Vilayet

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Legislation ottomane, published by Gregory Aristarchis and edited by Demetrius Nicolaides

A vilayet (

sultan and local Muslims at the expense of other communities.[2]

Names

The

Jews and Christians. It was also translated into Armenian as gawaŕ (գաւառ), Bulgarian as oblast (област), Judaeo-Spanish as provinsiya, and Greek as eparchía (επαρχία) and nomarchía (νομαρχία).[5]

The early Republic of Turkey continued to use the term vilayet until it renamed them il in the late 1920s.[when?]

Organization

The Ottoman Empire had already begun to modernize its administration and regularize its eyalets in the 1840s,[6] but the Vilayet Law extended this throughout the empire, regularizing the following hierarchy of administrative units.[1][7]

Each vilayet or province was governed by a

defterdar in particular answered directly to the finance minister rather than the vali.[7] A separate vilayet council was composed of four elected members, comprising two Muslims and two non-Muslims.[8]

If the vali fell ill or was absent from the capital, he was variously replaced by the governor of the chief sanjak (merkez sanjak) near the capital,[8] the muavin, and the defterdar.[7] A similar structure was replicated in the lower hierarchical levels, with executive and advisory councils drawn from the local administrators and—following long-established practice—the heads of the millets, the various local religious communities.[8]

Sanjaks

Each vilayet was divided into

sanjakbey or mutasarrif personally appointed by the sultan and a council (idare meclisi) composed of a secretary (tahrirat müdürü), comptroller (muhasebeci), deputy judge (naib), and representatives of the public works board (nafia) and the educational system (maarif).[7]

Kazas

Each sanjak was divided into cantons[2] or districts known as kazas. Each kaza was under a kaymakam and a council composed of a secretary (tahrirat kâtibi), comptroller (mal müdürü), deputy judge, and representatives of the public works board.[7]

Nahiyes

Each kaza was divided into

nahiyes. Each nahiye was under a müdir appointed by the vali but answerable to the regional kaymakam.[7] He was responsible for local tax collection, court sentences, and maintaining the peace.[7]

Kariyes

Each nahiye was divided into wards and villages (kariye). Each kariye was under a muhtar ("headman") chosen by its inhabitants and confirmed by the regional kaymakam.[7] He was assisted in his duties by a local "council of elders" (ihtiyar meclisi).[7]

List

Vilayets, sanjaks and autonomies, c. 1876

Vilayets, sanjaks and autonomies, circa 1876:[9]

  • Constantinople Vilayet
  • Adrianople Vilayet: sanjaks of Adrianople (Edirne), Tekirdağ, Gelibolu
    , Filibe, Sliven.
  • Danube Vilayet: sanjaks of Ruse, Varna, Vidin, Tulcea, Turnovo, Sofia, Niš
    .
  • Bosnia Vilayet: sanjaks of Bosna-Serai, Zvornik, Banja Luka, Travnik, Bebkèh, Novi Pazar.
  • Vilayet of Herzegovina: sanjaks of Mostar, Gacko.
  • Salonica Vilayet: sanjaks of Salonica
    , Serres, Drama.
  • Berat
    .
  • .
  • .
  • Vilayet of the Archipelago: sanjaks of Rhodes, Midilli, Sakız, Kos, Cyprus.
  • Vilayet of Crete
    : sanjaks of Chania, Rethymno, Candia, Sfakia, Lasithi.
  • Vilayet of Hudavendigar
    : sanjaks of Bursa, Izmid, Karasi, Karahisar-i-Sarip, Kütahya.
  • Vilayet of Aidin
    : sanjaks of Smyrna (now İzmir), Aydın, Saruhan, Menteşe.
  • Vilayet of Angora
    : sanjaks of Angora (now Ankara), Yozgat, Kayseri, Kırşehir.
  • Vilayet of Konya
    : sanjaks of Konya, Teke, Hamid, Niğde, Burdur.
  • Vilayet of Kastamonu
    : sanjaks of Kastamonu, Boli, Sinop, Çankırı.
  • Kosovo Vilayet
  • Vilayet of Trebizond
    : sanjaks of Trebizond (Trabzon), Gümüşhane, Batumi, Canik.
  • Vilayet of Sivas
    : sanjaks of Sivas, Amasya, Karahisar-ı Şarki.
  • Vilayet of Erzurum
    : sanjaks of Erzurum, Tchaldir, Bayezit, Kars, Mouch, Erzincan, Van.
  • Vilayet of Diyarbekir
    : sanjaks of Diyarbakır, Mamuret-ul-Aziz, Mardin, Siirt, Malatya.
  • Vilayet of Adana
    : sanjaks of Adana, Kozan, İçel, Paias.
  • Vilayet of Syria
    : sanjaks of Damascus, Hama, Beirut, Tripoli, Hauran, Akka, Belka, Kudus-i-Cherif (Jerusalem).
  • Zor
    .
  • Vilayet of Baghdad
    : sanjaks of Baghdad, Mosul, Sharazor, Sulaymaniyah, Dialim, Kerbela, Helleh, Amara.
  • Vilayet of Basra
    : sanjaks of Basra, Muntafiq, Najd, Hejaz.
  • Emirate of Mecca
    : Mecca, Medina.
  • Vilayet of Yemen
    : sanjaks of Sana'a, Hudaydah, Asir, Ta'izz.
  • Vilayet of Tripolitania
    : sanjaks of Tripoli, Bengazi, Khoms, Djebal gharbiyeh, Fezzan.
  • Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
  • Principality of Samos
  • Mount Athos (part of the Sanjak of Salonica)

