Vilnius University

Coordinates: 54°40′57″N 25°17′14″E / 54.68250°N 25.28722°E / 54.68250; 25.28722
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Vilnius University
Vilniaus universitetas
Websitevu.lt

Vilnius University (Lithuanian: Vilniaus universitetas) is a public research university, which is the first and largest university in Lithuania, as well as one of the oldest and most prominent higher education institutions in Central and Eastern Europe. Today, it is Lithuania's leading research institution, ranked among the Top 29% Higher Education Institutions in the world.[5]

The university was founded in 1579 as the

Cracow Academy and the Albertina) in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to the failure of the November Uprising (1830–1831), the university was closed down and suspended its operation until 1919. In the aftermath of World War I, the university saw failed attempts to restart it by the local Poles, Lithuanians, and by invading Soviet
forces. It finally resumed operations as Polish Stefan Batory University in August 1919.

After the Soviet invasion of Poland in September 1939, the university was briefly administered by the Lithuanian authorities (from October 1939), and then after Soviet annexation of Lithuania (June 1940), punctuated by a period of German occupation after Operation Barbarossa, from 1941 to 1944, when it was administrated as the Vilnius State University. In 1945, the Polish community of students and scholars of Stefan Batory University was transferred to Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń.[6] After Lithuania regained its independence in 1990, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, it resumed its status as one of the prominent universities in Lithuania.

The university has facilities in Kaunas and Šiauliai. It has 15 academic faculties that offer more than 200 study programs for over 24,000 students.[4] Non-academic departments of the university include the Cultural Centre, Health and Sports Centre, Library, Museum, Botanical Gardens and other institutions. Since 2016, Vilnius University has been a member of a network of prestigious universities–the Coimbra Group–and since 2019, it has belonged to the European University Alliance (ARQU).[7]

The Vilnius University Foundation was established on 6 April 2016, becoming the first university endowment in Lithuania.[8] Underground beneath the old university's building is the cenotaph of 11 Old Prussian tribes along with the small temple of four gods and four goddesses from Baltic mythology.[9]

History

Changes of the name

The university has been known by many names during its history. Due to its long history of Jewish, Polish and Russian influence or rule, the city portion of its name is rendered as Vilna (

Latin), Wilna (German) or Wilno (Polish), in addition to Lithuanian Vilnius (see History of Vilnius
).

History by period

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Founding of the University of Vilnius by Stephen Báthory in 1579

In 1568, the

Latin.[34][35] The first students were enrolled into the academy in 1570. A library at the college was established in the same year, and Sigismund II Augustus donated 2500 books to the new college.[33] In its first year of existence the college enrolled 160 students.[33]

On April 1, 1579,

The Grand Courtyard of Vilnius University and Church of St. Johns

In 1575, Duke Mikołaj Krzysztof Radziwiłł and Elżbieta Ogińska sponsored a printing house for the academy, one of the first in the region. The printing house issued books in Latin and Polish and the first surviving book in Lithuanian printed in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was in 1595. It was Kathechismas, arba Mokslas kiekvienam krikščioniui privalus authored by Mikalojus Daukša.

The academy's growth continued until the 17th century.

Jesuit
order, drew up a new statute. The school was named Academia et Universitas Vilnensis.

Partitions

The Grand Courtyard of Vilnius University and the Church of St. John, Jan Kazimierz Wilczyński, drawing, circa 1850

After the Partitions of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Vilnius was annexed by the Russian Empire. However, the Commission of National Education retained control over the academy until 1803, when Tsar Alexander I of Russia accepted the new statute and renamed it The Imperial University of Vilna (Императорскій Виленскій Университетъ). The institution was granted the rights to the administration of all education facilities in the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Among the notable personae were the curator (governor) Adam Jerzy Czartoryski and rector Jan Śniadecki.

Vilnius University Library courtyard

The university flourished. It used Polish as the instructional language, although

Filomaci). In 1832, after the November Uprising, the university was closed by Tsar Nicholas I of Russia
.

