Vilna Ghetto

Coordinates: 54°40′40″N 25°16′59″E / 54.67778°N 25.28306°E / 54.67778; 25.28306
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Vilna Ghetto
Vilna Ghetto (Julian Klaczko Street), 1941
Vilna Ghetto is located in Lithuania
Vilna Ghetto
Location of Vilna Ghetto within Lithuania
LocationVilnius Old Town
54°40′40″N 25°16′59″E / 54.67778°N 25.28306°E / 54.67778; 25.28306
Date6 September 1941 to 24 September 1943
Incident typeImprisonment, mass shootings, forced labor, starvation, exile
OrganizationsNazi SS, Ypatingasis būrys
CampKailis forced labor camp
HKP 562 forced labor camp
VictimsAbout 55,000 Jews

The Vilna Ghetto

World War II Jewish ghetto established and operated by Nazi Germany in the city of Vilnius in the modern country of Lithuania, at the time part of the Nazi-administered Reichskommissariat Ostland.[1]

During the approximately two years of its existence

concentration and extermination
camps reduced the ghetto's population from an estimated 40,000 to zero.

Only several hundred people managed to survive, mostly by hiding in the forests surrounding the city, joining Soviet partisans,[2][3] or sheltering with sympathetic locals.

Background

Before the German-Soviet

Yiddish. The Lithuanian-speaking population at the time was a small minority, at about 6% of the city's population according to contemporary Lithuanian sources.[4] By 1931, the city had 195,000 inhabitants, making it the fifth largest city in Poland with varied industries and new factories,[5] as well as a well respected university.[6]

Lithuanian Nazi policeman with Jewish prisoners, July 1941

Wilno was a predominantly

Einsatzgruppe B. Local Lithuanian leaders advocated ethnic cleansing of Jews and Poles. Throughout the summer, German troops and their Lithuanian collaborators killed more than 21,000 Jews living in Vilnius, in a mass extermination program.[citation needed
]

The Jewish population of Vilnius on the eve of the Holocaust was at least 60,000, some estimates say 80,000,

Yiddish as hapunes, meaning grabbers or snatchers.[citation needed
]

1941: Establishment of the ghetto

Map of Vilna Ghetto (small ghetto, in olive-green)

In order to pacify the predominantly poorer Jewish quarter in the

SS Einsatzkommando 9 Oberscharführer Horst Schweinberger under orders from Gebietskommissar of the Vilnius municipality Hans Christian Hingst and Franz Murer,[9] Hingst's deputy for Jewish affairs under "provisional directives" of Reichskommissar Hinrich Lohse.[citation needed
]

Murer, Hingst, and Vilnius mayor Karolis Dabulevičius selected the site for the future ghetto and staged a distant sniping at German soldiers in front of a cinema, from a window on the corner of Stiklių (Glezer, meaning Szklana in Polish) and Didžioji (Wielka, Great Street in Polish, hence the name for the event) streets, by two Lithuanians in civilian clothes who had broken into an apartment belonging to Jews. The Lithuanians fled the apartment, then returned with awaiting German soldiers, captured two Jews, accused them of firing on the German soldiers, beat them and then shot them on the spot. Stiklių and Mėsinių (Jatkowa) streets were ransacked by the local militia, and Jews were beaten up. At night, in "retaliation", all Jews were driven out of the neighborhood the Nazis had selected as the future ghetto territory, street by street, and the next day the women and children on remaining streets were seized while the men were at work. Men at workplaces were also seized. Jews were taken to

Paneriai, also known as Ponary (or Ponar), where they were murdered between 1 September and 3 September. 5,000 to 10,000 people were murdered,[10] including ten members of the Judenrat. The objective was to clear an area for the establishment of a ghetto to imprison all the Jews of Vilnius and its suburbs.[9]

The area designated for the ghetto was the old Jewish quarter in the center of the city. While Vilna never had a ghetto per se except for some very limited restrictions on the movement and settlement of Jews during the Middle Ages, the area chosen by the Nazis for their ghetto was predominantly and historically inhabited by Jews. The Nazis split the area into two Jewish quarters (Large Ghetto and Small Ghetto),[11] with a non-ghetto corridor running down Deutschegasse (Niemiecka or Vokiečių) Street.[citation needed]

On 6–7 September 1941, the Nazis herded the remaining 20,000 Jews into the two ghettos by evicting them from their homes, during which 3,700 were killed.

