the president finishes the address and a threefold Oorah resounds all over the square by the entire parade assembled and the honor guard presents arms, the Massed Bands play the
- Parade... attention! Ceremonial march past!
Form battalions! Distance by a single lineman! First battalion will remain in the right, remainder... left.. turn!
Slope.. arms!
- Parade... attention! Ceremonial march past!
As the command is given to start the linemen take their places and the field markers also as well at the south end of the square. As the PC ends the commands with Eyes to the right, forward, quick march! the Corps of Drums of the Moscow Military Music College, as is their tradition since 1938, march first to the tune of the "General Miloradovich" by one of its late alumni, Lieutenant General Valery Khalilov, one of the longest-serving Senior Directors of Music of the Military Band Service and conductor of the Moscow area massed bands from 2002 to 2016, being played by the drummers and fifers. As the massed bands start playing the Corps of Drums stop playing by the signal of the Corps Drum Major and swings its drumsticks while on the eyes right. The Corps is followed by the colour guard of the 154th PICR and its 1st Honor Guard Company, during jubilee parades, the colour guard is followed by a company of colour bearers carrying the front standards in the order of their marchpast in the 1945 Victory Parade and their escorts, colours from the regiments, brigades, and divisions which took part in the original 1945 parade and a historical unit of servicemen in period uniforms, optionally joined by the Kuban Cossacks, in memory of their contingent which marched past on that very parade, and the Escort Cavalry Squadron of the Kremlin Regiment plus a number of international contingents.
Once the ground column ends, the bands stop playing and, to give way to the mobile column by marching towards the facade of the GUM department store. The mobile column starts with the drive past of historical vehicles in jubilee years and only a T-34/85 medium battle tank carrying the Victory Banner non-special anniversary years.[citation needed]
Russian parades held outside Moscow
As per tradition, 27 other Russian major cities (Sevastopol and Kerch in the disputed Crimea included) are expected to hold commemorative parades on that day (some of them including flypasts and fleet reviews during jubilee years), and joint civil-military parades are hosted by 50 other towns and cities nationwide. Many of these parades are modeled primarily on the Moscow parade.
The following plazas in cities outside of Moscow hold military parades:
- St. Petersburg)
- Soviet Square (Smolensk)
- Victory Square (Tula)
- Victory Square (Kaliningrad)
- Lenin Square (Voronezh)
- Minin and Pozharsky Square (Nizhny Novgorod)
- Five Corners (Murmansk)
- Primorskoy Square (Severomorsk)
- 1905 Square (Yekaterinburg)
- Millennium Square (Kazan)
- Lenin Square (Novosibirsk)
- Kuybyshev Square (Samara)
- Theatre Square (Rostov-on-Don)
- Square of Fallen Fighters (Volgograd)
- Lenin Square (Novorossiysk)
- Freedom Square (Vladikavkaz)
- Lenin Square (Astrakhan)
- Lenin Square (Stavropol)
- Admiral Pavel Nakhimov Square (Sevastopol)
- Lenin Square (Kerch)
- Lenin Square (Simferopol)
- Platov Square (Novocherkassk)
- Lenin Square (Khabarovsk)
- Ship Embankment (Vladivostok)
- Central Square (Ussuriysk)
- Central Square (Belogorsk)
- Lenin Square (Chita)
- Council Square (Ulan-Ude)
- Glory Square (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk)
Like Moscow, regional parades in recent years have included foreign troops in their parades. On the 65th anniversary in 2010, French troops took part in a parade in Murmansk while American sailors paraded in Vladivostok.[7][8][9] This occurred once again in 2013 in Vladivostok during which American Pacific Fleet troops and sailors from the French Navy took part in the 68th anniversary parade, greeting the parade inspector in their native languages before sounding a Russian-style threefold "Ura!"[9] Foreign cadet contingents also take part in the parade in St. Petersburg and Omsk. In 2020, it was confirmed that foreign servicemen from the armed forces of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan will take part in the parade in Yekaterinburg,[10] as well an 80-man contingent from Armenia in Rostov-on-Don,[11][12] plans which were later scrapped. In Ulan-Ude in 2021, a contingent of the Mongolian Armed Forces took part in the parade for the first time.[13][14]
Palace Square, St. Petersburg
The first Victory parade in the city was the Parade of Guards (Russian: Парад гвардейских войск) on 8 July 1945 was held in then Leningrad in the presence of at least half a million Leningraders. The parade consisted of servicemen from guards units of the Leningrad Front, all of which marched on Nevsky Prospect.[15] On 9 May 1965, the first parade celebration of the 20th anniversary of the victory took place on the Palace Square grounds.[16]
Ship Embankment, Vladivostok
