Vyborg
Vyborg
Выборг | |
---|---|
Town[1] | |
Other transcription(s) | |
• Finnish / Swedish | Viipuri / Viborg |
Postal code(s)[9] | 188800–188802, 188804, 188805, 188807–188811, 188819, 188899 |
Dialing code(s) | +7 81378[10] |
OKTMO ID | 41615101001 |
Website | www |
Vyborg (
The city hosts the Russian end of the 1,222 km (759 mi) Nord Stream 1 gas pipeline, laid in 2011 and operated by a consortium led by Russia's Gazprom state hydrocarbons enterprise to pump 55 billion cubic meters (1.9 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas a year under the Baltic Sea to Lubmin, Germany.[21]
History
Sweden 1293–1710
Tsardom of Russia 1710–1721
Russian Empire 1721–1812
Grand Duchy of Finland 1812–1917
Finland 1917–1918
Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic 1918
Finland 1918–1940
Soviet Union 1940–1941
Finland 1941–1944
Soviet Union 1944–1991
Russia 1991–present
Early history
According to archeological research, the area of what is now Vyborg used to be a trading center on the
Under Swedish rule, Vyborg was closely associated with the noble family of Bååt, originally from Småland. The late-medieval commanders and fief holders of Vyborg were (almost always) descended from or married to the Bååt family. In practice, though not having this as their formal title, they functioned as Margraves, had feudal privileges, and kept all the crown's incomes from the fief to use for the defense of the realm's eastern border.
Russian rule
Vyborg remained in Swedish hands until its capture in 1710 after the
In 1744, Vyborg became the seat of the Vyborg Governorate.[30] In 1783, the governorate was transformed into the Vyborg Viceroyalty[30] and in 1801 back into Vyborg Governorate.[citation needed] In 1802, the Vyborg Governorate was renamed the Finland Governorate.[30]
One of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Vyborg Bay, was fought in Vyborg Bay on 4 July 1790.
After the rest of Finland was ceded to Russia in 1809, Emperor Alexander I incorporated the town and the governorate into the newly created Grand Duchy of Finland in 1811 (1812 NS).[15][32]
Over the course of the 19th century, the town developed as the centre of administration and trade for eastern Finland. The inauguration of the Saimaa Canal in 1856 benefited the local economy, as it opened the vast waterways of Eastern Finland to the sea. Vyborg was never a major industrial center and lacked large production facilities, but its location made it serve as a focal point of transports of all industries on the Karelian Isthmus, Ladoga Karelia and southeastern Finland. Trams in Vyborg started in 1912.
The
Finnish period
Following the
Vyborg served as the seat of Viipuri Province. In the 1930 census, the administrative area of the city of Vyborg had 52,253 inhabitants. There were a total of 19,986 inhabitants in the rural areas of Vyborg and in Uura, which was located outside the borders of Vyborg but was included in the census, and so the total population of the census area was 72,239.[33] Of the total inhabitants in the census area, 67,609 spoke Finnish, 2,103 Swedish, 1,807 Russian and 439 German.[34] In 1939, the population was slightly less than 75,000 and was Finland's second-largest (Population Register) or fourth-largest (Church and Civil Register) city, depending on the census data.[35] Vyborg had sizable minorities of Swedes, Germans, Russians, Romani, Tatars and Jews. During that time, Alvar Aalto built the Vyborg Library, an icon of functionalist architecture.
Winter and Continuation Wars
During the
The evacuees from
On 29 August 1941, Vyborg was captured by Finnish troops. At first, the
In the subsequent Moscow Armistice on 19 September 1944, Finland returned to the borders set by the Moscow Peace Treaty and ceded more land than the treaty originally demanded. In the Paris Peace Treaties (1947), Finland relinquished all claims to Vyborg.[15]
Soviet era
After the Second World War, Leningrad Oblast wanted to incorporate the area of Vyborg, but it took until November 1944 for the area to be finally transferred from the Karelo-Finnish SSR.[32] During the Soviet era, the town was settled by people from all over the Soviet Union. The naval air bases of Pribylovo and Veshchevo were built nearby.