Converts, "half-Jews" and spouses of Jews were also forced into the ghetto. The move to the ghetto was extremely hurried and difficult, and Jews were not allowed to use transportation, being able to take only what they were physically able to carry.[citation needed
]

The first Aktion was called the Gelb Schein (yellow pass) Aktion as the Germans delivered 3,000 passes to workers and their families and let 12,000 people on the ghetto. Between 25 and 27 October 1941, 3,781 people who did not have this pass were killed in Ponary.[12]

The two-ghetto arrangement made it easier for the Nazis to control what the victims knew of their fate beforehand, facilitating the Nazis' goal of total extermination. A two-ghetto model was also used in

slave labor. Conditions were intended to be extremely poor and crowded, subjecting inhabitants to unsanitary conditions, disease and daily death.[citation needed
]

1942: Quiet period

Health care

Jewish Vilna was known for its distinguished medical tradition, which inmates of the ghetto managed to maintain to some degree during the Holocaust.[13] As with most ghettos established by the Germans, a sign was put right outside in front stating: "Achtung! Seuchengefahr" ("Attention! Danger of Infection"). Mortality rates did, indeed, increase in the Vilna Ghetto as compared with before the war. However, due largely to the efforts of the ghetto's Health Department, the Vilna Ghetto had no major epidemics despite malnourishment, cold, and overcrowding.[14] According to Dr. Lazar Epstein, head of Sanitary-Epidemiological Section of the ghetto's Health Department, the inmates of the ghetto, left to their own devices, could have lived a very long time, certainly to the end of the war, despite the numerous privations.[14]

Cultural life

The Vilna Ghetto was called "Yerushalayim of the Ghettos" because it was known for its intellectual and cultural spirit. Before the war, Vilnius had been known as "Yerushalayim d'Lita"[15] (Yiddish: Jerusalem of Lithuania) for the same reason. The center of cultural life in the ghetto was the Mefitze Haskole Library, which was called the "House of Culture". It contained a library of 45,000 volumes,[16] reading hall, archive, statistical bureau, room for scientific work, museum, book kiosk, post office, and sports ground. Groups, such as the Literary and Artistic Union and the Brit Ivrit Union, organized events commemorating Yiddish and Hebrew authors and put on plays in these languages. The popular Yiddish magazine Folksgezunt was continued in the ghetto and its essays were presented in public lectures. Yitskhok Rudashevski (1927–1943), a young teen who wrote a diary of his life in the ghetto during 1941 to 1943, mentions a number of these events and his participation in them. He was murdered in the liquidation of 1943, probably at Paneriai. His diary was discovered in 1944 by his cousin.[citation needed]

The Vilna Ghetto was well known for its theatrical productions during World War II.[17] Jacob Gens, the head of Jewish police and the ruler of the Vilna Ghetto, was given the responsibility for the starting of this theatre.[17] Performances included poetry readings by Jewish authors, dramatizations of short stories, and new work by the young people of the ghetto.[17]

The Ghetto Theatre was a great source of revenue and had a calming effect on the public. A total of 111 performances had been given by January 10, 1943, with a total of 34,804 tickets sold. The theatre was renovated to accommodate a larger audience and be better-looking to public eye.[17] The theatre permitted the inhabitants to display their power through plays and songs; for instance, one of the songs that was sung was called "Endurance".[17]

The last theatrical production, Der Mabl (The Flood), was produced by the Swedish dramatist Henning Berger and opened in the summer of 1943, in the last week of the ghetto's existence.[17] The play, set in an American saloon during a flood, featured a group of people who banded together during a time of danger and need.[17]

Resistance

Abba Kovner (center, standing) with FPO members

The Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye (FPO), or United Partisan Organization, was formed on 21 January 1942 in the ghetto. It took for its motto "We will not go like sheep to the slaughter," proposed by Abba Kovner.[18] This was one of the first resistance organizations established in a Nazi ghetto. Unlike in other ghettos, the resistance movement in the Vilna Ghetto was not run by ghetto officials. Jacob Gens, appointed head of the ghetto by the Nazis but originally chief of police, ostensibly cooperated with German officials in stopping armed struggle. The FPO represented the full spectrum of political persuasions and parties in Jewish life. It was led by Yitzhak Wittenberg, Josef Glazman, and Kovner. The purposes of the FPO were to establish a means for the self-defence of the ghetto population, to sabotage German industrial and military activities, and to support the broader struggle of partisans and Red Army operatives against German forces. Poet Hirsh Glick, a ghetto inmate who later died after being deported to Estonia, penned the words for what became the famous Partisan Hymn, Zog nit keyn mol.[citation needed]