Victory Parades in Vladivostok first began in 1965. Despite this it is generally considered that the first parade in honor of the victory in Vladivostok on Svetlanskaya Street took place in 1918 dedicated to the First World War, attended by British, American and French troops. Svetlanskaya later went on to host ten victory parades, held infrequently. The traditional part of parade was reduced to the construction of areas of the central square, which resulted in parades, such as one in 2009, being held under the monument to the Red Army soldier. In 2011, the victory parade in Vladivostok moved from the central square to Ship Embankment, which was a controversial move that caused debate. Since 2012, official Victory Parades have been held annually on the street.[17]
Lenin Square, Khabarovsk The parade in the city of Khabarovsk is the main one in the Eastern Military District. In 2019, the American M4 Sherman medium tank, one of the many Lend-Lease Sherman tanks supplied to the Soviet Union by the United States military industry, took part in the mobile column of the parade for the first time, after over a year of restoration work after being found by divers at the bottom of the Barents Sea. This was unprecedented, as this was the first time in years that a Lend-Lease vehicle used by the Soviet Army drove past on a regional parade in the city.[18]
1905 Square, Yekaterinburg Unlike other cities, parades in Yekaterinburg (known in the Soviet era as Sverdlovsk) weren't held until 1975, a year when the parade in Moscow wasn't event being held despite it being a jubilee year. Another parade was held on 1905 Square in 1980. Parades returned in 1992, after the merger/creation of the Volga–Ural Military District caused large-scale parades in the region to be moved to Samara. In 2005, Yekaterinburg was one of three cities in Russia (along with Moscow and Krasnoyarsk), where heavy military equipment directly took part in the parade. The record number of military equipment participating in the parade was recorded in 2010. In 2015, aircraft were first introduced into the parade.[19]
Lenin Square, Novorossiysk The 2021 parade in Novosibirsk was the first ever regional parade since 1990 that featured the
Kazan Kremlin The principal parade of Tatarstan, beginning 2012, has been held on the grounds of Kazan Millenium Square, outside the Kazan Kremlin, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and at the front of Kazan Arena.
Crimea Parades held in the Russian Republic of Crimea are spread across three cities: Sevastopol, Simferopol and Kerch. The first large-scale procession took place in 1960 at the city stadium in Simferopol. Since the 90s, the most grandiose parades, were held in Sevastopol, a Hero City. For a number of years, a joint parade of the Russian Black Sea Fleet and the Ukrainian Navy took place in the city, featuring both Ukrainian and Rusisan parade commanders and inspectors.[20]
Since the 2014 Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, parades have been solely held by Russia, with the first parade in May of that year commemorating the 70th anniversary of its liberation.[21][22] President Vladimir Putin also visited the city to attend a fleet review after reviewing the parade in Moscow that day.[23]
Russian parades outside the country
The following bases in foreign countries hold military parades:
During the annual parade at
Incidents
In 2004, during a victory parade in the Chechen city of Grozny, a bomb exploded, killing 10 people including the Chechen President Akhmad Kadyrov.
History of parades in different countries
Parades held in recognized nations
Armenia
Annual victory day parades in
Belarus
Victory parades in
Czechoslovakia
During the period of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, regular victory day parades were held by the Czechoslovak People's Army (ČSLA) in Letná. The first parade took place in 1951 and have since been held every five years on 9 May up until 1990. The parade also marked the Prague uprising. The last of these parades took place in 1985.[32][33] Kde domov můj & Nad Tatrou sa blýska (the Czechoslovakian national anthem) was performed by the massed bands on parade before being followed by the State Anthem of the Soviet Union. Parades were also held in Bratislava and Pilsen as well.
Israel
Israel has commemorated Victory Day since it became a national holiday in 2017. As a result of the mass immigration of many Red Army veterans, Israel now hosts the largest and most extensive Victory Day celebrations outside the former Soviet space. The traditions and customs of Victory Day are the same as in Russia, with marches of Immortal Regiments held in cities with large populations of Red Army veterans and their descendants, particularly in Tel Aviv, Jerusalem and Haifa. It does not just honor all who served in the European and Mediterranean Theaters, but also particularly honors the Jewish partisans and soldiers who served in the armed forces and paramilitary formations, as well as of the civil uniformed security forces, of the Allies, whose experience would help in the formation of the current day Israel Defense Forces.
