Vilnius
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Vilnius | ||
---|---|---|
Gediminas Tower | ||
Vilnius City Municipality | ||
Capital of | Lithuania | |
First mentioned | 1323 | |
Granted city rights | 1387 | |
Elderships | ||
Government | ||
• Type | City budget €1.3 billion | |
HDI (2021) | 0.913[12] – very high | |
Climate | Dfb | |
Website | vilnius | |
Europe |
Vilnius (/ˈvɪlniəs/ VIL-nee-əs, Lithuanian: [ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs] ⓘ; previously known in English as Vilna, see other names) is the capital of and largest city in Lithuania and the second-most populous city in the Baltic states. As of January 2024[update], Vilnius' estimated population was 602,430, and the Vilnius urban area which extends beyond the city limits had an estimated population of 708,627.[14]
Vilnius is notable for the architecture of its Old Town, considered one of the largest and best-preserved old towns of Europe. Vilnius was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1994.[15][16][17][18] The architectural style known as Vilnian Baroque is named after the city, which is the easternmost Baroque city and the largest north of the Alps.[19][20]
The city was already noted for its multicultural population in the time of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with contemporary sources comparing it to Babylon. Before World War II and the Holocaust, Vilnius was one of the most important Jewish centers in Europe. Its Jewish influence has led to its nickname "the Jerusalem of Lithuania". Napoleon called it "the Jerusalem of the North"[21] as he was passing through in 1812.
In 2009, Vilnius was the European Capital of Culture, together with Linz in Austria.[22] In 2021, Vilnius was named one of fDi's 25 Global Cities of the Future.[23] Vilnius is considered one of the major world financial centres, ranked 76th globally and 29th in Europe, according to the Global Financial Centres Index.[24] In 2023, Vilnius hosted the 2023 NATO Summit. Vilnius is a member of Eurocities[25] and the Union of Capitals of the European Union (UCEU).[26]
Etymology and other names
The name of the city originates from the
According to legend, that is presumed to be recorded c. 1530s, Grand Duke Gediminas (c. 1275–1341) had been hunting in the sacred forest near the Valley of Šventaragis, near where the Vilnia River flows into the Neris River. With the successful hunt for a wisent having lasted longer then expected, the Grand Duke decided to settle in for the night in the valley. He fell soundly asleep and dreamed of a huge Iron Wolf standing at the top of a hill, howling as strongly and loudly as a hundred wolves. Upon awakening, the Duke asked the krivis (pagan priest) Lizdeika to interpret the dream. The priest told him:
"What is destined for the ruler and the State of Lithuania, is thus: the Iron Wolf represents a castle and a city which will be established by you on this site. This city will be the capital of the Lithuanian lands and the dwelling of their rulers, and the glory of their deeds shall echo throughout the world."
Therefore, Gediminas, obeying the will of
History
Early history and Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Historian Romas Batūra identifies the city with Voruta, one of the castles of Mindaugas, the King of Lithuania after crowned in 1253. During the reign of the Grand Dukes Butvydas and Vytenis, a city began to emerge from a trading settlement and the first Franciscan Catholic church was built.[32]
Vilnius is the historic and present-day capital of Lithuania. Archeological findings indicate that this city was the capital of the Kingdom of Lithuania and later of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. After Lithuania formed a dual confederation with the Kingdom of Poland, Vilnius still remained Lithuania's capital.[33]
The city was first mentioned in written sources in 1323 as Vilna,[34] when the Letters of Grand Duke Gediminas were sent to German cities inviting Germans (including German Jews) to settle in the capital city, as well as to Pope John XXII. These letters contain the first unambiguous reference to Vilnius as the capital;[33] Old Trakai Castle had been the earlier seat of the court of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
Vilnius's location offered practical advantages: in the Lithuanian heartland, at the confluence of two navigable rivers (Vilnia and Neris), surrounded by hills, impenetrable forests and wetlands.[31]
In the 14th century, Lithuania was frequently invaded by the Teutonic Order.[36] The future King of England Henry IV (then Henry Bolingbroke) spent a full year in 1390 supporting the unsuccessful siege of Vilnius by Teutonic Knights with his 300 knights. During this campaign, he bought captured Lithuanian women and children and took them back to Königsberg for conversion to Christianity.[37] King Henry's second expedition to Lithuania in 1392 illustrates the financial benefits of these guest crusaders to the Order. His small army consisted of over 100 men, including longbow archers and six minstrels, at a total cost to the Lancastrian purse of £4,360. Despite the efforts of Bolingbroke and his English crusaders, two years of attacks on Vilnius proved fruitless.[38]
Vilnius was the flourishing capital of the
During the inaugurations of Lithuanian monarchs until 1569, Gediminas' Cap was placed on the monarch's head by the Bishop of Vilnius in Vilnius Cathedral.[39]
The city underwent a period of expansion in the 16th century. The Wall of Vilnius was built between 1503 and 1522 for protection from the attacks by the Crimean Khanate, comprising nine city gates and three towers.[33] In 1547 Sigismund II Augustus moved his royal court from Kraków to Vilnius and it had a great influence on the intellectual life of the region.[40][41][42] In 1548 Sigismund II finished the Renaissance style reconstruction of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania which was started by his father, Sigismund I.[43][44]
I saw as many jewels as I did not expect to find accumulated in one place; with them the treasures of Venice and the Pope, which I have also seen, cannot be compared.
— Papal nuncio Berardo Bongiovanni recalling about Sigismund II Augustus's treasury kept in the Grand Ducal Palace in 1560.[45] Vilnius was Sigismund's favorite city, his investments made it one of the most beautiful cities in eastern and central Europe.[43]
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Vilnius' growth was due in part to the establishment of Alma Academia et Universitas Vilnensis Societatis Iesu by the Polish King and Grand Duke of Lithuania Stephen Báthory in 1579. The university soon developed into one of the most important scientific and cultural centres in the region and the most notable scientific centre of the Commonwealth.[46]
During its rapid development, the city was open to migrants from the territories of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy and further. Many languages were spoken: Polish, German, Yiddish, Ruthenian, Lithuanian, Russian, Old Church Slavonic, Latin, Hebrew, and Turkic languages; the city was compared to Babylon.[47][48] Each group contributed uniquely to the city's life, and crafts, trade, and science prospered.
The 17th century brought a number of setbacks. The Commonwealth was involved in a series of wars, collectively known as
The city's growth lost its momentum for many years; despite this, Vilnius entered the Russian Empire as its third-largest city with a population of 56,000 at the end of the 18th century and before the Napoleon wars.[48]
In the Russian Empire
The fortunes of the Commonwealth declined during the 18th century. Three partitions took place, dividing its territory among the Russian Empire, the Habsburg Empire, and the Kingdom of Prussia. Forces led by Jakub Jasiński expelled Russians from Vilnius during the uprising in 1794.[50] However, after the third partition of April 1795, Vilnius was annexed by the Russian Empire and in 1797–1801 was the centre of the short-lived Lithuania Governorate, but after 1801, it become centre of the Vilna Governorate.[48] During Russian rule, the city walls were destroyed, and by 1805 only the Gate of Dawn remained.[48]
In 1807–1812 considerations[clarification needed] took place, and the inhabitants of Vilnius and Lithuania expected Tsar Alexander I to grant them autonomy following the restoration of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which would have been subordinate to the tsar and a counterpoise for the Duchy of Warsaw; however, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was not restored as an autonomous subject.[51]
In 1812, the city was taken by Napoleon on his push towards Moscow, and again during the disastrous retreat.[48] Initially, the Grande Armée and Napoleon were welcomed in Vilnius as liberators, with locals aspiring to restore the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[52] In response Napoleon established the Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission.[48] Thousands of soldiers died in the city during the eventual retreat; the mass graves were uncovered in 2002.[53][48]
In 1814, the Congress of Vienna began which resulted in considerations[clarification needed] to attach the Northwestern Krai (which included Vilnius) to Congress Poland, but this was not realized.[51] Soon the activity of Philomaths and Filarets and their trial resulted in tightened control over the region's culture and intensified Russification.[51]
Following the November Uprising in 1831, Vilnius University was closed and Russian repressions halted further development of the city.[48] Civil unrest in 1861 was suppressed by the Imperial Russian Army.[54][48]
During the
On 4–5 December 1905, the Great Seimas of Vilnius was held in the current Lithuanian National Philharmonic Society building with over 2000 participants. It was the first modern national congress in Lithuania.[59] The assembly decided to demand wide political autonomy within the Russian Empire and achieve this by peaceful means. It is considered an important step towards the Act of Independence of Lithuania, adopted on 16 February 1918 by the Council of Lithuania, as the Seimas laid the groundwork for the establishment of an independent Lithuanian state.[60]
World War I
During World War I,
Regional turmoil 1918–1920
At the end of 1918, Soviet Russia invaded Lithuania with massive forces, and the Lithuanian Army withdrew from Vilnius to the center of the country to form a defense line. The German Army withdrew together with the Lithuanian government. The
The League of Nations became involved in the subsequent Lithuanian self-defense from Poland after it attacked Lithuanian army positions in the southwest of Lithuania. The League brokered the ceasefire called the Suwałki Agreement on 7 October 1920. Lithuanians believed that it stopped a Polish aggression. Although neither Vilnius or the surrounding region was explicitly addressed in the agreement, numerous historians have described the agreement as allotting Vilnius to Lithuania.[64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] On 9 October 1920, the Polish Army surreptitiously, under General Lucjan Żeligowski, seized Vilnius during an operation known as Żeligowski's Mutiny. The city and its surroundings were designated as a separate state, called the Republic of Central Lithuania.
Interwar Poland
Vilnius University was reopened in 1919 under the name of
On 20 February 1922, after the highly contested
Lithuanian historian
By 1931, the city had 195,000 inhabitants, making it the fifth largest city in Poland with varied industries, such as Elektrit, a factory that produced radio receivers.
World War II
Nazi Germany invited Lithuania to join the invasion of Poland and retake the historical capital Vilnius by force; however, President Antanas Smetona and most Lithuanian politicians declined this offer because they had doubts about Adolf Hitler's eventual victory and were outraged by the 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania. Instead, they supported the neutrality policy and after being encouraged by the French and British diplomats Lithuania adopted the Neutrality Act, which was supported by all the political forces.[83]
World War II began with the German invasion of Poland in September 1939. The secret protocols of the
Following the normalisation of relations with Poland the Lithuanian Consulate was opened in Vilnius on 22 August 1939, but the consul operated there only after the war began, on 9 September 1939.[86]
The whole of Lithuania was
On 22 June 1941, the Germans launched
Vilnius's situation in 1944 was tenuous. As the
Soviet occupation
In July 1944, Vilnius was once more occupied by Soviet Army with the Vilnius offensive, during which it defeated the German garrison.[95] The town was once more the Lithuanian SSR's capital. The NKVD began repressions against Lithuanians and Poles.[96][97] Sovietization began in earnest.