In 1940s and the 1950s, new factories were built: shipbuilding (1948), instrumentational (1953). In 1960, a local history museum was opened.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the
Geography
The town lies on the Karelian Isthmus near the head of Vyborg Bay, 130 km (81 miles) northwest of St. Petersburg, 245 km (152 miles) east of the Finnish capital Helsinki, and 38 km (24 miles) south of Russia's border with Finland, where the Saimaa Canal enters the Gulf of Finland.
Climate
Similar to many other areas along the Baltic Sea, Vyborg has a humid continental climate[36] (Dfb) with large temperature differences between summer and winter. The climate is characterised by a fairly cloudy beginning of winter, but an increasing share of sunshine from February. Winter temperatures are being somewhat moderated by maritime effects compared to Russian cities further inland even on more southerly latitudes, but still cold enough compared to areas that are nearer the Gulf Stream. The beginning of spring is generally sunny and rather low in precipitation. Summer is moderately warm. Autumn is generally cloudy and rainy. On average, daytime insolation on a horizontal surface is 2.79 kW/m². The most dominant are the south-west and south winds.
Climate data for Vyborg (1991–2020, extremes 1884–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) |
8.4 (47.1) |
13.8 (56.8) |
22.1 (71.8) |
30.0 (86.0) |
32.9 (91.2) |
34.6 (94.3) |
33.4 (92.1) |
27.4 (81.3) |
19.1 (66.4) |
12.9 (55.2) |
8.6 (47.5) |
34.6 (94.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −3.4 (25.9) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
1.0 (33.8) |
7.4 (45.3) |
14.9 (58.8) |
19.5 (67.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
20.8 (69.4) |
15.1 (59.2) |
7.9 (46.2) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−1.0 (30.2) |
8.7 (47.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.0 (21.2) |
−6.3 (20.7) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
3.2 (37.8) |
10.4 (50.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
18.5 (65.3) |
16.8 (62.2) |
11.6 (52.9) |
5.5 (41.9) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
5.3 (41.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −8.8 (16.2) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
6.0 (42.8) |
11.3 (52.3) |
14.5 (58.1) |
13.1 (55.6) |
8.4 (47.1) |
3.2 (37.8) |
−1.5 (29.3) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
2.1 (35.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −36.8 (−34.2) |
−35.4 (−31.7) |
−29.1 (−20.4) |
−20.9 (−5.6) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
0.1 (32.2) |
5.8 (42.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−3.9 (25.0) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−21.0 (−5.8) |
−33.6 (−28.5) |
−36.8 (−34.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 52 (2.0) |
43 (1.7) |
40 (1.6) |
35 (1.4) |
43 (1.7) |
60 (2.4) |
69 (2.7) |
79 (3.1) |
68 (2.7) |
77 (3.0) |
70 (2.8) |
66 (2.6) |
702 (27.6) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 22 (8.7) |
35 (14) |
37 (15) |
8 (3.1) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
3 (1.2) |
11 (4.3) |
37 (15) |
Average rainy days | 6 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 13 | 8 | 146 |
Average snowy days | 22 | 20 | 16 | 7 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 4 | 14 | 20 | 104 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
87 | 85 | 82 | 74 | 68 | 71 | 73 | 77 | 82 | 86 | 88 | 89 | 80 |
Source: Pogoda.ru.net[37] |
Economy and culture
Vyborg continues to be an important industrial producer of paper. Tourism is increasingly important, and the Russian film festival Window to Europe takes place in the town each year.