Vilayets and independent sanjaks in 1917

Vilayets and independent sanjaks in 1917:[10]

Vilayets
  • Vilayet of Constantinople
  • Vilayet of Adrianople
  • Vilayet of Adana
  • Vilayet of Angora
  • Vilayet of Aidin
  • Vilayet of Baghdad
  • Vilayet of Basra
  • Vilayet of Beirut
  • Vilayet of Bitlis
  • Vilayet of Aleppo
  • Vilayet of Bursa
  • Vilayet of Diarbekr
  • Vilayet of Erzurum
  • Vilayet of Syria
  • Vilayet of Sivas
  • Vilayet of Trebizond
  • Vilayet of Kastamuni
  • Vilayet of Konia
  • Vilayet of Mamuret ul-Aziz
  • Vilayet of Mosul
  • Vilayet of Van
Independent Sanjaks
  • Sanjak of
    Eskishehir
  • Sanjak of Urfa
  • Sanjak of
    Izmid
  • Sanjak of
    Ichili
  • Sanjak of Boli
  • Sanjak of Teke
  • Sanjak of Janyk
  • Sanjak of
    Chatalja
  • Sanjak of Zor
  • Sanjak of
    Kara Hissar Sahib
  • Sanjak of Karasi
  • Sanjak of Dardanelles
  • Sanjak of
    Kaisari
  • Sanjak of
    Kutahia
  • Sanjak of
    Marash
  • Sanjak of Menteshe
  • Sanjak of
    Nigde

Vassals and autonomies

  • Eastern Rumelia (Rumeli-i Şarkî): autonomous province (Vilayet in Turkish) (1878–1885); unified with Bulgaria in 1885
  • Sanjak of
    vilayet of Tripoli, but after 1875 dependent directly on the ministry of the interior at Constantinople.[11]
  • Sanjak of Biga (Biga Sancağı) (also called Kale-i Sultaniye) (autonomous sanjak, not a vilayet)
  • Sanjak of Çatalca (Çatalca Sancağı) (autonomous sanjak, not a vilayet)
  • Cyprus (Kıbrıs) (island with special status) (Kıbrıs Adası)
  • Khedivate of Egypt (Mısır) (autonomous khedivate, not a vilayet) (Mısır Hidivliği)
  • Sanjak of
    Izmit
    (İzmid Sancağı) (autonomous sanjak, not a vilayet)
  • Mutasarrifyya/
    Sanjak of Jerusalem (Kudüs-i Şerif Mutasarrıflığı): independent and directly linked to the Minister of the Interior in view of its importance to the three major monotheistic religions.[12]
  • Sharifate of Mecca (Mekke Şerifliği) (autonomous sharifate, not a vilayet)
  • Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate (Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı): sanjak or mutessariflik, dependent directly on the Porte.[13]
  • Principality of Samos (Sisam Beyliği) (island with special status)
  • Tunis Eyalet
    (Tunus Eyaleti) (autonomous eyalet, ruled by hereditary beys)

Vilayets in 1927

The early Turkish Republic had 63 vilayet in the 1927 Turkish census:

Maps

  • Vilayets of Europe in 1870
    Vilayets of Europe in 1870
  • Vilayets in 1877
    Vilayets in 1877
  • Vilayets of Europe in 1893
    Vilayets of Europe in 1893
  • Vilayets of Asia in 1897
    Vilayets of Asia in 1897
  • Vilayets of Asia in 1909
    Vilayets of Asia in 1909
  • Vilayets of Europe in 1910
    Vilayets of Europe in 1910
  • Vilayets of Asia in 1911
    Vilayets of Asia in 1911

See also

References

  1. ^ .
  2. ^ a b c d  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainCaillard, Vincent Henry Penalver (1911). "Turkey". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 428.
  3. ^ Report of a Committee Set Up to Consider Certain Correspondence between Sir Henry McMahon (His Majesty's High Commissioner in Egypt) and the Sharif of Mecca in 1915 and 1916 (PDF), 2015, archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-06-21, Annex A, §10. 2nd Source.
  4. ^ File:Solun Newspaper 1869-03-28 in Bulgarian.jpg
  5. Martin Luther University
    ) // CITED: p. 41-43 (PDF p. 43-45/338).
  6. .
  7. ^ . Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Birken (1976), p. 2324.
  9. ^ Abel Pavet de Courteille (1876). État présent de l'empire ottoman (in French). J. Dumaine. pp. 91–96.
  10. ^ A handbook of Asia Minor Published 1919 by Naval staff, Intelligence dept. in London. Page 226
  11. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainHogarth, David George (1911). "Bengazi". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 736.
  12. ^ Palestine; A Modern History (1978) by Adulwahab Al Kayyali. Page 1
  13. ^  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainSocin, Albert; Hogarth, David George (1911). "Lebanon". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 348.

Further reading

  • Sublime Porte (1867). Sur la nouvelle division de l'Empire en gouvernements généraux formés sous le nom de Vilayets. Constantinople.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - About the Law of the Vilayets

External links