The war had irreversibly altered the city – between 1939 and 1949, Vilnius lost almost 90% of its population, through murder, deportation or exile, and many buildings were destroyed.[98] The Jewish population had been exterminated in the Holocaust, while most of the remaining ones were compelled to move to Communist Poland by 1946.[clarification needed] Some partisans and members of the intelligentsia hiding in the forest were deported to Siberia after the war.[citation needed]
From the late 1940s onward, Vilnius began to grow again following an influx of Lithuanians, Poles, and Belarusians from neighbouring regions and throughout Lithuania as well as neighbouring region of
In November 1980, the number of inhabitants of Vilnius exceeded 500,000. Because of shortage of housing for a growing population of the city, large scale Microdistricts (so-called sleeping districts) were built in the elderates of Antakalnis, Žirmūnai, Lazdynai, Karoliniškės, Viršuliškės, Baltupiai, Šeškinė, Justiniškės, Pašilaičiai, Fabijoniškės and on a smaller scale in other parts of Vilnius.[33][48] These were connected with the central part as well as with industrial areas via expressway-like streets (so-called fast traffic streets) and by public transport, noticeably extensive network of trolleybuses (from 1956).[102]
Vilnius was a centre of Lithuanian dissidents and in 1978 the Lithuanian Liberty League was established.[48]
Independent Lithuania
On 11 March 1990, the
Vilnius has been rapidly transforming, emerging as a modern European city. Its teritory was expanded through three different acts since 1990, amalgamating various urban teritories, villages, hamlets, and prominently the city of Grigiškės. In 2024, a decision was made to eliminate the distinct names of these villages and hamlets, completing the incorporation.[106][107]
The majority of historical buildings in the city were renovated during the last 25 years, and a business and commercial area is being developed into the New City Centre, the main administrative and business district on the north side of the Neris river. This area includes modern residential and retail space, with the municipality building and the 148.3 m (487 ft) Europa Tower as its most prominent buildings. The construction of Swedbank's headquarters is symbolic of the importance of Scandinavian banks in Vilnius. The building complex Vilnius Business Harbour has been built and further expanded since 2008, and one of its towers is now the 6th tallest building in Lithuania. More buildings are scheduled for construction in the area.
More than 75,000 new flats were built between 1995 and 2018 (including almost 50,000 new flats between 2003 and 2018), making Vilnius an absolute leader in the construction sector in the
Vilnius was selected as a 2009
On 28–29 November 2013, Vilnius hosted the Eastern Partnership Summit in the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania. Many European presidents, prime ministers, and other high-ranking officials participated in the event.[117] On 29 November 2013, Georgia and Moldova signed association and free trade agreements with the European Union.[118] Previously, Ukraine and Armenia were also expected to sign the agreements but postponed the decision, sparking large protests in Ukraine.
In 2015 Remigijus Šimašius became the first directly elected mayor of the city.[119]
The 2023 NATO summit was held in Vilnius.[120]
Geography
Vilnius is located at the
Vilnius lies 312 km (194 mi) from the Baltic Sea and Klaipėda, the chief Lithuanian seaport. Vilnius is connected by highways to other major Lithuanian cities, such as Kaunas (102 km or 63 mi away), Šiauliai (214 km or 133 mi away) and Panevėžys (135 km or 84 mi away).
The area of Vilnius is 402 km2 (155 sq mi). Buildings occupy 29.1% of the city; green spaces occupy 68.8%; and waters occupy 2.1%.[123]
Nature reserves
Vilnius has eight protected nature reserves: Vokės Senslėnio Slopes Geomorphological Reserve, Aukštagiris Geomorphological Reserve, Valakupių Klonio Geomorphological Reserve, Veržuva Hydrographic Reserve, Vokė Hydrographic Reserve, Cedronas Upstream Landscape Reserve, Tapeliai Landscape Reserve and Šeškinė Slopes Geomorphological Reserve.[124]
Climate
The climate of Vilnius is
Summer days are warm and sometimes hot, especially in July and August, with temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) throughout the day during periodic heat waves. Outdoor bars, restaurants and cafés are widely frequented during the daytime.
Winters can be very cold, with temperatures rarely reaching above freezing – temperatures below −25 °C (−13 °F) may occur in January and February. Vilnius's rivers freeze over in particularly cold winters, and the lakes surrounding the city are almost always permanently frozen during this time of year. A popular pastime is
The Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service is headquartered in Vilnius and monitors climate of Vilnius and Lithuania.[128]
Climate data for Vilnius (1991–2020 normals, sun 1961–1990, extremes 1777–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 12.3 (54.1) |
14.4 (57.9) |
19.8 (67.6) |
29.0 (84.2) |
31.8 (89.2) |
34.2 (93.6) |
36.4 (97.5) |
34.9 (94.8) |
33.1 (91.6) |
24.5 (76.1) |
15.5 (59.9) |
10.5 (50.9) |
36.4 (97.5) |
Mean maximum °C (°F) | 4.9 (40.8) |
5.7 (42.3) |
13.1 (55.6) |
22.4 (72.3) |
26.7 (80.1) |
28.8 (83.8) |
30.8 (87.4) |
30.3 (86.5) |
25.4 (77.7) |
18.3 (64.9) |
11.1 (52.0) |
6.1 (43.0) |
32.1 (89.8) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.7 (28.9) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
4.4 (39.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
21.7 (71.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
23.1 (73.6) |
17.4 (63.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
3.7 (38.7) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
11.2 (52.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
0.9 (33.6) |
7.6 (45.7) |
13.0 (55.4) |
16.4 (61.5) |
18.7 (65.7) |
17.9 (64.2) |
13.0 (55.4) |
7.0 (44.6) |
1.8 (35.2) |
−2.2 (28.0) |
7.3 (45.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.9 (21.4) |
−5.6 (21.9) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
2.6 (36.7) |
7.5 (45.5) |
11.1 (52.0) |
13.6 (56.5) |
12.7 (54.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
3.7 (38.7) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−4.1 (24.6) |
3.5 (38.3) |
Mean minimum °C (°F) | −19.3 (−2.7) |
−17.5 (0.5) |
−10.8 (12.6) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
0.1 (32.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
8.1 (46.6) |
6.8 (44.2) |
1.1 (34.0) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−8.7 (16.3) |
−14.1 (6.6) |
−22.0 (−7.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −37.2 (−35.0) |
−35.8 (−32.4) |
−29.6 (−21.3) |
−14.4 (6.1) |
−4.4 (24.1) |
0.1 (32.2) |
3.5 (38.3) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−14.4 (6.1) |
−22.8 (−9.0) |
−30.5 (−22.9) |
−37.2 (−35.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 38.9 (1.53) |
34.4 (1.35) |
37.0 (1.46) |
46.2 (1.82) |
52.1 (2.05) |
72.7 (2.86) |
79.3 (3.12) |
75.8 (2.98) |
65.2 (2.57) |
51.5 (2.03) |
51.5 (2.03) |
49.2 (1.94) |
653.8 (25.74) |
Average precipitation days | 21.7 | 18.4 | 17.5 | 10.2 | 12.4 | 11.7 | 11.4 | 10.5 | 9.7 | 13.5 | 16.7 | 21.2 | 174.9 |
Average dew point °C (°F) | −5 (23) |
−5 (23) |
−3 (27) |
1 (34) |
6 (43) |
10 (50) |
13 (55) |
12 (54) |
9 (48) |
4 (39) |
0 (32) |
−3 (27) |
3 (38) |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 37 | 70 | 117 | 165 | 242 | 231 | 220 | 217 | 141 | 93 | 33 | 25 | 1,591 |
Average ultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Source: WMO (avg high and low)[129] NOAA (sun, extremes, and mean temperatures),[130] Météo Climat,[131] Time and Date (dewpoints, 1985–2015)[132] and Weather Atlas[133] |
Culture
Painting and sculpture
For centuries, Vilnius was an art centre of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and attracted artists from across Europe. The oldest works of art that remain from the early
In the early 16th century, Renaissance sculpture appeared, mostly created by the Italian sculptors Bernardinus Zanobi da Gianotti, Giovani Cini, and Giovanni Maria Padovano. In the Renaissance period, portrait tombstones and medals were highly valued (e.g., the marble tombs of Albertas Goštautas, 1548, and of Paweł Holszański, 1555, by Bernardino de Gianotis, both located in the Vilnius Cathedral). The work of the Italian sculptors is characterized by naturalistic treatment of forms, precise proportions, tectonicity, and realistic representation of the deceased. Local sculptors took over only the iconographic scheme of the Renaissance tomb; their works (e.g., the tomb of Lew Sapieha, ca. 1633, at the Church of St. Michael) are characterized by conditionality of forms and stylization.[135] During this period, local and Western European painters created religious and mythological compositions and portraits that were intertwined with late Gothic and Baroque features. Illustrated prayer books, illustrations and miniatures have survived.[134]
In the
In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Lithuanian painting was largely influenced by the Vilnius Art School, which introduced Classical art and Romanticism. The painters had internships abroad, mainly in Italy. Painting of allegorical, mythological compositions, landscapes, and portraits of representatives of various circles of society began; historical themes prevailed. The most famous Classicism painters from this time are Franciszek Smaglewicz, Jan Rustem, Józef Oleszkiew, Daniel Kondratowicz , Józef Peszka, Wincenty Smokowski. While Romantic art is characterized by Jan Rustem, Jan Krzysztof Damel, Wincenty Dmochowski and Kanuty Rusiecki works.[134] After the closure of Vilnius University in 1832, the artistic direction formed by the representatives of the Vilnius Art School influenced the further development of Lithuanian art.[136]
Development of art in the first half of the 20th century was promoted by activities and exhibitions of the
The most notable late 20th and 21st century Vilnian painters are Žygimantas Augustinas, Eglė Ridikaitė, Eglė Gineitytė, Patricija Jurkšaitytė, Jurga Barilaitė, Solomonas Teitelbaumas.[134]
The
In 1995, the world's first bronze cast of Frank Zappa[140] was installed in the Naujamiestis district with the permission of the government. The Frank Zappa sculpture confirmed the newly found freedom of expression and marked the beginning of a new era for Lithuanian society.