Two of the faculties were turned into separate schools: the Medical and Surgical Academy (Akademia Medyko-Chirurgiczna) and the Roman Catholic Academy (Rzymsko-Katolicka Akademia Duchowna). But soon they were closed as well with Medical and Surgical Academy transformed into Medical faculty of University of Kyiv (now Bogomolets National Medical University), and latter one being transformed into Saint Petersburg Roman Catholic Theological Academy (after the October Revolution of 1917 moved to Poland where it became Catholic University of Lublin). The repression that followed the failed uprising included banning the Polish and Lithuanian languages; all education in those languages was halted.

1918–1939

The first attempts to reestablish scientific institution in Vilnius were made after the

1905 revolution; on 22 October 1906 the Society of Friends of Science in Wilno (TPN) was created by the Polish intelligentsia. After the outbreak of World War I and the German occupation of the city TPN made an attempt to recreate a university with a creation of so-called Higher Scientific Courses.[40] Unfortunately both TPN and the Courses were soon closed by German officials.[40]

Lithuania declared its independence in February 1918. The university, with the rest of Vilnius and Lithuania, was opened three times between 1918 and 1919. The Lithuanian National Council re-established it in December 1918, with classes to start on January 1, 1919.

Stefan Batory University (Uniwersytet Stefana Batorego) on August 28, 1919. The city would fall to the Soviets again in 1920, who transferred it to the Lithuanian state after their defeat in the battle of Warsaw. Finally, in the aftermath of the Żeligowski's Mutiny and 1922 Republic of Central Lithuania general election, the Vilnius Region was subsequently annexed by Poland.[41] In response to the dispute over the region, many Lithuanian scholars moved to Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas, the interwar capital.[42]

Franciszek Smuglewicz hall in the Vilnius University Library

The university quickly recovered and gained international prestige, largely because of the presence of notable scientists such as

Nobel prize winner Czesław Miłosz. The university grew quickly, thanks to government grants and private donations. Its library contained 600,000 volumes, including historic and cartographic items which are still in its possession.[42]

In 1938 the university had:

  • 7 institutes
  • 123 professors
  • 104 scientific units (including two hospitals)
  • 3110 students

The university's international students included 212 Russians, 94 Belarusians, 85 Lithuanians, 28 Ukrainians and 13 Germans.[43] Anti-Semitism increased during the 1930s and a system of ghetto benches, in which Jewish students were required to sit in separate areas, was instituted at the university.[44][45] Violence erupted; the university was closed for two weeks during January 1937.[44] In February Jewish students were denied entrance to its grounds.[44] The faculty was then authorized to decide on an individual basis whether the segregation should be observed in their classrooms and expel those students who would not comply.[44] 54 Jewish students were expelled but were allowed to return the next day under a compromise in which in addition to Jewish students, Lithuanian, Belarusian, and "Polish democratic" students were to be seated separately.[44] Rector of the university, Władysław Marian Jakowicki, resigned his position in protest over the introduction of the ghetto benches.[46]

World War II

Following the

Kaunas University.[31] The new charter specified that Vilnius University was to be governed according to the statute of the Vytautas Magnus University of Kaunas, and that Lithuanian language programs and faculties would be established. Lithuanian was named as the official language of the university.[31] A new academic term started on 22 January; only 13 of the new students had former Polish citizenship.[31]

Polish Law and Social Sciences, Humanities, Medical, Theological, Mathematical-Life sciences faculties continued to

annexation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union, while some Polish professors were allowed to resume teaching, many others (along with some Lithuanian professors) who were deemed "reactionary" were arrested and sent to prisons and gulags in Russia and Kazakhstan. Between September 1939 and July 1941, the Soviets arrested and deported nineteen Polish faculty and ex-faculty of the University of Stefan Batory, of who nine perished: Professors Stanisław Cywinski, Władysław Marian Jakowicki, Jan Kempisty, Józef Marcinkiewicz, Tadeusz Kolaczyński, Piotr Oficjalski, Włodzimierz Godłowski, Konstanty Pietkiewicz, and Konstanty Sokol-Sokolowski, the last five victims of the Katyn massacre.[48]

The city was occupied by Germany in 1941, and all institutions of higher education for Poles were closed. From 1940 until September 1944, under Lithuanian professor and activist

Armia Krajowa
resistance.