Reichskommissariat Ostland ghettos (marked with red-and-gold stars)

In early 1943, the Germans caught a member of the Communist underground, who, under torture, revealed some contacts; the Judenrat, in response to German threats, tried to turn Wittenberg, head of the FPO, over to the Gestapo. The Fareynikte Partizaner Organizatsye organized an uprising and was able to rescue him after he was seized in the apartment of Jacob Gens in a fight with Jewish ghetto police.[19] Gens brought in heavies, the leaders of the work brigades, and effectively turned the majority of the population against the resistance members, claiming they were provoking the Germans and asking rhetorically whether it was worth sacrificing tens of thousands for the sake of one man. Ghetto prisoners assembled and demanded the FPO give Wittenberg up. Ultimately, Wittenberg himself made the decision to submit to Nazi demands. He was taken to Gestapo headquarters in Vilnius and was reportedly found dead in his cell the next morning. Most people believed he had committed suicide. The rumour was that Gens had slipped him a cyanide pill in their final meeting.[citation needed]

The FPO was demoralized by this chain of events and began to pursue a policy of sending young people out to the forest to join other Jewish partisans. This was controversial as well because the Germans applied a policy of 'collective responsibility' under which all family members of anyone who had joined the partisans were executed. In the Vilna Ghetto, a 'family' often included a non-relation who registered as a member of the family in order to receive housing and a pitiful food ration.[citation needed]

When the Germans came to liquidate the ghetto in September 1943, members of the FPO went on alert. Gens took control of the liquidation in order to keep the Nazi forces out of the ghetto and away from a partisan ambush, but helped fill the quota of Jews with those who could fight but were not necessarily part of the resistance. The FPO fled to the forest and fought with the partisans.[citation needed]

1943: Liquidation

From the establishment of the ghetto until January 1942, task groups of German and Lithuanian

death camps in German-occupied Poland.[citation needed
]

A small group of Jews remained in Vilna after the liquidation of the ghetto, primarily at the

German Army; the camp was commanded by the Wehrmacht Major Karl Plagge who, with the cooperation of his officers and men, was able to shield the Jewish auto-workers from much of the abuse slave laborers were ordinarily subjected to. When the Red Army approached Vilna and the SS came to take over the camp, Plagge gave his workers a covert warning; some workers escaped, others hid in hiding places they had prepared with Plagge's knowledge, from which they subsequently escaped.[24] Two-hundred and fifty Jews at HKP 562 survived the war. They represent the single largest group of Jewish survivors of the Holocaust in Vilnius.[citation needed
]

Kiryat Shaul cemetery in Tel Aviv

Post-war

Among all the European Jewish communities during WWII, the Lithuanian one was the most affected by the Holocaust. Rising to 265,000 individuals in June 1941, it was decimated and lost 254,000, or 95%, of its members during the Nazi occupation of Lithuania.

Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum, reminds visitors of massive collaboration, presenting documents and testimonials. Rachel Kostanian was awarded the Order of Merits[27] from Germany for this achievement in 2021.[28]

Joshua Sobol's 1984 play Ghetto recounts the last days of the Vilna Ghetto theatre company.[29]

In 2021 a virtual 360-degree tour about the former Vilnius Ghetto was created to present arts, education and creative endeavours within the ghetto in horrifying circumstances.[30]


  • Straszuna Street (the Polish name), now Žemaitijos Street, in the former ghetto
    Straszuna Street (the Polish name), now Žemaitijos Street, in the former ghetto
  • Holocaust memorial, Subačiaus Street, near site of HKP 562 forced-labor camp
    Holocaust memorial, Subačiaus Street, near site of HKP 562 forced-labor camp

