Video Privacy Protection Act

The Video Privacy Protection Act (VPPA) is a bill that was passed by the

In 2013, the law was amended to add provisions allowing consumers to electronically consent to sharing video rental histories and to extend the time that consent cant last for up to two years.[4] The law became a focus of attention in the legal industry once again in the twenty-first century with the rise of audiovisual content sharing through digital media. Its revival is part of a trend in the filing of consumer privacy class actions, both through new laws like the California Consumer Privacy Act and older laws like the VPPA and wiretapping statutes.

Computer-based VPPA litigation

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Toward the end of the 2010's and beginning of the 2020's, the 1988 law experienced a resurgence in consumer class action lawsuits. The numerous lawsuits filed as part of this trend alleged that companies violated the VPPA by collecting and disclosing consumers' video viewing history through their websites,

While the language of the VPPA focuses on "video tape service providers," consumers have argued that the law also protects the privacy of their personal information that is collected while they watch audiovisual content online.

The online advertising industry, in association with analytic companies, increasingly used video-based ads and at the same time gathered data from webpages and smart TV's showing digital video. By tracking web traffic online, consumers and their attorneys gather evidence of the data being collected by third parties through cookies and other tracking technologies when a person visits a website. Consumers use that traffic analysis to determine whether their protected personal information has been shared with third parties when they visited a particular website. For example, attorneys use software applications to log HTTP/HTTPS traffic between a computer's web browser and the Internet to produce evidence of tracking activities. This approach led to a settlement in the Lane v. Facebook, Inc. case that resulted in a $9.5 million settlement.^[8]

2013 Amendments

Following VPPA litigation against Netflix^[9] and other digital media industry giants, in January 2013, President Barack Obama signed into law H.R. 6671 amending the VPPA. The amendments allow video rental companies to share rental information on social networking sites after obtaining customer permission.

Netflix, which had expressed concerns about violating the VPPA with its increasingly social video viewing services, reportedly lobbied for the change.^[10] Netflix cited the VPPA in 2011 following the announcement of its global integration with Facebook. The company noted that the VPPA was the sole reason why the new feature was not immediately available in the United States, and encouraged its customers to contact their representatives in support of legislation that would clarify the language of the law.^[11] In 2012, Netflix changed its privacy rules so that it no longer retained records for people who have left the site, a change that was reported to have been inspired by VPPA litigation.^[12]

Further results of VPPA litigation after the passage of these amendments were initially mixed. In 2015, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit found that the law's protections do not reach the users of a free Android app, even when the app assigns each user a unique identification number and shares user behavior with a third party data analytics company.^[13]

References