Soviet period (1945-1990)

Petras Repšys’ fresco "The Seasons of the Year" (painted in 1976–1984) with motifs from Baltic mythology at the Centre of Lithuanian Studies

Educated Poles were transferred to

People's Republic of Poland after World War II under the guidance of State Repatriation Office. As the result, many former students and professors of Stefan Batory joined universities in Poland. To keep in contact with each other, the professors decided to transfer whole faculties. After 1945, most of the mathematicians, humanists and biologists joined the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, while a number of the medical faculty formed the core of the newly founded Medical University of Gdańsk. The Toruń
university is often considered to be the successor to the Polish traditions of Stefan Batory University.

In 1955

Vincas Kapsukas. After it had been awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour in 1971 and the Order of Friendship of Peoples in 1979, its full name until 1990 was Vilnius Order of the Red Banner of Labour and Order of Friendship of Peoples V. Kapsukas State University.[51]

After 1990

A bronze door at the Vilnius University Library commemorates the first Lithuanian book.

On March 11, 1990,

Magna Charta of the European Universities. It is a member of the European University Association
(EUA) and the Conference of Baltic University Rectors.

On July 12, 2023, President Joe Biden delivered a public speech in the Grand Courtyard of Vilnius University following the 2023 NATO summit.[52]

Status today

VU Campus in Vilnius Old Town

In modern times, the university still offers studies with internationally recognized content. There are 3 Bachelor and 16 Master study programs in English.

The Senate of Vilnius University during the celebration of the beginning of the study year

As of 1 March 2020, there were 19,996 students attending Vilnius University.[4]

The current rector is Professor Rimvydas Petrauskas.[53]

The university, specifically the courtyard, was featured in the American TV series The Amazing Race 12.[54]

Structure

Faculties

  • Business School
  • Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences - Established in 1784,
    geosciences specialists and organizes research in these scientific domains.[56]
  • Faculty of Communication
  • Faculty of Economics and Business Administration
  • Faculty of History
  • Faculty of Law
  • Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics
  • Faculty of Medicine
  • Faculty of Philology
  • Faculty of Philosophy
  • Faculty of Physics
  • Institute of International Relations and Political Science
  • Kaunas Faculty [lt][57]
  • Life Sciences Center
  • Vilnius University Šiauliai Academy
  • Business School
    Business School
  • Center of Physical Sciences and Technology
    Center of Physical Sciences and Technology
  • Faculty of Philology
    Faculty of Philology
  • Faculty of Philosophy
    Faculty of Philosophy
  • Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences
    Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences
  • Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics
    Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics
  • Faculty of Medicine
    Faculty of Medicine
  • Faculties of Physics, Economics and business administration, Law and Communication
    Faculties of Physics, Economics and business administration, Law and Communication
  • Institute of International Relations and Political Science
    Institute of International Relations and Political Science
  • Kaunas Faculty
    Kaunas Faculty
  • Life Sciences Center
    Life Sciences Center
  • Planetarium
    Planetarium
  • Student dormitories
    Student dormitories

Other divisions

National Open Access Scientific Communication and Information Center in Saulėtekis Valley, Vilnius
  • Botanical garden
  • Centre of Information Technology Development
  • Centre of Property Management and Services
  • Conference, seminar and leisure centre "Romuva"
  • Cultural Centre
  • Health and Sport Centre
  • Library
  • Museum
  • Publishing House[58]

Campus

Observatory courtyard

The old campus of Vilnius University consists of 13 buildings and 13 courtyards.[59] At present the Rector's Office, the Library, the Faculties of Philology, Philosophy, and History are situated there. The largest courtyards are:

  • P. Skargos (The main) courtyard;
  • M. K. Sarbievijaus courtyard;
  • Library courtyard;
  • Observatory courtyard.

Faculties of Physics, Economy, Law, and Communication, as well as Business School, Life Sciences Center, and Scholarly Communication and Information Centre are located in Saulėtekis district.