In 2015, the project of Vilnius Talking Statues was realized. Eighteen statues around Vilnius interact with visitors in multiple languages by a telephone call to a smartphone.[141]
Museums and galleries
Vilnius has many museums of different kinds.[142] The National Museum of Lithuania has departments in the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, Gediminas' Tower, the old and new arsenals of the Vilnius Castle Complex, and exhibits expositions about the history of Lithuania and Lithuanian ethnic culture.[143][144][145] The Museum of Applied Arts and Design exhibits Lithuanian folk sacral and other religious artworks, findings of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, authentic clothing from the 18th–20th centuries, and holds temporary exhibitions.[146] Other notable museums include Vilnius Museum, House of Histories exhibition space, Church Heritage Museum, Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights, Fight for Freedom Museum in the Vilnius TV Tower, M. K. Čiurlionis House, Samuel Bak Museum, Centre for Civil Education, Toy Museum, Vilnil (Museum of Illusions), Energy and Technology Museum, House of Signatories, Tolerance Center, Railway Museum, Money Museum, Kazys Varnelis House-Museum, Liubavas Manor Watermill-Museum, Museum of Vladislovas Sirokomlė, Amber Museum – Gallery, Visitors Information Centre of the Paneriai Memorial, etc.[142][147]
Many prominent art galleries are located in Vilnius. Lithuania's largest art collection is housed in the
Literature
In about 1520,
The
One of the creators of Lithuanian writing,
Many famous writers were born in Vilnius, lived there, or are
The first consideration of the
Lithuanian magnate Albertas Goštautas actively supported the Lithuanian language usage in the
Since the 16th century, the
Over 200 tiles and commemorative plaques to writers, who have lived and worked in Vilnius and foreign authors who have shared a connection with Vilnius and Lithuania, adorn walls on Literatų Street (Lithuanian: Literatų gatvė) in the Old Town, presenting a broad overview of the history of Lithuanian literature.[163]
The
The
Cinema
The first public
The first stationary movie theater in Vilnius, named Iliuzija (English: Illusion), was opened in 1905 and was located in Didžioji Street 60.[168] The first movie theaters were similar to theatre buildings and had boxes with more expensive tickets. Also, because there was no sound in the first movies, the sessions were accompanied by live orchestra performances. On stage, cinema screenings were sometimes mixed with theatrical performances, illusion shows.[167]
On 4 June 1924, the Vilnius Magistrate established a popular 1,200-seat movie theater in the city hall, which in Polish was called Miejski kinematograf (English: City Movie Theater). The purpose of this cinema was to provide cultural education for students and adults. In 1926, 502,261 tickets were sold, 24,242 tickets were given free to boarding children, and 778 tickets were given to tourists and 8,385 to soldiers. In 1939, the Lithuanian authorities renamed it to Milda. In 1940, the last city government handed over the premises to the People's Commissariat of Education, which established the Lithuanian National Philharmonic Society there.[168]
In 1965, the most modern movie theater in Lithuania, called
Kino Pavasaris is the largest film festival in Vilnius.[170]
The Lithuanian Film Centre (Lithuanian: Lietuvos kino centras), whose main task is to promote the development and competitiveness of the Lithuanian film industry, has its headquarters in Vilnius.[171]
Music
Musicians were presented at the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania as early as the 14th century, as Grand Duke Gediminas' daughter
Italian artists organized the first opera in Lithuania on 4 September 1636, at the Palace of the Grand Dukes, by the order of Grand Duke Władysław IV Vasa.[175] Currently, operas are staged at the Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre and also by independent troupe Vilnius City Opera.[176]
The Lithuanian National Philharmonic Society is the largest and oldest state-owned concert organization in Lithuania who organizes and coordinates live concerts and tours throughout Lithuania and abroad.[177] The Lithuanian State Symphony Orchestra, founded by Gintaras Rinkevičius, also performs in Vilnius.[178]
In Lithuania,
The jazz scene was known to be quite active in Vilnius. In 1970–71, the Ganelin/Tarasov/Chekasin trio would found Vilnius Jazz School.[182] The most known annual jazz event of jazz in the city is the Vilnius Jazz Festival.
Gatvės muzikos diena (Street Music Day) gathers musicians of various genres annually in the streets of Vilnius.[183]
Vilnius is the birthplace of many prominent music personalities: singers (e.g.
Vilnius was the hometown of such 18th-century composers as Michał Kazimierz Ogiński, Johann David Holland (colleague of C. Bach), Maciej Radziwiłł, Michał Kleofas Ogiński. 19th century Vilnius was famous for performers such as singer Kristina Gerhardi Frank, a close friend of Mozart and Haydn (who performed the main part at the premiere of The Creation by the latter), guitarist-virtuoso Marek Konrad Sokołowski, recognized as the best guitarist in Europe in the mid-19th century, and composer Stanisław Moniuszko, "the father of Polish national opera". The wealthiest woman in Vilnius in the early 19th century was singer Maria de Neri. In the early 20th century, Vilnius was the hometown of Mikalojus Konstantinas Čiurlionis, Mikas Petrauskas, Juozas Tallat-Kelpša. Musicians of late 20th and early 21st centuries include Vyacheslav Ganelin, Petras Vyšniauskas, Petras Geniušas, Mūza Rubackytė, Alanas Chošnau, Marijonas Mikutavičius.
The Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre is headquartered on Gediminas Avenue and also has its department at the Slushko Palace in Antakalnis. Many accomplished singers have lectured at the academy, including the internationally famous tenors Kipras Petrauskas and Virgilijus Noreika.[184]
Theatre
Lithuanian Grand Dukes' entertainment at the castle, ruler's visits abroad and the honorable guests' arrival meetings etiquette had theatrical elements already since the 14th century (e.g. musicians' chapels of Gediminas and Władysław II Jagiełło). During the period of
Between the 16th and 18th centuries there was a Jesuit's School Theatre in Lithuania. In 1570, the first performance was shown in Vilnius (comedy Hercules by S. Tucci). Baroque aesthetics prevailed in the Jesuit's School Theatre, but it also had Middle Ages retrospectives, Renaissance elements, Rococo motifs, and served an educational function. The performances were played in Latin, however elements of the Lithuanian language were also included in intermediates and prologues, and some of the works were Lithuanian-themed (e.g. plays dedicated to Algirdas, Mindaugas, Vytautas and other rulers of Lithuania).[186][187]
In 1785,
During the interwar, then part of Poland, Vilnius was famous for the most modern in the region experimental Reduta troupe and institute, led by Juliusz Osterwa.[189] In Vilnius and the Vilnius Region, the performances by the Vilnius Lithuanian Stage Amateur Company (Lithuanian: Vilniaus lietuvių scenos mėgėjų kuopa), established in 1930 (later it was renamed to Vilnius's Lithuanian Theatre; professional theatre Vaidila), were shown. In 1945, it was merged to the Lithuanian National Drama Theatre.[187]
After the USSR occupation of Lithuania in 1940, theatre became one of the means of disseminating the Soviet ideology and censorship of repertoires was introduced. The performances incorporated the principles of socialist realism and a number of revolutionary plays were staged by the Russian authors. A Repertory Commission was established under the Ministry of Culture to direct theatres, control their repertoires, grant permissions to perform or ban performances. Socialist realism was the only recognized direction.[187]
After the restoration of independence of Lithuania, theatre changed cardinally and sought to recreate a broken dialogue with spectators.[187] Vilnius City Opera, an independent opera theatre in Vilnius, blends classical with contemporary art. While the Lithuanian National Drama Theatre, State Small Theatre of Vilnius, State Youth Theatre and a number of private theatre companies, including OKT / Vilnius City Theatre, Anželika Cholina Dance Theatre and others, show classical, modern and Lithuanian playwriting directed by world-known Lithuanian and foreign directors. There is also the Russian-language Old Theatre of Vilnius.[190]
Photography
The beginning of Lithuanian photography is considered to be the daguerreotyping of the reconstructed Verkiai Palace, which was performed in the summer of 1839 by François Marcillac, the governor of the children of Duke Ludwig Wittgenstein, this fact is mentioned in the memoirs of architect Bolesław Podczaszyński published in January 1853 in the Gazeta Warszawska newspaper.[191] The unfavorable political situation in the country led to the slow development of new technology and cultural activities. The first known daguerreotype portrait atelier in Vilnius was opened in 1843 by C. Ziegler; such ateliers operated in Lithuania until 1859. One of the most famous photographers was K. Neupert, who came from Norway (since 1851 he worked in Vilnius and Druskininkai).[191]
In the 1860s with the spread of
One of the most important facts about the use of photography for scientific purposes is the second photoheliograph in the world (the first was in London), which was installed in 1865 at the Vilnius University Astronomical Observatory, which was used to observe and photograph the sunspots.[191] Since 1868, for the first time in the world, a systematic photographic service of sunspots dynamics was launched in Vilnius.[193]
In 1927, Jan Bułhak in Vilnius established the first photography club in the present territory of Lithuania.[194]
In 1952, the editorial office of Švyturys magazine organized the first photography exhibition in Vilnius, the main object of which was photography itself (16 photographers participated).[191]
Crafts
Iron tools, weapons,
In the second half of the 17th century, due to the economic turmoil caused by the Russo-Polish War, crafts declined, most of the goods were imported from abroad duty-free by Szlachta Lithuanian and Polish nobles and sold on their holdings. Crafts began to rise again in the second half of the 18th century to the first half of the 19th century and Vilnius was the largest Lithuanian craft center. After the abolition of
Language
As a historically
The Ruthenian language was used in Lithuania and its capital Vilnius due to the incorporation of the Kievan Rus' lands. In colloquial form, these dialects formed the basis of the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages in the 19th century. The written form of the Ruthenian language stemmed from the interaction of Old East Slavic with the local elements of the Ruthenian language. Such a Ruthenian language became the main language of the Chancery of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the 14th and 15th centuries, and maintained its dominant position until the middle of the 17th century.[199][205]
At the royal court in Vilnius of Sigismund II Augustus, the last Grand Duke of Lithuania prior to the Union of Lublin, both Polish and Lithuanian were spoken equally widely.[207] In 1552, Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus ordered that orders of the Magistrate of Vilnius be announced in Lithuanian, Polish, and Ruthenian languages.[208]
Minorities (e.g.