An HVDC back-to-back facility for the exchange of electricity between the Russian and Finnish power grids was completed near Vyborg in 1982. It consists of three bipolar HVDC back-to-back schemes with an operating voltage of 85 kV and a maximum transmission rate of 355 MW, so that the entire maximum transmission rate amounts to 1,420 MW.[citation needed]
The Nord Stream 1 offshore pipeline runs from Vyborg compressor station at Portovaya Bay along the bottom of the Baltic Sea to Lubmin in Germany. It started operating in September 2011, enabling Russia to export gas directly to Western Europe. The feeding pipeline in Russia (Gryazovets–Vyborg gas pipeline) is operated by Gazprom and is a part of the integrated gas transport network of Russia connecting existing grid in Gryazovets with the coastal compressor station at Vyborg.[38]
Finnish singing culture
Before the war, Vyborg was a major Finnish town of culture. Even today, a few choirs cherish Vyborg singing traditions. These are, for example, the Wiipurilaisen osakunnan kuoro of the University of Helsinki and the Viipurin Lauluveikot male choir,[39][40] with the latter founded in Vyborg in 1897.[41]
Local government
Vyborg is a municipal entity within the Vyborgsky District of the Leningrad Oblast. Its official name is the municipal formation "City of Vyborg" of the Vyborg district of the Leningrad region; the abbreviated name is the municipal entity "City of Vyborg".
Local self-government is carried out on the basis of the charter, which was adopted by the decision of the Council of Deputies of Vyborg dated 16 June 2010 No. 63.[42]
The representative body of local self-government is the Council of Deputies, consisting of 20 deputies elected in municipal elections in single-member constituencies[43] for a period of five years. Per the results of the elections on 11 October 2009, all 20 seats were occupied by members of the United Russia party. The Council of Deputies is headed by the head of the municipality, who is elected by deputies from among its members, also for a period of five years. On 20 October 2009, Gennady Alekseyevich Orlov was elected as head of the municipality.[44] Since September 2014, the position of head of the Vyborg District Municipal District of the Leningrad Oblast has been occupied by Alexander Petrovich Lysov. Also in September 2014, Gennady Alekseyevich Orlov assumed the position of head of the administration of the municipal formation "Vyborg District" of the Leningrad Oblast.[45]
The executive and administrative body of local self-government is the administration. It is formed and headed by the head of the administration, who is appointed under a contract concluded based on the results of a competition for a period of five years.[46] From 2 August 2011, the head of the administration was Alexander Aleksandrovich Buyanov.[47] On 24 September 2014, the post of head of the Municipal Municipality "City of Vyborg" was taken by Alexander Petrovich Lysov. His candidacy was supported unanimously.[48]
Sights
Vyborg's most prominent landmark is its Swedish-built castle, founded in the 13th century and extensively reconstructed in 1891–1894. The Round Tower and the Rathaus Tower date from the mid-16th century and are parts of the medieval Vyborg town wall. Many of the buildings in the historic old town of Vyborg are still in poor condition today.[49][50]
The Viipuri Library by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto and the Hermitage-Vyborg Center are a reference point in the history of modern architecture. There are also Russian fortifications of Annenkrone, completed by 1740, as well as the monuments to Peter the Great (1910) and Torkel Knutsson. Tourists can also visit the house where the founder of the Soviet state Vladimir Lenin prepared the Bolshevik revolution during his stay in Vyborg from 24 September to 7 October 1917. The main street in Vyborg is called Prospekt Lenina (Russian: проспект Ленина; literally "Lenin Avenue"), formerly also known as Torkkelinkatu,[51] and along it, there is popular Lenin Park .
Sprawling along the heights adjacent to the Gulf of Finland is Monrepos Park, one of the most spacious English landscape gardens in Eastern Europe. The garden was laid out on behest of its owner, Baron Ludwig Heinrich von Nicolay, at the turn of the 19th century. Most of its structures were designed by the architect Giuseppe Antonio Martinelli. Previously, the estate belonged to the future king Frederick I (Maria Fyodorovna's brother), who called it Charlottendahl in honor of his second wife.
Notable people
Born before 1917
for people born in Viipuri Province between 1812 and 1917, when it was part of the Grand Duchy of Finland.