Ranking

University rankings
Global – Overall
ARWU World[60]701-800 (2020)
CWTS World[61]805 (2020)
QS World[62]400 (2023)
THE World[63]801–1000 (2020)
USNWR Global[64]591 (2020)
Regional – Overall
QS Emerging Europe and Central Asia[65]19 (2022)

Vilnius University is ranked 423 among World top universities by 2021 QS World University Rankings. In 2020 QS WU Rankings by Subject, Vilnius University is ranked 201–250 in Linguistics and 251–300 in Physics and Astronomy. In QS rankings of Emerging Europe and Central Asia, Vilnius University is ranked 18.[66]

Vilnius University is ranked 635 in the world by Best Global Universities Rankings by U.S. News & World Report.[67]

Projects

Recent and ongoing projects at Vilnius University include:

  • "Laser Spectrometer for Testing of Coatings of Crystals and Optical Components in Wide Spectral and Angle Range".
    NATO Science for Peace programme project. NATO
    SfP-972534. 1999–2002.
  • "Cell biology and lasers: towards new technologies". Vilnius University - UNESCO Associated Centre of Excellence.[69]
  • "Science and Society: Genomics and Benefit Sharing with Developing Countries - From Biodiversity to Human Genomics (GenBenefit)". Doc. E. Gefenas (Faculty of Medicine). 2006–2009.
  • "Citizens and governance in a knowledge-based society: Social Inequality and Why It Matters for the Economic and Democratic Development of Europe and Its Citizens. Post-Communist Central and Eastern Europe in Comparative Perspective (EUREQUAL)." Doc. A. Poviliūnas (Faculty of Philosophy). 2006–2009.
  • "Marie Curie Chairs: Centre for Studies and Training Experiments with Lasers and Laser Applications (STELLA[70])" A. Dubietis (Faculty of Physics). 2006–2009.
  • "Research Infrastructure Action: Integrated European Laser Laboratories (LaserLab-Europe)". Prof. A. Piskarskas (Faculty of Physics). 2004–2007.
  • "Nanotechnology and nanoscieces, knowledge-based multifunctional materials, new production processes and devices: Cell Programming by Nanoscaled Devices (CellPROM)". Prof. A. Kareiva (Faculty of Chemistry). 2004–2009.
  • Advanced European Infrastructures for Detectors at Accelerators - AIDA-2020 (Institute of Applied Research, Faculty of Physics). J.V.Vaitkus, G. Tamulaitis. 2015–2019.
  • EU-STRAT - The EU and Eastern Partnership Countries: An Inside-Out Analysis and Strategic Assessment (EU-STRAT) (Institute of International Relations and Political Science). R.Vilpišauskas. 2016–2019.
  • European Network of Research Ethics and Research Integrity. European Ethics and Research Integrity Network. E. Gefenas (Faculty of Medicine). 2016–2019.

International relations

Vilnius University has signed more than 180 bilateral cooperation agreements with universities in 41 countries. Under Erasmus+ programme the university has over 800 agreements with 430 European and 55 agreements with partner country universities for the academic exchanges.

University students actively participate in such exchange programmes as ERASMUS+, ERASMUS MUNDUS, ISEP, AEN-MAUI and CREPUQ.

The university is a signatory of the Magna Charta of European universities and a member of the International Association of Universities, European University Association, the Conference of Baltic University Rectors, the Utrecht Network, UNICA Network, and the Baltic Sea Region University Network. In addition, Vilnius University has been invited to join the Coimbra Group, a network of prestigious European universities, from 1 January 2016.

People

Adam Mickiewicz, considered one of the greatest European poets
Artūras Žukauskas with Vilnius University's rector's outfit and sceptre

Nobel Prize winners

Notable professors of Vilnius University

See also

References

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Bibliography

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  • Uniwersytet Wileński 1579–1979, M. Kosman, Wrocław 1981.
  • Vilniaus Universiteto istorija 1579–1803, Mokslas, Vilnius, 1976, 316 p.
  • Vilniaus Universiteto istorija 1803–1940, Mokslas, Vilnius, 1977, 341 p.
  • Vilniaus Universiteto istorija 1940–1979, Mokslas, Vilnius, 1979, 431 p.
  • .

External links