According to article 14 of the Constitution of Lithuania, Lithuanian is the only
Fashion
It is known that the Vilnians have enjoyed to expensively dress up since the Middle Ages. According to historian
Wealthy townspeople, decorated with luxurious clothing, raised the envy of the Lithuanian nobility and the nobles demanded the adoption of laws limiting the clothing of the townspeople. For the first time such restrictions were recorded in the
The clothing trends changed in the late 18th century when almost all men already had shaved beards, short-haired hairstyles and began to wear trendy, blue, green or black
Mados infekcija (English: Fashion Infection) was launched in 1999 and is the biggest Lithuanian fashion show, held every spring in Vilnius.[214] Prominent Lithuanian clothing designer Juozas Statkevičius usually organizes his collections presentations in Vilnius.[215]
Holidays and festivals
As a result of centuries long Catholic traditions in Vilnius and Lithuania, the Catholic holidays (e.g. Christmas, Easter, Saint John's Eve) are widely celebrated and employees have a days off.[216]
Every year on 16 February (day of the Act of Independence of Lithuania) and on 11 March (day of the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania) festive events are organized in Vilnius with official ceremonies conducted by the heads of state and the holy masses of the Lithuanian Catholic Church in the Vilnius Cathedral.[217][218] While in the evening of 12 January bonfires are ignited to mark the bloody January Events.[219]
Capital's Days (Lithuanian: Sostinės dienos) is the biggest festival of music and culture held in the city annually for three days (from 30 August to 1 September).[221]
Although it is not a national holiday, the Vilnia River is dyed green every year for Saint Patrick's Day.[222]
During the annual Vilnius Culture Night various artists and cultural organisations hold events and performances all over the city.[223]
Administration
City government
Before the Magdeburg rights were granted to Vilnius in 1378, the city was overseen by the ruler's vicegerents. Later these duties were granted to a magistrate or a City Council, subordinate only to the ruler himself. During wars, when the city was in a danger, the city was led by a Voivode of Vilnius.[224] The magisterial authority was headquartered at the Vilnius Town Hall.[225]
Vilnius Magistrate was responsible for the city economy, was collecting taxes, taking care of the city treasury, was accumulating stocks of grain in order to avoid residents starvation in case of famine or wars. He also acted as a notary in transactions, testaments and as a judge during the city residents conflicts that involved new buildings constructions and reconstructions. His other function was taking care of the city craftsmen. From the beginning, statutes of workshops were approved by the ruler himself. Later, Sigismund II Augustus granted this privilege to the city magistrates in 1552. Since the 1522 privilege by Sigismund I the Old, Vilnius Magistrates had the responsibility to protect the city and its resident's tranquility by having 24 armed guards. During war times, the night watch was performed by three jurisdictions – magistrate, bishop and castle men.[224][226]
Chief City Administrator was vaitas (a Grand Duke of Lithuania vicegerent in the city).
Under the Russian Empire, the City Council was replaced with a
After the
The current Vilnius City Municipal Council was established in 1990.[228] The Vilnius City Municipality is one of 60 municipalities of Lithuania and includes the nearby town of Grigiškės, three villages, and some rural areas.[231] The town of Grigiškės was separated from the Trakai District Municipality and attached to the Vilnius City Municipality in 2000.
A 50-member council is elected to four-year terms; the candidates are nominated by registered political parties and committees.
Before 2015, mayors were appointed by the council.[235] Starting with the elections in 2015, the mayors are elected directly in a two-round system by voters registered in the municipality.[235] Remigijus Šimašius became the first directly elected mayor of the city.[236]
Subdivisions
Elderships, a statewide administrative division, function as municipal districts. The 21 elderships are based on neighbourhoods:
- Verkiai – includes Baltupiai, Jeruzalė, Santariškės, Balsiai, Visoriai
- Antakalnis – includes Valakampiai, Turniškės, Dvarčionys
- Pašilaičiai – includes Tarandė
- Fabijoniškės – includes Bajorai
- Pilaitė
- Justiniškės
- Viršuliškės
- Šeškinė
- Šnipiškės
- Žirmūnai – includes Šiaurės miestelis
- Karoliniškės
- Žvėrynas
- Grigiškės – a separate town
- Lazdynai
- Vilkpėdė – includes Vingis Park
- Naujamiestis – includes bus and train stations
- Senamiestis (Old Town) – includes Užupis
- Naujoji Vilnia – includes Pavilnys, Pūčkoriai
- Paneriai– includes Trakų Vokė, Gariūnai
- Vilnius International Airport
- Rasos – includes Belmontas, Markučiai[231]
Eldership | Area (km2) | Population[237] | Density (per km2) |
---|---|---|---|
Antakalnis | 77.2 | 39,257 | 510 |
Fabijoniškės | 4.1 | 37,006 | 9,000 |
Grigiškės | 7.1 | 10,335 | 1,500 |
Justiniškės | 3.0 | 25,956 | 8,700 |
Karoliniškės | 4.0 | 24,751 | 6,200 |
Lazdynai | 9.9 | 30,945 | 3,100 |
Naujamiestis | 4.9 | 28,157 | 5,700 |
Naujininkai | 41.1 | 30,030 | 730 |
Naujoji Vilnia | 39.3 | 36,800 | 940 |
Paneriai
|
84.8 | 11,149 | 130 |
Pašilaičiai | 7.9 | 40,384 | 5,100 |
Pilaitė | 13.9 | 28,234 | 2,000 |
Rasos | 16.3 | 10,230 | 630 |
Senamiestis (Old Town) | 4.5 | 21,782 | 4,800 |
Šeškinė | 4.4 | 28,137 | 6,400 |
Šnipiškės | 3.1 | 16,474 | 5,300 |
Verkiai | 55.7 | 50,754 | 910 |
Vilkpėdė | 10.8 | 19,325 | 1,800 |
Viršuliškės | 2.5 | 13,877 | 5,600 |
Žirmūnai | 5.7 | 43,453 | 8,600 |
Žvėrynas | 2.6 | 12,089 | 4,700 |
District municipality
Vilnius District Municipality (Lithuanian: Vilniaus rajono savivaldybė) is one of the largest municipalities in Lithuania. It occupies 2129 square kilometres and has 23 civil parishes. There are 1163 villages and 5 towns (
Vilnius district has a multinational population, of which 52% are Poles, 33% are Lithuanians and the rest of 16% are Russians, Belarusians and other nationalities residents (e.g. Ukrainians, Lipka Tatars, Jews). Vilnius district has over 100,000 residents. Most of the population (95%) live in villages and 5% live in towns.[239]
Vilnius district has the highest terrains of Lithuania – Aukštojas, Juozapinė and Kruopinė Hills, which are raised over 290 metres above sea level and are considered very high in the country's flatlands.[239]
Medininkai Castle, Liubavas Manor mill and Bareikiškės Manor are the most famous historical landmarks of the district.[239]
Vilnius Voivodeship from 1769 surrounded a completely independent microstate Republic of Paulava, known for its Age of Enlightenment values, with its own president, peasants parliament, army and laws.[241]
As a result of its large Polish population, Vilnius District Municipality Council mostly consists from members of the
National government
As the capital of Lithuania, Vilnius is the seat of Lithuania's
Historically, the Seimas of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania mostly gathered in Vilnius.[250] The present-day Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania is also located in Vilnius and meets at the Seimas Palace in Gediminas Avenue.[251]
Lithuania's highest courts are located in Vilnius. The Supreme Court of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Aukščiausiasis Teismas), the highest court in the judicial order, which reviews criminal and civil cases, is located in the Gynėjų Street,[252] while the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos vyriausiasis administracinis teismas), which acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the Žygimantų Street.[253] The Constitutional Court of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucinis Teismas), an advisory body with ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws meets in the Constitutional Court's Palace in Gediminas Avenue.[254]
The
Special services
The security of Vilnius is mainly the responsibility of the Vilniaus apskrities vyriausiasis policijos komisariatas, the highest police office in the city, and local police offices. Its main responsibilities are ensuring public order and public safety, disclosure and investigation of criminal offenses and traffic safety supervision.[256] In 2016, there were 1500 police officers in Vilnius.[257] Public Security Service is responsible for the prompt restoration of public order in extreme and special situations and ensure proper protection of important state objects and escorted subjects.[258]
Vilniaus apskrities priešgaisrinė gelbėjimo valdyba is the primary governing body of the Vilnius's firefighters forces.[259] In the first 9 months of 2018, there were 1287 fire incidents in the city of Vilnius, during which 6 people died and 16 were traumatized.[260]
Vilniaus greitosios medicinos pagalbos stotis is responsible for emergency medical services in the city and can be contacted directly by calling a short number 033.[261] It is one of the oldest emergency medical services institution in eastern Europe and was established already in 1902.[262] Large part of this institution doctors and other personnel were awarded with medals for their assistance to victims during the January Events in 1991.[262]
The common number for contacting emergency services in Vilnius (and other regions of Lithuania) is 112.[263]
Cityscape
Urbanism and architecture
The Old Town of Vilnius is the historical centre of Vilnius, about 3.6 km2 (1.4 sq mi) in size. Its history begins from the
The historic buildings are in Gothic (e.g., Church of St. Anne),[265] Renaissance (e.g., Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania),[266] Baroque (e.g., Church of St. Peter and St. Paul with over 2,000 stucco figures interior, Vilnius University's main campus, which features 13 courtyards framed by 15th century buildings and splashed with 300-year-old frescoes, and the Church of St. Johns)[267] and Classical styles (e.g. Vilnius Cathedral, Vilnius Town Hall, Šuazeliai Palace, Verkiai Palace)[268] with splendid exteriors and interiors. The variety of preserved churches and former palaces of the Lithuanian nobility especially constitutes the Vilnius multicultural heritage.[20][269]
