Vijaya (Champa)

Coordinates: 13°55′43″N 109°04′30″E / 13.92869°N 109.07507°E / 13.92869; 109.07507
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Vijaya
Đồ Bàn
ꨝꩊ ꨨꨊꨭꨥ Bal Hanguw
Nguyen Nhac
LocationBình Định province, Central Vietnam
Coordinates13°55′43″N 109°04′30″E / 13.92869°N 109.07507°E / 13.92869; 109.07507
FoundedUnknown
FounderUnknown
Statue of Shiva from Thap Banh It, Vijaya (now in Guimet Museum)

Vijaya (meaning Victorious;

Champa–Dai Viet War of 1471
.

Geography, economy, transport

Vijaya was centred on the lowland area along lower

eaglewood for export. Vijaya's geography was also important for its agriculture. With one of the larger rivers of Champa, its soils were more fertile than that of many other places.[3]
This allowed for a relatively large concentration of people near the centre of Vijaya, which resulted in a relatively large number of temples.

According to two noteworthy 15th century reports noted in Vietnamese grand chronicles, the Toàn thư, Vijaya had a small number of households, just 2,500, or approximately 10,000 inhabitants. More accurate, the second report states that the city had about 70,000 people living inside.[4]

History

The area around Vijaya was probably one of earliest landfalls of the

Quảng Trị provinces).[6]: 62, 186 [7]

In Champa at the time there were two ruling kings–

Phan Rang, respectively. Rudravarman of Phan Rang had good relation with the Chinese Song dynasty. None of them ever did manage to travel far north to counter the Vietnamese. Northern Champa at that time was ruled by a Cham chief/warlord with title Śrī Yuvarāja Mahāsenāpati, not related to the Parameśvaravarman–Bhadravarman–Rudravarman family.[8]

Modern-day remains of Vijaya (Đồ Bàn)

The Vietnamese raid in 1069 began embarking from a port in Hue on 28th day of the third month, reached their destination of the third day of fourth month, then engaged with the Cham. Sailing from Hue to Vijaya (Qui Nhon) within six days doesn't make sense. King Ðệ Củ/Chế Củ had been fleeing into Cambodia (Zhenla), was then captured. They pillaged the city of Indrapura (Phật thệ) for one month, then it took one month for them to return to Hanoi.[9] Michael Vickery insists that the 1069 Vietnamese raid did not target Vijaya, but probably Châu Sa & Cổ Lũy citadels on the north and south banks of the Trà Khúc River in Quảng Ngãi province. Châu Sa was a large port city named Amaravati, has the temple of Chánh Lộ dating to eleventh century.[10] He also speculates that Chế Củ was certainly not king Rudravarman III, but a Cham chief somewhere in the north.[11] The earliest mention of Vijaya as a Cham city was dated to around 1153 to 1184, so the explicitly application of Vijaya for a location of Champa prior that period should be considered an historical anachronism.[12]

Vijaya was involved in wars with Angkor (now Cambodia) in the 12th and 13th centuries. Khmer military incursions into Champa were successful for some time and Suryavarman II managed to subdue Vijaya in the 1145, deposing Jaya Indravarman III,[6]: 75–76  but the Khmer were later defeated in 1149.[13]: 160 [14] Vijaya was at times dominated by the Khmer king Jayavarman VII.[15] The Khmer king relied on Cham supporters for his successful military campaigns in both Angkor and Champa.[15]

Vijaya was captured by the Yuan army led by Mongol commander Sogetu in early 1283. The Mongols were ultimately driven away, but the city was sacked. In 1377, the city was unsuccessfully besieged by a Vietnamese army in the

1471 Cham–Vietnamese War. Vijaya was completely destroyed, while other southern principalities had a protectorate-like status within Dai Viet.[20]