Kazakhstan
The first Victory Day Parade in
In Aktau, the parade traditionally begins with the "Volley of Remembrance", fired near the Eternal Flame monument.[42]
Kyrgyzstan
The only major Victory Day Parade in
Parades have also been held in Osh, with notable attendees including First Deputy Prime Minister Mukhammedkalyi Abylgaziev.[50]
Moldova
On 15 April 2020, Moldovan President
Victory parades also took place in the Soviet era.[54]
Serbia and former Yugoslavia
Victory Day Parades in Serbia and the former Yugoslavia are held frequently, the first of which was held by the Yugoslav People's Army on Bulevar revolucije in 1965, during the 20th anniversary.[55] After that parade, it was held every 5 years. The last victory parade in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was held on the ruby jubilee in 1985 (branded as Parade 85). On 10 May 2019, the first Victory Day Parade of the Serbian Armed Forces in close to 35 years was held in the city of Niš (branded as "The Defence of Freedom").[56][57][58][59]
Tajikistan
Victory Day parades of the
Turkmenistan
In 2020, the 75th anniversary of the victory in the war was celebrated with a military parade and festive celebrations.[61][62] This was the first ever Victory Parade to be held since Turkmen independence was attained.[63][64][65][66] Soldiers of the Armed Forces of Turkmenistan took part in the parade,[67] which was held at a square in front of the Halk Hakydasy Memorial Complex in the capital of Ashgabat, with a special appearance by Russian Deputy Minister of Defence Alexander Fomin.[68][69] The parade featured a procession of various historical artifacts, including the banner of the 748th Infantry Regiment of the 206th Rifle Division of the 2nd Ukrainian Front (which was brought into the capital from Moscow)[70][71][72] as well as the GAZ-M20 Pobeda parade car and battle vehicles from that era. The parade was held in spite of the coronavirus pandemic in the country and was one of two parades being held that year in the former Soviet Union, with the other being in Minsk.[73]
Ukraine
After independence in 1991, the first parade was held in 1995
The planned parade was cancelled for the first time in 2014 by order of the Kyiv City State Administration in light of the start Russo-Ukrainian War and the holiday's Russian connotations.[80]
In 2023 9 May as a public holiday was canceled and henceforth the end of the
(For many[
Uzbekistan
In 2018, a Victory Parade of the
Parades held in partly recognized states
Republic of Abkhazia
Victory parades have been held in Abkhazia annually since 2009. This should not be confused with the Victory parade on 30 September in Sukhumi on Independence Day.[citation needed]
Republic of South Ossetia
Like its neighbor Abkhazia, South Ossetia has held annual Victory Day Parades in the capital of Tskhinvali since 2009. All victory parades take place on Theatre Square and involve troops of the Armed Forces of South Ossetia.
In 2020, for the first time, the parade was held on 24 June
Artsakh Republic
The Victory Day (and
Donetsk People's Republic
To symbolize its Russian heritage, the authorities in the breakaway
Luhansk People's Republic
The Luhansk People's Republic has conducted parades in honor of Victory Day since 2015.
Parades held in unrecognized states
Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
Victory Day parades in the
Expanded summary of the parades within current and former countries
Victors Avenue, Minsk
The parade commander (the Deputy Defense Minister bearing the rank of Major General) arrives on Victors Avenue to receive the report from the commander of the first parade formation (usually the Military Academy of Belarus). The President of Belarus then arrives at the grandstand in front of the Minsk Hero City Obelisk to await the start of the parade. The parade commander gives the order to begin the review of the Minsk Garrison by the Defence Minister of Belarus, the parade presenting arms at that juncture and the massed bands of the Minsk Garrison under the Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Belarus beginning to play inspection music under the baton of the Senior Director of Music.
The Defense Minister, having now been duly notified, then reviews the parading troops along the avenue in his vehicle, stopping a few times to send holiday greetings to a 4,000 strong ground column formation from the armed forces and other uniformed organizations while the massed bands play inspection music. As the defense minister concludes the inspection of the troops, he reports to the president on the readiness of the parade. A minute of silence then takes place, followed by a performance of the National Anthem of Belarus (
- Military Academy of Belarus
- Belarusian National Technical University
- 120th Guards Separate Mechanized Brigade
- 38th Guards Air Assault Brigade
- 5th Special Operations Brigade
- Battalion of women servicemen of the Armed Forces
- Cadets of the Internal Troops College of the Military Academy of Belarus
- Interior Ministry Troops
- Special Purpose Police of Belarus
- Company of women policemen of the Belarusian Police
- State Border Committee Training Institute
- Emergencies Ministry National University of Civil Defense
- Territorial Defense of the Armed Forces
- Honor Guard of the Armed Forces of Belarus
The mobile column then follows, led up by a historical segment composed of military vehicles and equipment used during the days of the 1944 Minsk Offensive, followed on by the usual flypast by the
Khreshchatyk Street, Kyiv
In the years wherein the Victory Day over Nazism in World War II parade was held in the Ukrainian capital of Kyiv, the parade commander - a lieutenant general holding the appointment of Commanding General, Operational Command North or general holding the billet of Commander of the Ground Forces, following the report of the commandant,
At 10am, following the playing of a recording of clock chimes, and as the massed bands of the Military Music Department of the General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces stationed at Independence Square played a fanfare, the President, who serves as supreme commander in chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, arrives. He meets with members of the National Security and Defense Council, the Supreme Commander in Chief's Staff, representatives of the Armed Forces General Staff and the Ministries of Defense and Internal Affairs, the Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada and its vice chairmen, the secretary general, sergeant at arms, faction leaders and floor leaders, and the living veterans of the war who are assembled on the grandstand near the Independence Monument. Also gathered there is the diplomatic corps, military attaches, family members of war victims and representatives of veterans organizations, government agencies, state-owned companies and the private sector.