As a capital of the massive state, Lithuanians shaped the development of its outstanding capital together with other nations. Vilnius development was influenced by the West and East ideologies. Christianity has dominated in Lithuania since the Christianization of Lithuania in 1387, however Orthodoxy of the state's eastern residents and the growing importance of Judaism led to exemplary material manifestations of these religious communities (e.g., Orthodox Cathedral of the Theotokos, Great Synagogue of Vilna).[20]
Various disasters resulted in reconstructions of the Vilnius buildings in the
Vilnius Old Town was inscribed to the list of the
Vilnius occupies an area of 401 square kilometers, of which only one fifth is developed and the remainder is green belt and water. For this reason, Vilnius is often referred to as one of the 'greenest' capital cities in Europe.[272]
Crypts
The crypts of Vilnius Cathedral are a place where prominent figures of Lithuania and the Catholic Church are buried. At the Royal Mausoleum Grand Duke Alexander Jagiellon, Queen Elizabeth of Austria, Barbara Radziwiłł, heart of the Grand Duke Władysław IV Vasa are buried. These crypts also have one of the oldest frescos in Lithuania, painted in the late 14th or early 15th century, and dating to the times of the Christianization of Lithuania.[273]
Housing
Vilnius Old Town (Lithuanian: Vilniaus senamiestis) with medieval stone paved streets and Užupis offers one of the most prestigious housing in Vilnius. Many old town
Neighbourhoods around the old town (Antakalnis, Žirmūnai, Naujamiestis, Žvėrynas) offer a wide variety prices flats, decent amount of greenery suitable for walks, bicycle roads and therefore are the most popular among the middle class residents. Wealthier communities are living in a new construction apartments or renovated Soviet-era apartments.[274] The Government of Lithuania strongly supports the renovation process and reimburses 30% or more of the cost.[278] However, poorer inhabitants and low income pensioners are often stopping the process adding to overall regionalistic policies of the politicians.[279][280]
More distant neighbourhoods (e.g., Lazdynai, Karoliniškės, Viršuliškės,
During the 1960s, the Šnipiškės area was named the
In 2019, average price for 1 m2 (11 sq ft) for a flat was around 2,000 euros and around 1,200 euros for 1 m2 (11 sq ft) of a private house in Vilnius, while the rent prices were ~€10 /m2 (for flats) and ~€8 /m2 (for private houses) respectively.[291] According to economists, the number of transactions and the housing affordability index reached record highs in 2019 because of the significant rise in Vilnius residents incomes and slowing of price increases for flats.[292] Despite that and according to research, one fourth of the 26–35 years old inhabitants are still living in homes owned by their parents or relatives. That is the highest number in the Baltic states, however it is likely that large part of these young people are simply saving for their own homes or the down payment because statistics traditionally shows that Lithuanians use less borrowed funds than Latvians or Estonians to purchase their homes.[293]
Demographics
Year | Population |
---|---|
1530 | 30,000 |
1654 | 14,000 |
1766 | 60,000 |
1795 | 17,700 |
1800 | 31,000 |
1811 | 56,300 |
1818 | 33,600 |
1834 | 52,300 |
1861 | 60,500 |
1869 | 64,400 |
1880 | 89,600 |
1886 | 103,000 |
1897 | 154,500 |
1900 | 162,600 |
1911 | 238,600 |
1914 | 214,600 |
Vilnius has thousands of years of demographics history as in the eldership of
Major growth of Vilnius as the centre and capital of the medieval state is attributed to the 14th century reign of Grand Duke Gediminas who invited knights, merchants, doctors, craftspeople and others to come to the Grand Duchy to practice their trades and faith without restriction.[33] Although, the growth of Vilnius was limited at the time due to the brutal Teutonic Order attacks (e.g. during their assault in 1390 around 14,000 Vilnians were killed) and the Lithuanian Civil War of 1389–1392.[33]
Vilnius developed as a multicultural city. In the 14th century sources it is mentioned that Vilnius consists of the Great (Lithuanian) city and
The city prospered during the
According to the first population census of the Commonwealth in 1790, the Vilnius Voivodeship (without the Grodno County) had a population of 718,571 residents, while the Vilnius County had 105,896 residents (the whole Grand Duchy after the Second Partition had a population of 1,333,493 then).[301] Shortly after, the city population decreased to just 17,500 residents in 1796 due to the fierce battles of the Vilnius uprising in 1794, which was the last attempt to save the Grand Duchy's capital from falling under the complete Russian control.[33][50] Though, after the rebels defeat, Vilnius was incorporated into the Russian Empire and was its third largest city in the beginning of the 19th century.[33] After a few decades of the Russian despotism, Vilnius demographics were once again affected by the November Uprising in 1830 and the January Uprising in 1863, during which rebels attempts were made to restore the statehood.[33] According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Vilnius had 154,532 residents and later grown to 205,300 residents in 1909, while the Vilna Governorate had 1,561,713 residents in 1897.[302][303]
During
Vilnius again grew in population by being the capital of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (according to the 1989 census, it had 576,747 residents).[33] Despite the fact that almost whole Lithuania suffered from a large emigration after the restoration of independence in 1990, the number of residents in Vilnius remained almost unchanged (542,287 in 2001) and began to steadily grow every year since 2006 to 580,020 residents (as of 1 January 2020).[33][306]
Historic ethnic makeup
Year | Lithuanians | Poles | Russians | Jews | Others | Total | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1897[307]
|
3,131 | 2% | 47,795 | 31% | 30,967 | 20% | 61,847 | 40% | 10,792 | 7% | 154,532 |
1916[308] | 3,669 | 2.6% | 70,629 | 50.1% | 2,080 | 1.5% | 61,265 | 43.5% | 3,217 | 2.3% | 140,840 |
1917[309] | 2,909 | 2.1% | 74,466 | 53.65% | 2,212 | 1.6% | 57,516 | 41.44% | 1,872 | 0.77% | 138,787 |
1919[308] | 2,900 | 2.3% | 72,067 | 56.1% | 4,049 | 3.2% | 46,506 | 36.2% | 2,954 | 2.3% | 128,476 |
1923[308] | 1,445 | 0.9% | 100,830 | 60.2% | 4,669 | 2.8% | 56,168 | 33.5% | 4,342 | 2.6% | 167,454 |
1931[310]
|
1,579 | 0.8% | 128,628 | 65.9% | 7,372 | 3.8% | 54,596 | 28% | 1,159 | 0.6% | 195,071 |
1941[311] | 52,370 | 28.1% | 94,511 | 50.7% | 6.712 | 3.6% | 30,179 | 16.2% | 2,541 | 1.4% | 186,313 |
1942[308] | 29,480 | 20.5% | 103,203 | 71.9% | 6,012 | 2% | — | — | 1,220 | 0.4% | 143,498 |
1951[308] | 55,300 | 30.8% | 37,700 | 21% | 59,700 | 33.3% | 5,500 | 3.1% | 21,100 | 11.8% | 179,300 |
1959[312]
|
79,363 | 33.6% | 47,226 | 20% | 69,416 | 29.4% | 16,354 | 6.9% | 23,719 | 10% | 236,078 |
1970[308]
|
159,156 | 42.8% | 68,261 | 18.6% | 91,004 | 24.5% | 16,491 | 4.4% | 37,188 | 10% | 372,100 |
1979[308]
|
225,137 | 47.3% | 85,562 | 18% | 105,618 | 22.2% | 10,723 | 2.3% | 48,785 | 10.3% | 475,825 |
1989[308]
|
291,527 | 50.5% | 108,239 | 18.8% | 116,618 | 20.2% | 9,109 | 1.6% | 51,524 | 8.9% | 576,747 |
2001[313]
|
318,510 | 57.5% | 104,446 | 18.9% | 77,698 | 14.1% | 2,770 | 0.5% | 50,480 | 9.1% | 553,904 |
2011[314]
|
337,000 | 63.2% | 88,380 | 16.5% | 64,275 | 12% | 2,026 | 0.4% | 45,976 | 8.6% | 535,631 |
2021[315]
|
373,511 | 67.1% | 85,438 | 15.4% | 53,886 | 9.7% | — | — | 43,655 | 7.8% | 556,490 |
Around 1000 years AD, the confluence of the Neris and Vilnia rivers was densely populated by the
Later, following the invitation of Grand Duke Gediminas, merchants and craftsmen began to move to Vilnius from the cities of the German
Beginning during the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the
Over the centuries, the composition of the population of Vilnius changed to become ethnically less Lithuanian.[316] According to historian Vytautas Merkys, the city lost a great deal of its old population during the brutal rampages of the Swedish and Russian armies in the 17th and 18th centuries, and they were replaced by the newcomers, however the Lithuanians also constantly inhabited in Vilnius.[316] According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897, only 2.1% (3200 residents) identified themselves as Lithuanian-speakers, while the speakers of Polish language (30.8%; 47,600 residents) and Yiddish (40.0%; 61,800 residents) were the largest linguistic groups of the city.[322] According to the Parish censuses of 1857–1858, the Lithuanian population remained significant in the Vilna Governorate and, according to different authors, was between 23.6% and 50.0% (210,273–418,880 residents).[302] In 1863, ethnographer Roderich von Erckert identified that the largest ethnic group in the Vilna Governorate were Lithuanians (45.04%; 386,000 residents).[323] Among the Szlachta (nobility) in Vilnius during the census of 1897, there were 5,301 (46.3%) local nobles and 6,403 (54.7%) newcomers, of these 24.1% noble newcomers came from Vilna Governorate territories, while the rest of newcomers nobles came to Vilnius from Grodno Governorate, Minsk Governorate, Vitebsk Governorate, Kovno Governorate, Vistula Land and other regions.[324]
Ethnic Lithuanian numbers in the city of Vilnius reached record lows in 1931 (1600 residents – 0.8%, while Poles accounted for 65.9% – 128,600 residents) following the 1922 annexation of Vilnius Region by Poland and the Lithuanians retreat from the region to the temporary capital of Kaunas.[325]
Following the Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty in 1939, Lithuania regained one third of Vilnius Region and made efforts to Lithuanize Vilnius by the introduction of Lithuanian laws.
