Vietnamese nationalism

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
A street banner in Hanoi at the end of World War II.
Flag of Vietnam (1976–present)
Flag of South Vietnam (1955–1975), still used by overseas Vietnamese

Vietnamese nationalism (Vietnamese: chủ nghĩa dân tộc Việt Nam, or chủ nghĩa quốc gia Việt Nam) is a form of nationalism that asserts the Vietnamese people as a separate independent nation. It encompasses a broad range of ideas and sentiments harbored by the Vietnamese people in regards with national identity.[citation needed]

Some modern nationalist concepts in Vietnam focused on China, where

South China Sea disputes, to cultural and historical grievances, and at some stage, finding Mongolian and Manchurian rule "less civilised" or had to repel against several dynasties from the north, housing Song and Ming refugees due to these empires.[1][2] Nationalism that promoted anti-French[3] views had also been prominent in the past. Vietnam's current government propaganda is also regarded as a synthesis of socialism and nationalism.[4] Long periods of foreign domination has also created the fear that Vietnam may be "reconquered", which also tends to serve as fuel for Vietnamese nationalism.[5][6]

History

Prehistoric

Semi-mythical figures such as the

Dai Viet.[7]

Nationalist historiography

Hua-Yi distinction
" while the indigenous peoples and the subjects of the Manchu Qing (Thanh) dynasty were viewed as "less civilised".

The historiography of Vietnam under Chinese rule has had substantial influence from French colonial scholarship and Vietnamese postcolonial national history writing. During the 19th century, the French promoted the view that Vietnam had little of its own culture and borrowed it almost entirely from China, which was mostly wrong as Vietnamese culture emerged initially Austroasiatic. They did this to try to justify European colonial rule in Vietnam. By portraying the Vietnamese as merely borrowers of civilization, the French colonisers situated themselves in a historical paradigm of "bringing civilization" to a "backwards region" of the world. French scholar Leonard Aurousseau argued that not only did Vietnam borrow culturally and politically from China, the population of Vietnam was also directly the result of migration from the state of Yue in China. This line of thought was followed by Joseph Buttinger, who authored the first English language history book on Vietnamese history. He believed that to fight off the Chinese, the Vietnamese had to become like the Chinese.[8]

The national school of Vietnamese history, portrays the period in "a militant, nationalistic, and very contemporary vision through which emerged a hypothetical substratum of an original Vietnam that was miraculously preserved throughout a millennium of the Chinese presence."

Triệu Đà or the semi-legendary Hồng Bàng dynasty. They recorded that the Northern Empire suffered defeat for not respecting these views. However, scholars such as Nhi Hoang Thuc Nguyen argue that "the trope of a small country consistently repelling the China's cultural force is a recent, postcolonial, mid-20th-century construction".[1][9] Works by Japanese scholars in the 1970s as well as in the English language in the 1980s have taken on elements of the national school. Katakura Minoru's Chūgoku shihaika no betonamu emphasizes the innate characteristics of the Vietnamese people. Keith Taylor's The Birth of Vietnam (1983) asserts a strong continuity from the semi-legendary kingdoms of the Red River Plain to the founding of Dai Viet, which was the result of a thousand-year struggle against the Chinese that culminated in the restoration of Vietnamese sovereignty. Jennifer Holmgren's The Chinese Colonisation of Northern Vietnam uses Sinicization and Vietnamization as terms to refer to political and cultural change in different directions. Works following the national school of Vietnamese history retroactively assign Vietnamese group consciousness to past periods (Han-Tang era) based on evidence in later eras. The national school of Vietnamese history has remained practically unchanged since the 1980s and has become the national orthodoxy.[10]

The argument for an intrinsic, intractable, and distinctly Southeast Asian Vietnamese identity in the Red River Plain throughout history has been categorized by Catherine Churchman as context, cultural continuity, and resistance.[11] Context refers to the downplaying of similarities between Vietnam and China while emphasizing Vietnam's Southeast Asian identity in the postcolonial period. Cultural continuity refers to an intrinsic Vietnamese "cultural core" that has always existed in the Red River Plain since time immemorial . Resistance refers to the national struggle of the Vietnamese people against foreign aggressors. Proponents of this historical narrative, such as Nguyen Khac Vien, characterize the history of Vietnam under Chinese rule as a "steadfast popular resistance marked by armed insurrections against foreign domination", while opponents such as Churchman note the lack of evidence, anachronisms, linguistic problems, adherence to Chinese political and cultural norms, and similarities as well as differences with other peoples under Chinese rule.[12]

The Vietnamese national narrative has introduced anachronisms in order to prove a unified Vietnamese national consciousness. The word Viet/Yue is often used to refer to an ethnic group when it had various meanings throughout history. There was no terminology to describe a Chinese-Vietnamese dichotomy during the Han-Tang period nor was there a term to describe a cohesive group inhabiting the area between the Pearl River and the Red River.[13] During the Tang period, the indigenous people of Annan or Jinghai Circuit were referred to as the Wild Man (Wild Barbarians), the Li, or the Annamese (Annan people).[14][15] In addition, the national history tends to have a narrow view limited to modern national boundaries, leading to conclusions of exceptionalism. Although it is true that the political situation in the Red River Plain was less stable than in Guangzhou to the north, such circumstances were not restricted to the area. The Vietnamese national narrative retroactively assigns any local rebellions, the rise of local dynasties, and their local autonomy with the motive of seeking national independence.[16] Language has also been used as evidence for a distinct Vietnamese identity in the Han-Tang period. However, some research points to the formation of a Vietnamese language only afterward as the result of a creolization and language shift involving Middle Chinese.[11]