Architecture

Vijaya's architecture distinguishes it from other Champa centers, because it used a combination of stone and brick elements,[21] while most other Cham structures only used bricks. This suggests some influence from Cambodian Angkor.[21] It also points to the relative abundance of labour in Vijaya compared to other Champa centres of powers, because processing stones for construction was more labour-intensive than the production of bricks.[3] Vijaya's style of architecture seems to have been dominant throughout Champa for some time, given the later classification of the architecture from the period between the 12th and 14th centuries as the 'Binh Dinh style'.[22]

Remains

Banh It Towers
Duong Long Towers

A relatively large number of towers built in Vijaya have been preserved in

Bình Định Province. They include the ruins of the citadel: Cánh Tiên tower and several temple towers. The Dương Long towers are among Southeast Asia's tallest Hinduist buildings.[3]

Site Date[23] Location
Dương Long late 12th - early 13th century; improved up to 14th - 15th century (before 1471) Bình Hoà,
Tây Sơn
Hưng Thạnh / Tháp Đôi late 12th - early 13th century Đống Đa,
Quy Nhơn
Cánh Tiên late 13th - 14th/15th century Nhơn Hậu,
An Nhơn
Thốc Lốc / Phú Lốc late 13th - 14th century Bình Nghi,
Tây Sơn
Thủ Thiện late 13th - 14th century Bình Nghi,
Tây Sơn
Bình Lâm early 11th century (c. 1000) Phước Hoà,
Tuy Phước
Bánh Ít / Tháp Bạc early 11th century (c. 1000); improved later Phước Hiệp,
Tuy Phước

Capital of Tây Sơn dynasty

The ruins of

Tây Sơn era
Hoang De citadel lies within the old Champa city walls.

References

  1. ^ The name Xinzhou was first mentioned in the 13th century Chinese trade treatise Zhu Fan Zhi written by Zhao Rukuo (1170–1231) as the capital and port of Champa, to distinguish with Amaravati or Jiuzhou–'the Old Province'.
  2. ISSN 0126-7353
    .
  3. ^ a b c Tran 2009, 173
  4. ISBN 978-2-84654-162-6
    .
  5. ^ a b Vickery 2009, p. 47
  6. ^
    ISBN 9747534991
  7. ^ Nguyen 2009, p. 65
  8. ^ Vickery, Michael Theodore (2005). Champa revised. Asia Research Institute, Singapore. p. 50.
  9. ^ Vickery, Michael Theodore (2005). Champa revised. Asia Research Institute, Singapore. p. 52.
  10. ^ Vickery, Michael Theodore (2005). Champa revised. Asia Research Institute, Singapore. p. 5.
  11. ^ Vickery, Michael Theodore (2005). Champa revised. Asia Research Institute, Singapore. p. 53.
  12. ^ Vickery, Michael Theodore (2005). Champa revised. Asia Research Institute, Singapore. p. 39.
  13. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1
    .
  14. ^ Vickery 2009, p. 53
  15. ^ a b Vickery 2009, p. 54
  16. ISBN 9781851096725
    . Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  17. ^ Vickery 2009, p. 69
  18. ^ Nguyen 2009, p. 68
  19. ^ Nguyen 2009, 69
  20. ^ Hardy 2009, p. 119
  21. ^ a b Vickery 2009, p. 48
  22. ^ Tran 2009, p. 179
  23. ^ estimates by Trần Kỳ Phương (Tran 2009, 182)
Bibliography
  • Hardy, Andrew (2009): "Eaglewood and the Economic History of Champa and Central Vietnam". in Hardy, Andrew et al. (ed): Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam). NUS Press, Singapore
  • Nguyễn Đình Đầu (2009): "The Vietnamese Southward Expansion, as Viewed Through the Histories". in Hardy, Andrew et al. (ed): Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam). NUS Press, Singapore
  • Trần Kỳ Phương (2009): "The Architecture of the Temple-Towers of Ancient Champa". in Hardy, Andrew et al. (ed): Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam). NUS Press, Singapore
  • Vickery, Michael (2009): "A Short History of Champa". in Hardy, Andrew et al. (ed): Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam). NUS Press, Singapore
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