After World War II, the number of ethnic Lithuanians in the city started recovering (e.g. there already were 79,363 Lithuanians in 1959, who accounted for 33.6% of all residents in the city), however the Lithuanization ideas were mostly replaced with the
Following the restoration of independence in 1990, the ethnic Lithuanian population in the city continued to grow in 2011 to 63.2% (337,000 residents), and in 2021 to 67,44 % (373,513 inhabitants) according to the censuses.[314][329][330]
Economy
Vilnius is the major economic centre of Lithuania. The GDP per capita (nominal) in Vilnius metropolitan area (Vilnius County) is almost
The budget of Vilnius reached €1.0 billion in 2022.[332] As of the second quarter of 2023 the average monthly salary in Vilnius city municipality reached €2,290.7 (gross) and €1,406.5 (net).[333]
Since 2010, employment and unemployment indicators have continuously been improving in Lithuania. Employment reached a record high of 77.5% in the third quarter of 2018 while unemployment was 6.3% in the fourth quarter, a rate last observed in 2008. Nevertheless, this has to be seen in the context of a shrinking working age population. The activity rate reached 82% in 2017. Vilnius and Kaunas counties offer better labour market opportunities than other counties, and this drives the internal interregional migration. However, in other regions employment opportunities remain scarce. Unemployment rates remained persistently high in the least developed regions (14.9% in
Overall, the share of the population at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) has decreased since Lithuania joined the EU in 2004. However, it remains among the highest in the EU (29.6% in 2017, compared to 22.4% in the EU). The risk of poverty or social exclusion in rural areas is nearly double that of urban areas, which corresponds to the gap in the unemployment rate between cities and rural areas (4.5% versus 11% in 2017). In particular the metropolitan areas of Vilnius and Kaunas, where significant economic activity is centred, drive a significant gap between AROPE rates in urban and rural areas. In 2017, the AROPE rate in rural areas was 37.2%, compared to 19.9% in cities.[335]
Over the past 15 years, Lithuania has experienced the fastest convergence in the EU, but the benefits of economic growth are uneven across regions. Disparities among Lithuania's regions have steadily grown in this period. While GDP per capita reached nearly 110% of the EU average in the capital region of Vilnius, it is only between 42% and 77% in other regions. The country's rapid convergence is mainly fuelled by two regions – the capital region of Vilnius and Kaunas County – producing 42% and 20% of the national GDP, respectively. In 2014–2016 these regions grew on average by 4.6% (Vilnius) and 3.3% (Kaunas), while the other regions, which have a higher share of rural areas, stagnated or were in recession.[337]
The supply of new housing in Vilnius and its suburbs, the country's biggest real estate market, has reached post-crisis highs and the stock of unsold apartments in the three largest cities has started to increase since the beginning of 2017. The demand for housing is still strong, fuelled by rapidly rising wages, benign financial conditions and positive expectations. In the first half of 2018, the number of monthly transactions was the highest since the 2007–2008 peak.[338] Most foreign direct investment and productive public investment in Lithuania is concentrated around the two main economic development poles of Vilnius and Kaunas.[339]
Vilnius Industrial Park is located 18.5 kilometres from the city and its land is intended for commercial, industrial use.[340]
Science and research
In 1675,
Sunrise Valley Science and Technology Park (Lithuanian: Saulėtekio slėnio mokslo ir technologijų parkas) is a non-profit organization, founded in 2003. The park is the centre of entrepreneurship, promotion of business and science collaboration, provision of infrastructure and other innovation support. Over 20,000 students study in the Vilnius University and Vilnius Gediminas Technical University facilities in the Sunrise Valley, and 5,000 scientists performs their research in the corresponding science centres there.[345]
Centre for Physical Sciences and Technology (Lithuanian: Fizinių ir technologijos mokslų centras) or FTMC is the largest scientific research institution in Lithuania, which specialises in laser technologies, optoelectronics, nuclear physics, organic chemistry, bio and nano technologies, electrochemical material science, electronics, and other scientific fields. The centre was created in 2010 by merging institutes of Chemistry, Physics, Semiconductor Physics in Vilnius and Textile institute in Kaunas.[346] The centre features 250 laboratories (24 open to the public) and can accommodate more than 700 researchers and students.[347] Furthermore, the centre also offers PhD Studies and annually helds FizTech conferences of PhD students and young researchers.[348] FTMC is the founder and sole shareholder of the Science and Technology Park of Institute of Physics in Savanorių Avenue, which provides assistance to companies operating in research and development field.[349]
Laser Research Centre of Vilnius University (Lithuanian: Vilniaus universiteto Lazerinių tyrimų centras) is one of five departments in the Faculty of Physics, which prepares physicists, laser physicists and laser technology specialists. The department carries out research in
Vilnius University Life Sciences Centre (Lithuanian: Vilniaus universiteto Gyvybės mokslų centras) is a scientific research centre, which consists of three institutes: Institute of Biochemistry, Institute of Biosciences and Institute of Biotechnology. The centre was opened in 2016 and has 800 students, 120 PhD students and 200 scientific-pedagogical staff that are able to use open access scientific laboratories equipped with the most advanced equipment there.[353] Next to the main building there is a Technology Business Incubator for small and medium businesses in life sciences or related fields.[354]
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University has three research centres in the Sunrise Valley: Civil Engineering Research Centre, Technology Centre for Building Information and Digital Modelling, Competence Centre of Intermodal Transport and Logistics.[355]
The Lithuanian Centre for Social Sciences (Lithuanian: Lietuvos socialinių mokslų centras) in A. Goštauto St. 9 creates and disseminates scientific knowledge in the fields of economics, sociology and law in order to implement public policy. The Centre closely cooperates with the Government of Lithuania.[356]
Santara Valley (Lithuanian: Santaros slėnis) is a second science and research valley in Vilnius, which focuses on the
Jonas Kubilius, long-term rector of Vilnius University, is known for works in Probabilistic number theory, Kubilius model, Theorem of Kubilius and Turán–Kubilius inequality bear his name. Jonas Kubilius successfully resisted attempts to Russify Vilnius University.[359] Vilnian Marija Gimbutas was the first to formulate the Kurgan hypothesis. In 1963, Vytautas Straižys and his coworkers created Vilnius photometric system that is used in astronomy.[360] Kavli Prize laureate Virginijus Šikšnys is known for his discoveries in CRISPR field – invention of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing.[361]
Information technology
Lithuania and its capital Vilnius is an attractive place for foreign companies to open their offices. This is due to several main reasons – highly qualified employees and good infrastructure.
Vilnius Tech Park in Sapieha Park is the biggest information technology
In 2011, Vilnius had the fastest internet speed in the world[369] and despite the fall in the rankings in recent years – it still remained as one of the fastest around the globe.[370] Vilnius Airport also has one of the fastest wireless public internet (Wi-Fi) among the European airports.[371]
The National Cyber Security Centre of Lithuania was established in Vilnius due increasing internet attacks against the Lithuanian Government organizations.[372]
Lithuania and especially its capital Vilnius is a popular
Finance and banking
Vilnius is Lithuania's financial centre. The
The National Audit Office of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublikos valstybės kontrolė) is located in V. Kudirka Street and helps the state to manage public funds and property wisely.[382] While the State Tax Inspectorate (Lithuanian: Valstybinė mokesčių inspekcija) is headquartered in Vasario 16-osios Street and is responsible for collecting or refunding taxes in the country.[383]
As of 2023[update], 13 banks in Lithuania are holding a bank or a specialised bank licence, while 6 banks are carrying out their activities as foreign bank branches. The majority of the Lithuanian financial system consists of capital banks of the Nordic countries.[384] The two largest banks registered in Lithuania (AB SEB bankas, Swedbank, AB,) are supervised directly by the European Central Bank jointly with Bank of Lithuania experts.[385]
Education
Tertiary education
On 14 October 1773, the
The city has many universities. The largest and oldest is Vilnius University with 24,716 students.[387] Its main premises are in the Old Town. The university has been ranked among the top 500 universities in the world by QS World University Rankings.[388] The university is participating in projects with UNESCO and NATO, among others. It features Masters programs in English and Russian,[389] as well as programs delivered in cooperation with universities all over Europe. The university is divided into 14 faculties.[387]
Other major universities include
There are also a few private universities such as ISM University of Management and Economics, European Humanities University, and Kazimieras Simonavičius University.
Several colleges are also in Vilnius including Vilnius College, Vilnius College of Technologies and Design, International School of Law and Business, and others.
Primary and secondary education
Primary and lower secondary education is mandatory in Lithuania. Children must start attending pre-primary education at six years old and education is compulsory until the age of 16. Primary and secondary education is free at all stages, however there also are private schools with tuition fees in Vilnius. The education system is governed by the Government of Lithuania and the Ministry of Education, Science and Sports of Lithuania which headquarters are in Vilnius.[394]
Ethnic minorities in Lithuania are allowed to have their own schools. In Vilnius there are 7 elementary schools, 8 primary schools, 2 progymnasiums and 12 gymnasiums dedicated exceptionally for minorities children where lessons are conducted in minorities languages only. In 2017, there were 4,658 Poles and 9,274 Russians who studied in their minorities languages in the city.[398]
Vilnius has 11 vocational schools which provides vocational education.[399]
National M. K. Čiurlionis School of Art is the only art school in Lithuania spanning the entire 12-year learning cycle. Vilnius Justinas Vienožinskis Art School is another prominent art school in Vilnius.
Most of the school graduates in Vilnius later studies in the universities or colleges as Lithuania is one of the world's leading countries in OECD's statistics of population with tertiary education (57.5% of 25–34 year-olds in 2021).[400]
Vilnius has 9 international schools: International School of Vilnius, Vilnius International French Lyceum, British International School of Vilnius, American International School of Vilnius, etc.[401]
Libraries
The central library of Vilnius city municipality (Lithuanian: Vilniaus miesto savivaldybės centrinė biblioteka) operates public libraries in Vilnius.[403] It has 16 public libraries, located in different elderships of Vilnius, one of them (Saulutė) is dedicated to children's literature only.[404] Large part of these libraries organizes computer literacy courses that are free of charge.[405] Usage of public libraries requires a free LIBIS (integrated information system of Lithuanian libraries) card.[406]
Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos nacionalinė Martyno Mažvydo biblioteka), located in Gediminas Avenue and founded in 1919, is a national cultural institution which collects, organizes and preserves Lithuania's written cultural heritage content, develops the collection of Lithuanian and foreign documents relevant to research, educational and cultural needs of Lithuania, and provides library information services to the public.[407] As of 1 July 2019, its electronic catalog has 1,140,708 bibliographic records.[408]
The Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences (Lithuanian: Lietuvos mokslų akademijos Vrublevskių biblioteka) is a scientific library of state significance, a cultural, scientific and educational institution. Its founder is the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. All citizens of Lithuania and foreign countries are entitled to use the services of the Library.[409] As of 1 January 2015, the stock of the Library counted 3,733,514 volumes. On 1 January 2015, the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences had 12,274 registered users.[409]
Every Lithuanian university and college has its own library, dedicated to their students, professors and alumni. The most notable modern university library is the National Open Access Scientific Communication and Information Center of Vilnius University (Lithuanian: Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Mokslinės komunikacijos ir informacijos centras) in Saulėtekis Valley, which was opened in 2013 and offers over 800 workplaces in total area of 14,043.61 m2 (151,164.2 sq ft).[410][411] Central Vilnius University Library,[412] Vilnius Gediminas Technical University Library, Mykolas Romeris University Library, ISM University of Management and Economics Library, European Humanities University Library, Kazimieras Simonavičius University Library are located in these universities complexes in Vilnius.[413]
Religion
Religion | People | % |
---|---|---|
Roman Catholic |
350,797 | 65.5% |
Eastern Orthodox | 47,827 | 8.9% |
Old Believers | 5,593 | 1.0% |
Evangelical Lutheran | 1,594 | 0.3% |
Evangelical Reformed | 1,186 | 0.2% |
Sunni Muslim | 798 | 0.2% |
Jewish |
796 | 0.2% |
Greek Catholic | 167 | <0.1% |
Karaites | 139 | <0.1% |
Other | 5,050 | 0.9% |
None | 47,655 | 8.9% |
No response | 74,029 | 13.8% |
Already in the 17th century Vilnius was known as a city of many religions. In 1600, Samuel Lewkenor's book describing cities with universities was published in London.[415] Lewkenor mentions that citizens of Vilnius included Catholics, Orthodox, followers of John Calvin and Martin Luther, Jews and Tartar Muslims.
Throughout the 17th century Vilnius had a reputation as a city which had no rivals in Europe in the number of churches of different confessions. At the end of the century, this reputation was confirmed by the highly regarded (and several times republished) work by Robert Morden, "Geography Rectified or a Description of the World", which said that no other city in the world could surpass Vilnius in the number of churches and temples of various faiths, except perhaps Amsterdam.[416][417]
Today Vilnius is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vilnius, with the main church institutions and Archdiocesan Cathedral (Vilnius Cathedral) located here. Numerous Christian Beatified persons, martyrs, Servants of God and Saints, are associated with Vilnius. These, among others, include Franciscan martyrs of Vilnius, Orthodox martyrs Anthony, John, and Eustathius, Saint Casimir, Josaphat Kuntsevych, Andrew Bobola, Raphael Kalinowski, Faustina Kowalska, Jurgis Matulaitis-Matulevičius.
There are a number of other active Roman Catholic churches in the city, along with small enclosed monasteries and religion schools. Church architecture includes Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical styles, with important examples of each found in the Old Town. Additionally, Eastern Rite Catholicism has maintained a presence in Vilnius since the Union of Brest. The Baroque Basilian Gate is part of an Eastern Rite monastery.