People of the Vilna Ghetto

See also

Notes

  1. Hebrew and Russian, Vilne in Yiddish, and Wilna in German
    .

References

  1. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7
    .
  2. ^ Piotr Zychowicz, "Wybory Icchaka Arada" (the Yitzhak Arad choices), Rzeczpospolita, 12-07-2008. More external sources at Yitzhak Arad article.
  3. ^ Piotr Zychowicz, "Icchak Arad: od NKVD do Yad Vashem" (From NKVD to Yad Vashem) Rzeczpospolita, July 12, 2008
  4. ISBN 9780521000703
    .
  5. ISBN 978-0-6910-9603-2
    .
  6. ISBN 978-83-60183-42-7
    .
  7. ^ Miniotaite, Grazina (1999). The Security Policy of Lithuania and the 'Integration Dilemma' (PDF). NATO Academic Forum. p. 21. Retrieved 14 March 2008.
  8. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot
    . Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  9. ^
    ISBN 1139445391
    – via Internet Archive. 1941 Vilna ghetto.
  10. ^
    ISBN 978-1-4128-2007-3
    .
  11. Museum of the History of Polish Jews, Virtual Shtetl. Archived from the original
    on June 6, 2013. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
  12. ISBN 978-1-4128-2007-3
    .
  13. ^ Beinfeld, Solon, "Health Care in the Vilna Ghetto." 12 Holocaust & Genocide Stud. 67 (1998): 66–67.
  14. ^ a b Beinfeld, Solon. "Health Care in the Vilna Ghetto." 12 Holocaust & Genocide Stud. 67 (1998): 66–67.
  15. ^ Kruk, Herman (author), Harshay, Benjamin (editor) and Barbara Harshay (translator). The Last Days of the Jerusalem of Lithuania: Chronicles from the Vilna Ghetto and the Camps 1939–1944. New Haven: Yale UP, 2002, p. xxix.
  16. ^ Marrus, p. 121.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Beinfield, Solon. "The Culture Life Of The Vilna Ghetto." (1997): Annual 1 Chapter 1.
  18. ^ Marrus, Michael R. The Holocaust in History. Hanover: University Press of New England, 1987, p. 108.
  19. Not My Last Journey, Yedioth Ahronoth
    , 2017, pp. 85–86.
  20. ^ Kuperstein, Isaiah (2005). Partisans of Vilna, the Study Guide (PDF file, direct download). New Video Group.
  21. ISBN 978-1-4408-5897-0
    .
  22. ^ a b "Final Days of the Vilna Ghetto - Vilna During the Holocaust - The Jerusalem of Lithuania: The Story of the Jewish Community of Vilna". www.yadvashem.org.
  23. ISBN 978-0-8032-2059-1
    , p. 323.
  24. ^ Hielscher, Almut (30 April 2001). "Die Pflicht des Majors". Der Spiegel. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
  25. ^ "Le ghetto de Vilnius". www.encyclopedie.bseditions.fr. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
  26. ^ "Green House Museum". defendinghistory.com. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  27. ^ "Official publication site".
  28. ^ "Bekanntgabe vom 1. Mai 2021". Der Bundespräsident (in German). Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  29. ^ Fleche, Anne. "Ghetto: The Last Performance In the Vilna Ghetto." Theater Journal, Vol. 41, no. 4 (1989): 539-540.
  30. ^ "Inside the Vilnius Ghetto: A virtual musical tour". ARTyn Mixed Choir. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  31. ^ SPIEGEL, Johannes Sachslehner, DER (12 March 2018). "Franz Murer: Wie der "Schlächter von Wilna" davonkam - DER SPIEGEL - Geschichte". Der Spiegel (in German). Retrieved 26 May 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Bibliography

  • Arad, Yitzhak. Ghetto in Flames. (Jerusalem: Ahva Cooperative Printing Press, 1980). [ISBN missing]
  • Balberyszski, Mendel 'Stronger Than Iron': The Destruction of Vilna Jewry 1941–1945 – An Eyewitness Account. (Jerusalem: Gefen Publishing House, 2010). [ISBN missing]
  • Feierstein, Daniel. "The Jewish Resistance Movements in the Ghettos of Eastern Europe." In: Life in the Ghettos During the Holocaust. Ed. Eric J. Sterling. (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2005). [ISBN missing]
  • Kostanian-Danzig, Rachel. Spiritual Resistance in the Vilna Ghetto. (Vilnius: The Vilna Gaon Jewish State Museum, 2002). [ISBN missing]
  • Kruk, Herman. The Last Days of the Jerusalem of Lithuania: Chronicles from the Vilna Ghetto and the Camps, 1939–1944. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002). [ISBN missing]
  • Rudashevski, Yitskhok (1927–1943). Diary of the Vilna Ghetto, June 1941 – April 1943. (Israel: Ghetto Fighters' House, 1973). [ISBN missing]
  • Shneidman, N.N. Jerusalem of Lithuania: The Rise and Fall of Jewish Vilnius, A Personal Perspective. (Okaville, ON: Mosaic Press, 1998). [ISBN missing]

External links

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