Born 1917–1945
- Lauri Törni (a.k.a. Larry Thorne; 1919–1965), Finnish Army captain who later served in the German and United States armies
- Sirkka Sari (1920 in Raivola – 1939), Finnish actress
- Lars Lindeman (1920–2006), Finnish politician and ambassador in Oslo, Reykjavik, and Lisbon
- Pekka Malinen (1921–2004), minister and diplomat, ambassador in Egypt, Syria, and Portugal
- Paul Jyrkänkallio (1922 in Koivisto – 2004), Finnish diplomat, ambassador in Sofia, Rome, and Athens
- Usko Santavuori (1922–2003), Finnish sensationalist radio reporter
- Max Jakobson (1923–2013), Finnish diplomat and journalist of Finnish-Jewish descent
- Tankmar Horn (1924–2018), Finnish diplomat, economist and businessman
- Heimo Haitto (1925–1999), Finnish-American classical violinist and child prodigy
- Juhani Kumpulainen (1925–1991), Finnish actor and director
- Seppo Pietinen (1925–1990), Finnish diplomat, Ambassador in Addis Ababa, Lima, Vienna, and Paris
- Irina Hudova (1926–2015), Finnish ballet dancer and teacher
- Ilmi Parkkari (1926–1979), Finnish film and stage actress
- Erik Bruun (born 1926), Finnish graphic designer
- Ossi Runne (1927–2020), Finnish musician
- Heikki Seppä (1927 in Säkkijärvi – 2010), Finnish-American master metalsmith, educator and author
- Veijo Meri (1928–2015), Finnish writer; his work focuses on war and its absurdity.
- Casper Wrede(1929–1998), Finnish theatre and film director
- Esko Kunnamo (1929–2014), Finnish diplomat, ambassador in Kuwait, Abu Dhabi, and Lagos
- Paavo Rintala (1930–1999), Finnish novelist and theologian
- Pertti Ripatti (1930–2016), Finnish diplomat, ambassador in Abu Dhabi, Caracas, and Kuala Lumpur
- Oiva Toikka (1931–2019), Finnish glass designer
- Lasse Äikäs (1932 in Kuolemajärvi – 1988), Finnish lawyer, civil servant and politician
- Kari Nurmela (1933–1984), Finnish dramatic baritone
- Pertti Kärkkäinen (1933–2017), Finnish diplomat, Ambassador to Buenos Aires, Santiago, and Lima
- Pentti Ikonen (1934–2007), Finnish swimmer. He competed in 3 events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
- Martti Ahtisaari (1937–2023), Finnish politician, the tenth President of Finland (1994–2000) and Nobel Peace Prize laureate
- Gustav Hägglund (born 1938), retired Finnish general, Chief of Defence 1994–2001
- Laila Hirvisaari (1938–2021), Finnish author and writer
- Heikki Talvitie (born 1939), Finnish diplomat, Ambassador in Belgrade, Moscow, and Stockholm
- Counselor of State
Born after 1945
- Negmatullo Kurbanov (born 1963), Tajik major general in the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Tajikistan)
- Viatcheslav Ekimov (born 1966), nicknamed Eki, Russian former professional racing cyclist and triple Olympic gold medalist
- Astana-Premier Tech.
- Vitaly Petrov (born 1984), Russian racing driver who competed in Formula One from 2010 to 2012
- Aleksei Kangaskolkka (born 1988), Russian-born Finnish footballer, who plays for Finnish side IFK Mariehamn
- Candidates Tournament 2020
Twin towns and sister cities
Vyborg is
- Bodø, Norway
- Lappeenranta, Finland
- Ramla, Israel
- Stirling, Scotland
See also
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h Oblast Law #32-oz
- ISBN 9789027219220.
- ^ a b Charter of Vyborgskoye Urban Settlement, Article 1
- ^ Official website of Vyborgskoye Urban Settlement. Head of the Municipal Formation, Gennady Vasilyevich Orlov (in Russian)
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d e Law #17-oz
- ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
- ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
- ^ Ленинградская область (in Russian). ruspostindex.ru. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
- ^ "Vyborg: Meaning and Definition of | Infoplease".