Vilnius has been home to an
A number of Protestant and other Christian groups[418] are represented in Vilnius, most notably the Lutheran Evangelicals and the Baptists.
The pre-Christian religion of Lithuania, centred on the forces of nature as personified by deities such as Perkūnas (the Thunder God), is experiencing some increased interest. Romuva established a Vilnius branch in 1991.[419]
Judaism and Karaism
Once widely known as Yerushalayim D'Lita (the "Jerusalem of Lithuania"), Vilnius, since the 18th century, was a world centre for
The Karaites are a Jewish sect that migrated to Lithuania from the Crimea. Although their numbers are very small, the Karaites are becoming more prominent since Lithuanian independence, and have restored their kenesas (e.g. the Vilnius Kenesa).[423]
Pilgrimage
It is safe to say that I have been in Vilnius all my life, at least since I became conscious. I was in Vilnius with thoughts and heart. One could say – the whole being. And so it stayed. And in Rome.
— From the speech of Pope John Paul II at the Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit during his visit to Lithuania in 1993.[424]
Since the Christianization of Lithuania in 1387, Vilnius has become one of the main centres of Christianity in Lithuania and a
Church Heritage Museum (Lithuanian: Bažnytinio paveldo muziejus) exhibits the oldest and largest of all the churches of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania treasure trove of the Vilnius Cathedral and liturgical artefacts from other churches of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vilnius.[426][436]
Vilnius is the only city in the Baltic states with an Apostolic Nunciature, in which Pope John Paul II and Pope Francis stayed during their visits to Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia.[437]
Parks, squares and cemeteries
Almost half of Vilnius is covered by green areas, such as parks, public gardens, natural reserves. Additionally, Vilnius is host to numerous lakes, where residents and visitors swim and have barbecues in the summer. Thirty lakes and 16 rivers cover 2.1% of Vilnius's area, with some of them having sand beaches.
Vingis Park, the city's largest, hosted several major rallies during Lithuania's drive towards independence in the 1980s. Sections of the annual Vilnius Marathon pass along the public walkways on the banks of the Neris River. The green area next to the White Bridge is another popular area to enjoy good weather, and has become venue for several music and large screen events.
Cathedral Square in Old Town is surrounded by a number of the city's most historically significant sites. Lukiškės Square is the largest, bordered by several governmental buildings: the Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Finance, the Polish Embassy, and the Genocide Victims' Museum, where the KGB tortured and murdered numerous opposers of the communist regime. An oversized statue of Lenin in its centre was removed in 1991.[438] Town Hall Square has long been a centre of trade fairs, celebrations, and events in Vilnius, including the Kaziukas Fair. The city Christmas tree is decorated there. State ceremonies are often held in Daukanto Square, facing the Presidential Palace.
On 20 October 2013, Bernardinai Garden, near Gediminas Tower, previously known as Sereikiškės Park, was opened after reconstruction. The authentic 19th century Vladislovas Štrausas environment was restored.[439] It is a venue for concerts, festivals, and exhibitions.
Rasos Cemetery, consecrated in 1801, is the burial site of Jonas Basanavičius and other signatories of the 1918 Act of Independence, along with the heart of Polish leader Józef Piłsudski. Two of the three Jewish cemeteries in Vilnius were destroyed by communist authorities during the Soviet era; the remains of the Vilna Gaon were moved to the remaining one. A monument was erected at the place where Užupis Old Jewish Cemetery was.[442] About 18,000 burials have been made in the Bernardine Cemetery, established in 1810; it was closed during the 1970s and is now being restored. Antakalnis Cemetery, established in 1809, contains various memorials to Polish, Lithuanian, German and Russian soldiers, along with the graves of those who were killed during the January Events.
Tourism
According to the data collected by the
In 2018 81% of all the visitors who stayed in Vilnius were foreigners (970,577), which is 11% more than the previous year. Most foreign visitors came from Belarus (102,915), Germany (101,999), Poland (99,386), Russia (90,388) and Latvia (61,829). Guests from these countries accounted for 47% of all foreign guests, who rented rooms in Vilnius accommodation venues.[443] Entirely, 230,281 Lithuanians (19% of all guests) were in Vilnius accommodation venues during 2018 (which is 18% more than in 2017).[443]
According to a 2018 Vilnius Visitors Survey, 48% of tourists visited Vilnius for the first time, 85% of tourists planned the trip by themselves and 15% travelled with travel agencies.[444] According to the same survey, 40% of tourists specified that they decided to visit Vilnius in order to learn about the history and heritage of the city; however, 23% of tourists also planned trips to other areas of Lithuania (e.g., Trakai, Kaunas, Druskininkai, Šiauliai, etc.).[445] Many Belarusians (around 200,000 granted travel visas annually) are arriving for shopping in the city's shopping malls and upon departing submits even half a meter long receipts to the customs.[446]
In 2018, Vilnius Tourist Information Centres were visited by a total of 119,136 visitors (95,932 foreigners and 23,204 Lithuanians), a 5% increase compared with the 2017 statistics. In 2017, the centres were visited by 113,818 visitors (97,072 foreigners and 16,746 Lithuanians).[443]
The best-rated tourist services in Vilnius are restaurants (
Vilnius is one of a very few European capitals that allow hot air ballooning through the city with nearly 1,000 trips performed in 2022.[448]
In the City Costs Barometer 2019, Vilnius was ranked as number one among the European capitals for offering best value to visitors.[449]
The Vilnius Palace of Concerts and Sports, originally constructed by the Soviet authorities on the site of a Jewish graveyard, is slated in 2022 to be transformed into the leading convention center in the Baltic states. The project is controversial.[450]
Hotels
Lithuania is a member of the
In 2019, Vilnius had 82 hotels, 8 motels and 40 other accommodation facilities with 6,822 rooms and 15,248 beds. The highest hotel room occupancy was in August and the lowest in February.[443]
According to a 2018 Vilnius visitors survey, 44% of visitors to Vilnius stayed in middle-range hotels (3–4 stars), 12% stayed in standard or economy hotels (1–2 stars) and 11% stayed in luxury 5-star hotels.[456]
Sports
Several basketball teams are based in the city:
Vilnius also has several football teams. FK Žalgiris is the main football team. The club plays at LFF Stadium in Vilnius (capacity 5,067).[457] Construction of the multi-functional Lithuania National Stadium has been ongoing in Šeškinė since 1987.
As of 2022[update], the newly expanded SEB Arena, holding 28 tennis courts, is the largest tennis complex in central Europe and home of the Lithuanian tennis and squash teams.[458] It's also the venue for the Vilnius Open and Vitas Gerulaitis Cup tennis tournaments, part of the ATP Challenger Tour.
The city is home to the Lithuanian Bandy Association, Badminton Federation, Canoeing Sports Federation, Baseball Association, Biathlon Federation, Sailors Union, Football Federation, Fencing Federation, Cycling Sports Federation, Archery Federation, Athletics Federation, Ice Hockey Federation, Basketball Federation, Curling Federation, Rowing Federation, Wrestling Federation, Speed Skating Association, Gymnastics Federation, Equestrian Union, Modern Pentathlon Federation, Shooting Union, Triathlon Federation, Volleyball Federation, Tennis Union, Taekwondo Federation, Weightlifting Federation, Table Tennis Association, Skiing Association, Rugby Federation, Swimming Federation.[460]
The Vilnius Marathon is an international marathon with thousands of participants every year.[461]
Vilnius was one of the host cities for the 2021 FIFA Futsal World Cup.
Transport
Navigability of the river Neris is very limited and no regular water routes exist, although it was used for navigation in the past.
Vilnius Airport is the largest airport in Lithuania with about 50 destinations to 25 countries.[463] The airport is situated only 5 km (3.1 mi) away from the centre of the city, and has a direct rail link to Vilnius railway station.
The Vilnius railway station is an important hub serving direct passenger connections to Minsk, Kaliningrad, Moscow and Saint Petersburg as well as being a transit point of Pan-European Corridor IX.
Vilnius is the starting point of the A1 motorway that runs across Lithuania and connects the three major cities (Vilnius, Kaunas and Klaipėda) and is a part of European route E85. The A2 motorway, connecting Vilnius with Panevėžys, is a part of E272. Other highways starting in Vilnius include A3, A4, A14, A15, A16. Vilnius's southern bypass is road A19.
Public transport
The bus network and the trolleybus network are run by Vilniaus viešasis transportas. There are over 60 bus, 18 trolleybus, 6 rapid bus and 1 night bus route.[464][465] The trolleybus network is one of the most extensive in Europe. Over 250 buses and 260 trolleybuses transport about 500,000 passengers every workday.[466] The first regular bus routes were established in 1926, and the first trolleybuses were introduced in 1956.[467]
At the end of 2007, a new electronic monthly ticket system was introduced. It was possible to buy an electronic card in shops and newspaper stands and have it credited with an appropriate amount of money. The monthly e-ticket cards could be bought once and credited with an appropriate amount of money in various ways including the Internet. Previous paper monthly tickets were in use until August 2008.[468]
The ticket system changed again from 15 August 2012. E-Cards were replaced by Vilnius Citizen Cards ("Vilniečio Kortelė"). It is now possible to buy a card or change an old one in newspaper stands and have it credited with an appropriate amount of money or a particular type of ticket. Single trip tickets have been replaced by 30 and 60-minute tickets.
The public transportation system is dominated by the low-floor Volvo and Mercedes-Benz buses as well as Solaris trolleybuses. There are also plenty of the traditional Škoda vehicles, built in the Czech Republic, still in service, and many of these have been extensively refurbished internally. This is a result of major improvements that started in 2003 when the first brand-new Mercedes-Benz buses were bought. In 2004, a contract was signed with Volvo Buses to buy 90 brand-new 7700 buses over the following three years.[469]
An electric tram and a metro system through the city were proposed in the 2000s. However, neither has progressed beyond initial planning.[470] In 2018, the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania approved a new metro project with the president's agreement.[471]
In 2014, a mobile app was launched with public transport tickets on smartphones.[472]
In 2017, Vilnius started the historically largest upgrade of its bus services by purchasing 250 new low-floor buses. This resulted in 60% of public buses being brand new by the middle of 2018, and allowed its passengers to use such modern technologies as free Wi-Fi and to charge their electronic devices while traveling.