Nam tiến

Main article: Nam tiến

Beginning in the 20th century under the auspices of

modern Vietnam.[20]

During the Nam tiến period of the Nguyễn dynasty, Emperor Gia Long stated that "Hán di hữu hạn" (漢夷有限, "the Vietnamese and the barbarians must have clear borders") when differentiating between Khmer and the Vietnamese.[21] Emperor Minh Mạng, the son of Gia Long, stated with regards to the Vietnamese forcing the ethnic minorities to follow Sino-Vietnamese customs that "We must hope that their barbarian habits will be subconsciously dissipated, and that they will daily become more infected by Hán [Civilised] customs."[22] The Nguyễn dynasty under that influence once saw themselves as "Hán nhân" (Civilised people).[23][24]

Vietnamese anti-colonial period

Hồ Chí Minh, leader of the Vietnamese communist movement

After French started to rule Vietnam (

temporary Japanese occupation, and attempted French colonialism again further spurred Vietnamese nationalism and finally independence from foreign powers.[34]

Vietnam War and the Modern era

During the Vietnam War, Vietnamese nationalism was split between Chinese and Soviet-allied North Vietnam and US and Western-backed South Vietnam.[35] Controversies continue to this day where communist symbols or the current Vietnam flag raised controversies within the South Vietnamese overseas diaspora, whilst the South Vietnam flag is disparaged in Communist-controlled Vietnam.[36][37]

Modern Vietnamese nationalism

Vietnamese Nationalist Party
later

Economy

There has been a growing movement among Vietnamese by boycotting Chinese products, using Vietnamese-made products instead, or tending to prefer Japanese or Western-made products over Chinese products. "Made in China" can be seen as mass-produced cheap products but sometimes also of inferior quality.[38] The China-United States trade war since 2018 has also made other countries a beneficiary of the trade war.[39][40][41]

Territorial

Further information: Vietnamese irredentism

The contentious

9 dash or 11 dash line.[43]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Nhi Hoang Thuc Nguyen (2017). "Anti-Chinese Sentiment in Contemporary Vietnam: Constructing Nationalism, New Democracy, and the Use of "the Other"" (PDF). Trinity University. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  2. ISBN 978-1-107-12424-0
    , retrieved 2023-10-14
  3. S2CID 145604977
    . Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  4. ^ Moise 1988, p. 9.
  5. ^ "Restoration of Devastated Inland Forest in South-Vietnam". 1978. Retrieved 2023-12-26.
  6. ISBN 978-1-107-12424-0
    , retrieved 2023-10-30
  7. S2CID 162651203
    .
  8. ^ a b Churchman 2016, p. 24.
  9. ^ Reid & Tran 2006, p. 5.
  10. ^ Churchman 2016, p. 24-25.
  11. ^ a b Churchman 2016, p. 27.
  12. ^ Churchman 2016, p. 27-29.
  13. ^ Churchman 2016, p. 26.
  14. ^ Schafer 1967, p. 53.
  15. ^ Taylor 1983, p. 149.
  16. ^ Churchman 2016, p. 26-27.
  17. ISBN 978-1-316-44504-4
    .
  18. ISSN 2691-0403
    .
  19. ISBN 9780299217730
    .
  20. ISBN 978-0-822-32966-4
    .
  21. ISBN 978-0-87727-138-3
    .
  22. ISBN 978-1-84545-452-4
    .
  23. ^ "Vietnam-Champa Relations and the Malay-Islam Regional Network in the 17th–19th Centuries". 17 June 2004. Retrieved 19 November 2017.[dead link]
  24. ISBN 978-0-674-93721-5
    .
  25. ^ "The Yin And Yang Of Vietnamese Nationalism: Phan Chau Trinh And Phan Boi Chau's Thoughts On Vietnam's Independence". The Vietnamese Magazine. 2021-10-12. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
  26. ISBN 978-0-08-097087-5
    , retrieved 2023-09-29
  27. ISSN 1568-0584
    .
  28. JSTOR 44147726
    .
  29. ^ Moise 1988, pp. 6–22.
  30. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  31. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  32. ^ "Milestones: 1953–1960 - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  33. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  34. ^ "BBC - History - Historic Figures: Ho Chi Minh (1890-1969)". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2023-09-30.
  35. ISSN 0362-4331
    . Retrieved 2023-10-08.
  36. ^ "Vietnamese Government Protests Release of Australian Commemorative Coin". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
  37. ^ Nguyen, Quoc Tan Trung (2023-03-09). "Backlash against K-pop star Hanni shows Vietnam still struggles with the legacy of the war". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
  38. ^ "Vietnamese Consumers Resist China as Officials Try to Get Along". VOA. 2017-08-25. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  39. ^ London, King's College. "Trade war between superpowers provides unexpected boost for Vietnam". phys.org. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  40. ^ "U.S. upgrades Vietnam ties as Biden blasts China for 'changing rules'". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  41. ^ kmenke (2023-08-23). "In U.S.-China Trade War, Bystander Countries Increase Exports". UCLA Anderson Review. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  42. ^ Khanna, Ayesha (2014-06-01). "Will nationalism undo Asia's economic success?". Parag Khanna. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
  43. ^ Schoenherr, Jordan Richard (2023-07-06). "What Vietnam's ban of the Barbie movie tells us about China's politics of persuasion". The Conversation. Retrieved 2023-10-08.

Bibliography

Further reading
Dissertations

External links

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