- ^ Wuorinen, John H. (1948), ed., Finland and World War II, 1939-1944, New York: Roland Press, p. 172.
- ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
- ^ "Vyborg#Demographics (Russian Wikipedia)" (in Russian).
- ^ a b c d e f g h Life & Society: Tracing Finland's Eastern Border – This Is Finland
- ^ Chloe Wells: "Vyborg is ours": remembering a 'lost town' in Finland. Paper presented at the European Association for Urban History 13th International Conference, Helsinki, Finland August 24–27, 2016.
- ^ Owen Hatherley: "Vyborg looks like Helsinki might after a long, drawn-out war" — Dezeen
- ^ a b Göran Lindgren: Viipuri sodan jaloissa, p. 6. Helsingin Reservin Sanomat, no. 2/2013, March 12, 2013. (in Finnish)
- ^ YLE(in Finnish)
- ^ HS: Venäjän presidentti nimitti Viipurin "Sotilaskunnian kaupungiksi" (in Finnish)
- ^ Operations - Nord Stream AG, Nord Stream AG official website, Undated. Accessed: 2 October 2022.
- ^ Jussi Katajala (2010). "Suomen kaupungit keskiajalla" (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 February 2016.
- ^ Uino, Pirjo (1997). Ancient Karelia. Helsinki: Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 104. p. 115.
- ^ ISBN 5-7107-7399-9.
- ^ Uino, Pirjo (1997). Ancient Karelia. Helsinki: Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 104. pp. 343–346.
- ^ Uino, Pirjo (1997). Ancient Karelia. Helsinki: Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 104. p. 118.
- ^ Vyborg Castle, Vyborg, Russia - Spotting History
- ^ Taavitsainen, Jussi-Pekka (1990). Ancient Hillforts of Finland. Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 94. p. 240.
- ^ Chisholm 1911.
- ^ a b c d С. А. Тархов (2001). "Изменение административно-территориального деления России за последние 300 лет". Электронная версия журнала "География".
- ^ a b Lindberg, Johan (26 May 2016). "Finlands historia: 1700-talet". Uppslagsverket Finland (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 November 2017.
- ^ a b История Выборгского района, история Выборгской земли (in Russian). Муниципальное образование Выборгский район Ленинградской Области. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
- ^ Viipurin väestölaskenta 1930, sivut 2–3, sarake 13
- ^ Viipurin väestölaskenta 1930, sivut 24–25, sarake 40
- ^ Statistics Finland (1941). Suomenmaan Tilastollinen Vuosikirja 1940 [Finnish Statistics Yearbook 1940] (PDF) (in Finnish). pp. 14–15.
- ^ "Vyborg, Russia Climate Summary". Weatherbase. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
- ^ "Погода и Климат – Климат Выборг" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- ^ "Answers to questions asked by representatives of non-governmental organizations on the EIA procedure for the Nord Stream Project" (PDF). Nord Stream AG. 20 October 2007. Retrieved 15 February 2008.
- ^ Kuoron esittely – Viipurin Lauluveikot (in Finnish)
- ^ Ulkoministeriö. Suomen suurlähetystön tiedote Viipurin lauluveikkojen konserttimatkasta Kiinaan toukokuussa 2013. Archived January 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine (in Finnish)
- ^ Kuoron historia – Viipurin Lauluveikot (in Finnish)
- ^ "О принятии устава муниципального образования "Город Выборг" Выборгского района Ленинградской области" [On the adoption of the charter of the municipal formation "City of Vyborg" of the Vyborg district of the Leningrad region]. Vyborg administration website. Archived from the original (doc) on 27 January 2011.