The arrival is followed by the march in of No.1 Guard of Honor Company of the Presidential Honor Guard Battalion, which serves as the parade colour company carrying the Flag of Ukraine and the Victory Banner. As the parade presented arms, the battalion marches past the authorities and takes its place of honor in the flag pole near the Independence Monument for the flag raising ceremony after the company's color section takes post there, in which the National anthem of Ukraine is played either acapella or by the bands with choral accompaniment as a 21-gun salute is fired.
At the end of the flag raising, the parade orders arms and a moment of silence is observed in honor of all the victims of the Second World War in Ukraine and the Ukrainian heroes of that conflict.
Following this the parade presents arms to receive the parade reviewing officer, either the Minister of Defense or Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces (if the former is military, usually holding general or general of the army rank). The parade commander's vehicle drives near the bands and once the reviewing officer arrives and the bands stop playing, he informs him of the readiness of the parade to be inspected. The report is received, both then drive past the formations assembled around Khreshchatyk Street as the massed bands play slow marches, stopping to greet each of the parade battalions assembled. The tri-service colour guard, a second guard of honor company and a battalion of servicemen both under the Presidential Brigade is inspected first, then the historical battalions, followed by battalions of cadets and active servicemen and women and then the mobile column. After all have inspected, the parade commander returns to his place and the parade reviewing officer arrives at the Maidan to inform the president of the parade's readiness to march off.
Victory Park, Dushanbe
According to tradition, a wreath-laying ceremony at the tomb of the unknown soldier takes place at Victory Park.[93]
Full order of the parade:
- Military Brass Band of the Commandant Regiment of the Ministry of Defense of Tajikistan
- Presidential National Guard
- Units of the Commandant Regiment of the Ministry of Defense
- Military Institute of the Ministry of Defense of Tajikistan
- Mastibek Tashmukhamedov Military Lyceum of the Ministry of Defense of Tajikistan
- Russian 201st Military Base
- Honor Guard Company of the Ministry of Defense of Tajikistan
Letná Plain, Prague
It was on the large expanse of
The celebrations began at 10 am with the playing of the Presidential Fanfare, based on the Overture of the opera Libuše, signalling the arrival of the president and if present, the Party General Secretary, with the Minister of National Defence, a billet of a General of the Army, informing the President of the presence of the parade. Later on, with the massed bands playing the Uvitaci Pochod by Václav Dobiáš, the parade commander, a general officer with either Lieutenant General or Colonel General rank, with the parade now in the present arms position as ordered, after the bands stop playing, informed the Minister of National Defence on his parade car after that the parade has now been formed up for inspection. Following the report, the parade inspector then reviewed the mobile column first and then the assembled formations, including representatives of the People's Militias and the formations of the Ministry of the Interior, including the Border Guard and the National Security Corps, stopping at each unit to greet the assembled formations on the holiday.
Following the keynote address a 21-gun salute resounded over the grounds as the massed bands played both Kde domov můj and State Anthem of the Soviet Union as the entire grandstand stood up in respect of the anthems, with all military and police personnel there saluting and the whole parade presented arms.
Kazakh Eli Square, Astana
The traditional Victory Parade in the capital is held with the march on of the
See also
- Minute of Silence
- Pobediteli
- Time of Remembrance and Reconciliation for Those Who Lost Their Lives during the Second World War
- Immortal Regiment
- Culture of the Russian Armed Forces
External links
- Official website of the 2019 Moscow parade
- Official website of the 2020 Moscow air show Archived 8 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- Official website of the June 2020 parade
- 360° panoramas of the parade in QuickTime VR technology
Videos
- Parade in honor of the 50th anniversary in Almaty
- History of Military Parades On Red Square Documentary
- 1965 - 2020: как проходил Парад Победы во Владивостоке
- Parade in Gyumri, Armenia
- Тренировки девушек из роты почетного караула к параду 9 Мая в Екатеринбурге
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