Since 2017, a 30-minute ticket costs 0.65 euro, a 60-minute ticket costs 0.90 euro, and a single ticket bought on board costs 1.00 euro. There are other types of tickets, both short-term and long-term. Various discounts for pupils, students and elder people are available.[478]
-
Solaris Urbino 18 bus and Škoda 26Tr Solaris trolleybuses in Vilnius
-
Orange bikes, available for renting
Healthcare
The Vilnians took care of the cleanliness and health responsibly already during the Grand Duchy of Lithuania times as the city had
The
In 1805, the Vilnius Medical Society was established on the initiative of Joseph Frank (son of Johann Peter Frank), which was the first society of this type in eastern Europe and to this day unites medicine doctors and professors in Vilnius.[482] The same year, the society established a teaching hospital (clinic) under the Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine.[483][484]
In 1918–1941, the Lithuanian Sanitary Aid Society operated in Vilnius.[485]
The
Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos and the Vilnius City Clinical Hospital are the primary hospitals in Vilnius.[488][489] There also are eight polyclinics, the Medical Centre of the Ministry of the Interior, and a number of private health care facilities in the city.[490]
-
House in which the Vilnius Medical Society was established in 1805
-
Building in which the first teaching hospital (clinic) in Vilnius was established[484]
Media
The first Lithuanian periodical newspaper (weekly) Kurier Litewski was published in Vilnius from 1760 to 1763.[491] Vilnius is home to numerous newspapers, magazines and publications including Lietuvos rytas, Lietuvos žinios, Verslo žinios, Respublika, Valstiečių laikraštis, Mokesčių žinios, Aktualijos, 15min, Vilniaus diena, Vilniaus Kraštas, Lietuvos aidas, Valstybė, Veidas, Panelė, Franciscan Bernardinai.lt, Russian Litovskij kurjer, Polish Tygodnik Wileńszczyzny.[492]
Vilnius TV Tower is located in Karoliniškės microdistrict and transmits television signals to the whole of Vilnius.
The first stationary
The Lithuanian Union of Journalists (Lithuanian: Lietuvos žurnalistų sąjunga) and the Lithuanian Society of Journalists (Lithuanian: Lietuvos žurnalistų draugija) are headquartered in Vilnius.[497][498]
Twin towns – sister cities
- Aalborg, Denmark
- Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Astana, Kazakhstan
- Chicago, United States
- Dnipro, Ukraine
- Donetsk, Ukraine
- Duisburg, Germany
- Erfurt, Germany
- Gdańsk, Poland (1998)[500]
- Guangzhou, China
- Joensuu, Finland
- Kyiv, Ukraine
- Kraków, Poland
- Łódź, Poland
- Madison, United States
- Pavia, Italy
- Reykjavík, Iceland
- Riga, Latvia
- Salzburg, Austria
- Taipei, Taiwan
- Tallinn, Estonia
- Tbilisi, Georgia
- Warsaw, Poland
Former twin towns and friendly towns (until 2022):[501]
- Irkutsk, Russia
- Kaliningrad, Russia
- Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Minsk, Belarus
- Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Ulan-Ude, Russia
- Yaroslavl, Russia
Significant depictions in popular culture
- Vilnius is mentioned in the movie The Hunt for Red October (1990) as being the boyhood home of the sub commander Marko Ramius, and as being where his grandfather taught him to fish; he is also referenced once in the movie as "The Vilnius Schoolmaster". Ramius was played by Scottish actor Sean Connery.
- Author Thomas Harris's character Hannibal Lecter is revealed to be from Vilnius and its aristocracy in the movie Hannibal Rising. Lecter is portrayed more popularly and often by Sir Anthony Hopkins, although Brian Cox played Lecter in the movie Manhunter.
- The memoir A Partisan from Vilna (2010)United Partisan Organization), and joined the Soviet partisans in the Lithuanian forests to sabotage the Nazis.
- The ABC television miniseries The Assets was filmed in various locations across Vilnius.[503]
- Vilnius is classified as a city-state in the turn-based strategy games Civilization V and "Civilization VI".
- Vilnius is a province and a capital city in the grand strategy game Europa Universalis IV.
- Vilnius is the capital of Lithuania in the turn-based strategy game Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms and a rebels' town in the game Medieval II: Total War.
- The historical drama television series War & Peace was filmed in Vilnius by the BBC.
- A well rated five-part historical drama television miniseries about Chernobyl nuclear disaster was mostly filmed in two Soviet-era elderships of Vilnius: Justiniškės and Fabijoniškės.[504]
- HBO's miniseries Catherine the Great, featuring Helen Mirren, was filmed in multiple locations of Vilnius.[505]
- Part of the Season 4 of the television series Stranger Things was filmed in multiple locations of Vilnius, including the now empty Lukiškės Prison in 2020.[506]
- German TV series about Empress Elisabeth of Austria was partly filmed in Vilnius in 2021.[507]
- Paradise, a Netflix-produced TV series was partly filmed in Vilnius in 2023, including the Fabijoniškės eldership.[508]
Notable people
See also
- Coat of arms of Vilnius
- List of monuments in Vilnius
- List of Vilnius Elderships in other languages
- Neighborhoods of Vilnius
References
- ^ "Vilnius: In Search of the Jerusalem of Lithuania – Lithuanian Jewish Community". lzb.lt. 18 November 2016. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ Widespread use of the nickname from the 16th century to this day as a reference to the many Catholic churches and monasteries in Vilnius and overall religious atmosphere in the centre. This nickname was/is used not only by foreigners but also by the local population. The 19th-century Lithuanian cultural figure Dionizas Poška called Vilnius "Rome of the North", as, according to him, Vilnius is "the old religious centre, that transformed from a pagan city into the bastion of Christianity". D. Poška, Raštai, Vilnius, 1959, p. 67
- ^ Cultural newspaper, It has been published in Vilnius since 1990, is named "Šiaurės Atėnai" (The Athens of the North) as a reference to one of Vilnius's nicknames, which was widespread in the first half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th, mostly because of Vilnius University. During the interwar period, a Polish scientific newspaper published in Vilnius was also named "Atheneum Wileńskie".
- ^ Especially in the 16th–17th centuries, Vilnius was called the ‘New Babylon’ because of the many languages spoken there, as well as its many religions (various Christian denominations as well as Jews and a Muslim Tatar community). E.g.: S. Bodniak, "Polska w relacji włoskiej z roku 1604", Pamiętnik biblioteki kórnickiej, 2, (Kórnik, 1930), p. 37.
- Lithuanian nobility, citizens of Vilnius, and poets, especially during the Baroque period. Many poets of the period, including Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, called Vilnius "the capital of Palemon" or "the city of Palemon". Živilė Nedzinskaitė, Vilnius XVII–XVIII a. LDK lotyniškojoje poezijoje, Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis, Vilnius, 2010, p. 16; Eugenija Ulčinaitė, Motiejus Kazimieras Sarbievijus: Antikos ir krikščionybės sintezė; Vilniaus pasveikinimas, Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, Vilnius, 2001, pp. 47, 59, 61, 63; etc.
- Vilnius county
- ^ "GYVENTOJAI PAGAL TAUTYBĘ, GIMTĄJĄ KALBĄ IR TIKYBĄ : Lietuvos Respublikos 2011 metų visuotinio gyventojų ir būstų surašymo rezultatai" (PDF). Ops.stat.gov.lt. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
- ^ "Eurostat". eurostat.ec.europa.eu.
- ^ "Resident population on 1 January". osp.stat.gov.lt. 22 January 2024.
- ^ "Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions". ec.europa.eu.
- ^ "Sostinės regiono BVP gyventojui pernai 1,9 karto viršijo likusios Lietuvos", www.vz.lt
- ^ Sub-national HDI. "Area Database – Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org.
- ^ "Vilnius Historic Centre". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
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In 1920, Poland annexed a third of Lithuania's territory (including the capital, Vilnius) in a breach of the Treaty of Suvalkai of 7 October 1920, and it was only in 1939 that Lithuania regained Vilnius and about a quarter of the territory previously occupied by Poland.
- ISBN 978-0-415-28580-3.
Fighting continued until the agreement at Suwałki between Lithuania and Poland on 7 October 1920, which drew a line of demarcation which was incomplete but indicated that the Vilnius area would be part of Lithuania
- ISBN 978-0-8047-0478-6.
The League effected an armistice, signed at Suwałki, 7 October 1920, by the terms of which the city was to remain under Lithuanian jurisdiction.
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The Lithuanians and the Poles signed an agreement at Suwałki on 7 October. Both sides were to cease hostilities and to peacefully settle all disputes. The demarcation line was extended only in the southern part of the front, to Bastunai. Vilnius was thus left on the Lithuanian side, but its security was not guaranteed.
- ISBN 978-0-8143-2784-5.
Before long there was a change of authority: Polish legionnaires under the command of General Lucian Zeligowski 'did not agree' with the peace treaty signed with Lithuania in Suwałki, which ceded Vilna to Lithuania.
- ISBN 978-0-472-10806-0.
Mediation by the League Council led to an agreement on the 20th providing for a cease-fire and Lithuania's neutrality in the Polish–Russian War; Vilna remained part of Lithuania. The (abortive) Treaty of Suwałki, incorporating these terms, was signed on 7 October.
- ISBN 978-1-4067-4564-1.under League mediation, which allotted Vilna to Lithuania.
Clashes subsequently took place with Polish troops, leading to the armistice at Suwałki in October 1920 and the drawing of the famous Curzon Line
- ISBN 978-0-8369-1852-6.
Zeligowski seized the city in October 1920, in flagrant violation not only of the Treaty of Suwałki signed by Poland and Lithuania two days earlier, but also of the covenant of the newly created League of Nations.
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Vilnius should be the capital of their new national state. Poles, Jews, Belarusians might all disagree with the Lithuanian claims to Vilnius, but the Lithuanians were adamant. The city's history, the Lithuanians insisted, belonged to ...
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Jurginis, Juozas; Merkys, Vytautas; Tautavičius, Adolfas (1968). Vilniaus miesto istorija [Vilnius city history] (in Lithuanian). Vilnius. p. 303.
{{cite book}}
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Bibliography
- References from vle.lt stands for the Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija.
- Briedis, Laimonas (2009). Vilnius. City of Strangers. Baltos Lankos Publishers.
- Brensztejn, Michał (1919). Spisy ludności m. Wilna za okupacji niemieckiej od d. 1 listopada 1915 r. (in Polish). Warsaw.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Mačiulis, Dangiras; Staliūnas, Darius (2015). Lithuanian Nationalism and the Vilnius Question, 1883-1940.
- Srebrakowski, Aleksander (2000). Polacy w Litewskiej SRR 1944-1989. Toruń.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Srebrakowski, Aleksander (2020). "The nationality panorama of Vilnius". Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. LV (3).
- Weeks, T. R. (2015). Vilnius between Nations, 1795–2000. Northern Illinois University Press.
External links
- Official website (in Lithuanian, Polish, English, and Russian)
- The Jerusalem of Lithuania: The Story of the Jewish Community of Vilna an online exhibition by Yad Vashem
- Vilnius, Lithuania at JewishGen
- A. Srebrakowski, "The nationality panorama of Vilnius", Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, Vol. 55, No. 3 (2020)