- ^ Пункт 1 статьи 22 Устава МО «Город Выборг»
- ^ "Избран глава МО "Город Выборг"" [The head of the municipal municipality "City of Vyborg" was elected]. Портал «Город Выборг» [Portal "City of Vyborg"]. 20 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 January 2011.
- ^ "Совет депутатов МО "Выборгский район" единогласно проголосовал за назначение Геннадия Орлова на должность главы районной администрации" [The Council of Deputies of the Vyborg District municipality unanimously voted for the appointment of Gennady Orlov to the post of head of the district administration]. www.vbglenobl.ru. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ^ Пункт 1 статьи 49 "Устава МО "Город Выборг"" [Charter of the Municipal Municipality "City of Vyborg"]. Archived from the original on 27 January 2011.
- ^ "Официальный сайт МО "Город Выборг"" [Official website of the Municipal Municipality "City of Vyborg"]. Archived from the original on 27 January 2011.
- ^ "Парламентарии избрали главой МО "Город Выборг" Александра Лысова" [Parliamentarians elected Alexander Lysov as head of the Municipal Municipality "City of Vyborg"]. www.vbglenobl.ru. Archived from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- YLE(in Finnish). Retrieved 23 March 2021.
- ^ Kozin, Daniel (27 October 2019). "Vyborg Restoration: How Russia's Most Scandinavian Town Is Coming Back to Life". The Moscow Times. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
- ^ Viktor Dmitriew: Viipurin Suomalaisen Kirjallisuusseuran toimitteita 10, 1992. (in Finnish)
Sources
- Совет депутатов муниципального образования "Выборгское городское поселение". Решение №63 от 1 июня 2010 г. «Устав муниципального образования "Город Выборг" Выборгского района Ленинградской области». (Council of Deputies of the Municipal Formation of "Vyborgskoye Urban Settlement". Decision #63 of June 1, 2010 Charter of the Municipal Formation of the "Town of Vyborg" of Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast. ).
- Законодательное собрание Ленинградской области. Областной закон №32-оз от 15 июня 2010 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Ленинградской области и порядке его изменения», в ред. Областного закона №23-оз от 8 мая 2014 г. «Об объединении муниципальных образований "Приморское городское поселение" Выборгского района Ленинградской области и "Глебычевское сельское поселение" Выборгского района Ленинградской области и о внесении изменений в отдельные Областные законы». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Вести", №112, 23 июня 2010 г. (Legislative Assembly of Leningrad Oblast. Oblast Law #32-oz of June 15, 2010 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Leningrad Oblast and on the Procedures for Its Change, as amended by the Oblast Law #23-oz of May 8, 2014 On Merging the Municipal Formations of "Primorskoye Urban Settlement" in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast and "Glebychevskoye Rural Settlement" in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast and on Amending Various Oblast Laws. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
- Законодательное собрание Ленинградской области. Областной закон №17-оз от 10 марта 2004 г. «Об установлении границ и наделении соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований Всеволожский район и Выборгский район и муниципальных образований в их составе», в ред. Областного закона №23-оз от 8 мая 2014 г. «Об объединении муниципальных образований "Приморское городское поселение" Выборгского района Ленинградской области и "Глебычевское сельское поселение" Выборгского района Ленинградской области и о внесении изменений в отдельные Областные законы». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Вести", №27, 11 марта 2004 г. (Legislative Assembly of Leningrad Oblast. Oblast Law #17-oz of March 10, 2004 On Establishing the Borders of and Granting an Appropriate Status to the Municipal Formations of Vsevolozhsky District and Vyborgsky District and to the Municipal Formations Comprising It, as amended by the Oblast Law #23-oz of May 8, 2014 On Merging the Municipal Formations of "Primorskoye Urban Settlement" in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast and "Glebychevskoye Rural Settlement" in Vyborgsky District of Leningrad Oblast and on Amending Various Oblast Laws. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
External links
Media related to Vyborg at Wikimedia Commons Vyborg travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Official website of Vyborg (in Russian)
- History and attractions of Vyborg
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 17.